Changes

=== Complications ===

=== Complications ===

Complications of ''shotha'' are vomiting, dyspnea, anorexia, thirst, fever, loose motions and weakness ([[Sutra Sthana]] chapter 18/18). Sushruta mentions two additional complications viz. cough and hiccups (Sushruta Chikitsa 23/8-9)(15)

Complications of ''shotha'' are vomiting, dyspnea, anorexia, thirst, fever, loose motions and weakness (Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] chapter 18/18]. Sushruta mentions two additional complications viz. cough and hiccups.<ref>Sushruta. Chikitsa Sthana, Cha.23 Sopha Chikisitam  Adhyaya verse 8-9. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>(15)

Sushruta classify general edema in five types viz., ''vata, pitta, kapha, sannipata'' and ''vishaja'' (Sushruta Chikitsa 23/3) but does not consider local swelling as the part of ''shopha'' because while defining swelling it is clearly mentioned that which occurs in the large part under the skin and flesh etc but is other than nodules (''granthi''), abscess (''vidradhi''), ''alaji'' etc is known as ''shopha'' (Sushruta Sutra 17:3). 

Ashtangahridaya describes ''shopha'' in the chapter on ''panduroga'' (anemia) because it is a main complication of anemia. Nine types of ''shopha'' described therein are three single ''dosha'' type, three ''samsarga'' types, one ''tridoshaja'' and one each due to trauma and poison. In addition three new types of ''shopha'' viz. ''prithu'' (extensive), ''unnata'' (elevated) and ''grathita'' (compact) are also mentioned (Ashtangahridaya Nidana 13/21-42).   

 

Ashtangahridaya describes ''shopha'' in the chapter on ''panduroga'' (anemia) because it is a main complication of anemia. Nine types of ''shopha'' described therein are three single ''dosha'' type, three ''samsarga'' types, one ''tridoshaja'' and one each due to trauma and poison. In addition three new types of ''shopha'' viz. ''prithu'' (extensive), ''unnata'' (elevated) and ''grathita'' (compact) are also mentioned.<ref>Vagbhata. Nidana Sthana, Cha.13 Pandurogasophavisarpa Nidana Adhyaya verse 21-42. In: Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya, Editors. Ashtanga Hridayam. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.p.4. </ref>.   

    

    

Madhava Nidana followed Ashtangahridaya and describes nine types of ''shotha'' and does not describe localized ''shotha'' in this chapter on ''shotha'' (Madhava Nidana ''shothadhikara'').

Madhava Nidana followed Ashtangahridaya and describes nine types of ''shotha'' and does not describe localized ''shotha'' in this chapter on ''shotha'' <ref>Madhavakara. Madhava Nidanam (Roga vinischaya). Translated from Sanskrit by K. R. Srikantha Murthy. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia;2007.pp--</ref>.

    

    

''Charaka'' considers bulging (''utsedha'') from the skin as ''shvayathu'' therefore local swellings such as ''pidika'' (papules and pustules), nodules (including ''gandhamala''), ''galagandha'' (goiter), tumor etc are also described in this chapter. The probable modern equivalents are given in the bracket while describing these conditions in the text (74-100).   

''Charaka'' considers bulging (''utsedha'') from the skin as ''shvayathu'' therefore local swellings such as ''pidika'' (papules and pustules), nodules (including ''gandhamala''), ''galagandha'' (goiter), tumor etc are also described in this chapter. The probable modern equivalents are given in the bracket while describing these conditions in the text (74-100).   

Sushruta defines ''arbuda'' as a round and immovable growth produced by vitiated ''dosha'' by afflicting ''mamsa'' with mild pain but having deep roots and located in extensive area at the expense of tissue and causes swelling of the ''mamsa'' extensively. This ''arbuda'' (tumor) grows slowly and does not suppurate (Sushruta Nidana 11/13-14). But Charaka being a clinician does not consider much difference in the management of ''arbuda'' and ''granthi'' as their site, causative factors, shape, ''dosha'' morbidity and ''dushya'' (susceptible tissues) are about the same. However, it is clearly mentioned that ''arbuda'' should be managed by the expert surgeon only (87).   

Sushruta defines ''arbuda'' as a round and immovable growth produced by vitiated ''dosha'' by afflicting ''mamsa'' with mild pain but having deep roots and located in extensive area at the expense of tissue and causes swelling of the ''mamsa'' extensively. This ''arbuda'' (tumor) grows slowly and does not suppurate <ref>Sushruta. Nidana Sthana, Cha.11 Grandhiapachiarbudagalaganda Nidana Adhyaya verse 13-14 In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>. But Charaka being a clinician does not consider much difference in the management of ''arbuda'' and ''granthi'' as their site, causative factors, shape, ''dosha'' morbidity and ''dushya'' (susceptible tissues) are about the same. However, it is clearly mentioned that ''arbuda'' should be managed by the expert surgeon only (87).   

Line of treatment, various procedures and preparations mentioned in this chapter for the management of various types of swellings are easy to administer and practical so should be practiced (16-73).

Line of treatment, various procedures and preparations mentioned in this chapter for the management of various types of swellings are easy to administer and practical so should be practiced (16-73).