Changes

tadapekShyobhayaM karma prayojyaM siddhimicchatA||47||  

tadapekShyobhayaM karma prayojyaM siddhimicchatA||47||  

The dietary articles and activities that do not adversely affect the body systems and are liked by the mind are regarded as ‘pathya (wholesome).' Likewise, dietary articles and activities that adversely affect the body system and are disliked by the mind are regarded as ‘unwholesome.' This is, however, not a cardinal rule, and food articles and drugs do have a variety of effects depending on the dosage, time, mode of preparation, geographical location, the body constitution of the patient, and doshas.

The dietary articles and activities that do not adversely affect the body systems and are liked by the mind are regarded as ''pathya'' (wholesome). Likewise, dietary articles and activities that adversely affect the body system and are disliked by the mind are regarded as unwholesome. This is, however, not a cardinal rule, and food articles and drugs do have a variety of effects depending on the dosage, time, mode of preparation, geographical location, the body constitution of the patient, and ''doshas''.

 

Hence, the physician who desires success in treatment shall consider effects of the natural properties of drugs and dietary articles, as well as the usage patterns associated with such articles. [45-47].

Hence, the physician who desires success in treatment shall consider effects of the natural properties of drugs and dietary articles, as well as the usage patterns associated with such articles. [45-47].

Agnivesha’s query regarding asava (fermented alcoholic beverages):

==== Agnivesha’s query regarding ''asava'' (fermented alcoholic beverages) ====

तदात्रेयस्य भगवतो वचनमनुनिशम्य पुनरपि भगवन्तमात्रेयमग्निवेश उवाच- यथोद्देशमभिनिर्दिष्टः केवलोऽयमर्थो भगवता श्रुतश्चास्माभिः|  

तदात्रेयस्य भगवतो वचनमनुनिशम्य पुनरपि भगवन्तमात्रेयमग्निवेश उवाच- यथोद्देशमभिनिर्दिष्टः केवलोऽयमर्थो भगवता श्रुतश्चास्माभिः|  

tadātrēyasya bhagavatō vacanamanuniśamya punarapi bhagavantamātrēyamagnivēśa uvāca- yathōddēśamabhinirdiṣṭaḥkēvalō'yamarthō  bhagavatā śrutaścāsmābhiḥ|  

tadātrēyasya bhagavatō vacanamanuniśamya punarapi bhagavantamātrēyamagnivēśa uvāca- yathōddēśamabhinirdiṣṭaḥkēvalō'yamarthō  bhagavatā śrutaścāsmābhiḥ|  

āsavadravyāṇāmidānīmanapavādaṁ lakṣaṇamanatisaṅkṣēpēṇōpadiśyamānaṁ śuśrūṣāmaha iti||48||  

āsavadravyāṇāmidānīmanapavādaṁ lakṣaṇamanatisaṅkṣēpēṇōpadiśyamānaṁ śuśrūṣāmaha iti||48||  

tadAtreyasya bhagavato vacanamanunishamya punarapi bhagavantamAtreyamagnivesha uvAca- yathoddeshamabhinirdiShTaHkevalo~ayamartho [1] bhagavatA shrutashcAsmAbhiH|  

tadAtreyasya bhagavato vacanamanunishamya punarapi bhagavantamAtreyamagnivesha uvAca- yathoddeshamabhinirdiShTaHkevalo~ayamartho [1] bhagavatA shrutashcAsmAbhiH|  

AsavadravyANAmidAnImanapavAdaM lakShaNamanatisa~gkShepeNopadishyamAnaM shushrUShAmaha iti||48||  

AsavadravyANAmidAnImanapavAdaM lakShaNamanatisa~gkShepeNopadishyamAnaM shushrUShAmaha iti||48||  

Having listened to this above statement of the Lord Atreya, Agnivesha once again asked Lord Atreya, “O Lord, this subject has been dealt with exhaustively as proposed and we have followed it too. Now we would like to hear from you a detailed and precise description of the ingredients that get into asava (alcoholic) preparations.”[48]

 

Explaination by Atreya about asava (alcoholic preparations):

Having listened to this above statement of the Lord Atreya, Agnivesha once again asked Lord Atreya, “O Lord, this subject has been dealt with exhaustively as proposed and we have followed it too. Now we would like to hear from you a detailed and precise description of the ingredients that get into asava (alcoholic) preparations.”[48]

 

==== Explaination by Atreya about ''asava'' (alcoholic preparations) ====

 

तमुवाच भगवानात्रेयः- धान्यफलमूलसारपुष्पकाण्डपत्रत्वचो भवन्त्यासवयोनयोऽग्निवेश! सङ्ग्रहेणाष्टौ शर्करानवमीकाः|  

तमुवाच भगवानात्रेयः- धान्यफलमूलसारपुष्पकाण्डपत्रत्वचो भवन्त्यासवयोनयोऽग्निवेश! सङ्ग्रहेणाष्टौ शर्करानवमीकाः|  

तास्वेव द्रव्यसंयोगकरणतोऽपरिसङ्ख्येयासु  यथापथ्यतमानामासवानां चतुरशीतिं निबोध|  

तास्वेव द्रव्यसंयोगकरणतोऽपरिसङ्ख्येयासु  यथापथ्यतमानामासवानां चतुरशीतिं निबोध|  

यथास्वं संयोगसंस्कारसंस्कृता ह्यासवाः स्वं कर्म कुर्वन्ति|  

यथास्वं संयोगसंस्कारसंस्कृता ह्यासवाः स्वं कर्म कुर्वन्ति|  

संयोगसंस्कारदेशकालमात्रादयश्च भावास्तेषां तेषामासवानां ते ते समुपदिश्यन्ते तत्तत्कार्यमभिसमीक्ष्येति||४९||  

संयोगसंस्कारदेशकालमात्रादयश्च भावास्तेषां तेषामासवानां ते ते समुपदिश्यन्ते तत्तत्कार्यमभिसमीक्ष्येति||४९||  

tamuvāca bhagavānātrēyaḥ- dhānyaphalamūlasārapuṣpakāṇḍapatratvacō bhavantyāsavayōnayō'gnivēśa!saṅgrahēṇāṣṭau śarkarānavamīkāḥ|  

tamuvāca bhagavānātrēyaḥ- dhānyaphalamūlasārapuṣpakāṇḍapatratvacō bhavantyāsavayōnayō'gnivēśa!saṅgrahēṇāṣṭau śarkarānavamīkāḥ|  

tāsvēva dravyasaṁyōgakaraṇatō'parisaṅkhyēyāsu  yathāpathyatamānāmāsavānāṁ caturaśītiṁ nibōdha|  

tāsvēva dravyasaṁyōgakaraṇatō'parisaṅkhyēyāsu  yathāpathyatamānāmāsavānāṁ caturaśītiṁ nibōdha|  

saMyogasaMskAradeshakAlamAtrAdayashca bhAvAsteShAM teShAmAsavAnAM te te samupadishyantetattatkAryamabhisamIkShyeti||49||

saMyogasaMskAradeshakAlamAtrAdayashca bhAvAsteShAM teShAmAsavAnAM te te samupadishyantetattatkAryamabhisamIkShyeti||49||

Lord Atreya replied to him, “O Agnivesha! In brief there are eight types of ingredients that are used in alcoholic preparations: grains, fruits, roots, pith, flowers, branches, leaves, and barks. The ninth additive is sugar. Asava is innumerable because there could be innumerable combinations of ingredients and methods for preparation. However, 84 asavas are regarded very wholesome:

Lord Atreya replied to him, “O Agnivesha! In brief there are eight types of ingredients that are used in alcoholic preparations: grains, fruits, roots, pith, flowers, branches, leaves, and barks. The ninth additive is sugar. ''Asava'' is innumerable because there could be innumerable combinations of ingredients and methods for preparation. However, 84 ''asavas'' are regarded very wholesome:

- Dhanyasava (alcoholic preparation from grain): There are six alcoholic preparations made from grain (dhanyasava) viz. sura, sauvira, tushodaka, maireya, medaka, and dhanyamla.

*''Dhanyasava'' (alcoholic preparation from grain): There are six alcoholic preparations made from grain (''dhanyasava'') viz. ''sura,'' ''sauvira, tushodaka, maireya, medaka,'' and ''dhanyamla''.

- Phalasava (alcoholic preparation from the following fruits): Grapes (draksha, vitis vinifera Linn), kharjura (phoerix sylvestrys Roxb), kashmarya (Fruit of white teak, Gmelina arborea Linn), dhanvana (Grewia tiliaefolia vohl.) rajadana (Indian ape flower, Mimusops hexanodra soland), parushaka (sweet falsah, Geusa asiatica soland, abhaya(Terminalia chebula Linn), amalaka (Emblica Officinalis Gaertn.), mṛugaliṇḍika (gooseberry, Terminalia belerica Roxb.], jambu (Syzygium cermini skills), kapittha (wood apple, Foronia limonia swingle), kuvala (jujube, zizyphus Sativa Gaertn), badara (small jujube, zizyphus jujube Lam.), karkandhu (Wild jujube, zizy phus nummularia W.A.), pilu (Salvadora Persica Linn.), priyāla (buchanan’s mango, Buchanania lanzen sreng.), panas (Indian Jack, Artocarpus hetero phyllus lam.), nyagrodha (banyan, ficus bengalensis Linn.), ashvattha (holy Fig, Ficus religiosa linn), plaksha (ficus lacor Buch-Nam), kapitana (Albizzia lebbeck Benth), udumbara (Ficus recemosa Linn.), ajmoda (Trachyspermum roxburghi anum), shrungataka (Trapa bispinosa Roxb.), shankhini (Etenolepsis, cansocora decussate roem.). Thus, there are twenty-six fruits from which phalasava (alcoholic preparations using fruit) are prepared.

*''Phalasava'' (alcoholic preparation from the following fruits): ''Grapes'' (draksha, vitis vinifera Linn), ''kharjura'' (phoerix sylvestrys Roxb), ''kashmarya'' (Fruit of white teak, Gmelina arborea Linn), ''dhanvana'' (Grewia tiliaefolia vohl.),''rajadana'' (Indian ape flower, Mimusops hexanodra soland), ''parushaka'' (sweet falsah, Geusa asiatica soland, ''abhaya''(Terminalia chebula Linn), ''amalaka'' (Emblica Officinalis Gaertn.), ''mṛigaliṇḍika'' (gooseberry, Terminalia belerica Roxb.], ''jambu'' (Syzygium cermini skills), ''kapittha'' (wood apple, Foronia limonia swingle), ''kuvala'' (jujube, zizyphus Sativa Gaertn), ''badara'' (small jujube, zizyphus jujube Lam.), ''karkandhu'' (Wild jujube, zizy phus nummularia W.A.), ''pilu'' (Salvadora Persica Linn.), ''priyāla'' (buchanan’s mango, Buchanania lanzen sreng.), ''panas'' (Indian Jack, Artocarpus hetero phyllus lam.), ''nyagrodha'' (banyan, ficus bengalensis Linn.), ''ashvattha'' (holy Fig, Ficus religiosa linn), ''plaksha'' (ficus lacor Buch-Nam), ''kapitana'' (Albizzia lebbeck Benth), ''udumbara'' (Ficus recemosa Linn.), ''ajmoda'' (Trachyspermum roxburghi anum), ''shringataka'' (Trapa bispinosa Roxb.), ''shankhini'' (Etenolepsis, cansocora decussate roem.). Thus, there are twenty-six fruits from which ''phalasava'' (alcoholic preparations using fruit) are prepared.

- Mulasava (alcoholic preparation from roots): There are eleven mulasava (alcoholic preparations made by root). The roots are :- vidarigandha (Shalaparṇi, Desmodium gangeticum DC), ashvagandha (Withania Somnifera Dunal), kṛuṣhnagandha (drumstick, Moringa Oleifera Lam.), shatavari (climbing asparagus, Asparagus racemosus wild), shyama (Black turpeth, Operculina turpethum), trivṛut (Red physic-nut), danti (physic-nut, Baliospermum montanum Muell-Arg.), dravanti (Jatropha glandulifera Roxb), bilva (Aegle marmelos corr.), eranda (Castor-pil plant, Ricinus communis Linn) and chitraka (plumbago zeylanica Linn.).

*Mulasava (alcoholic preparation from roots): There are eleven mulasava (alcoholic preparations made by root). The roots are :- vidarigandha (Shalaparṇi, Desmodium gangeticum DC), ashvagandha (Withania Somnifera Dunal), kṛuṣhnagandha (drumstick, Moringa Oleifera Lam.), shatavari (climbing asparagus, Asparagus racemosus wild), shyama (Black turpeth, Operculina turpethum), trivṛut (Red physic-nut), danti (physic-nut, Baliospermum montanum Muell-Arg.), dravanti (Jatropha glandulifera Roxb), bilva (Aegle marmelos corr.), eranda (Castor-pil plant, Ricinus communis Linn) and chitraka (plumbago zeylanica Linn.).

- Sarasava (alcoholic preparation from pith or tree-pulp):Shala (Shorea robusta gaertn.), priyaka (Buchanania Lanzan Spreng.) aśvakarna (small sala) ,chandan (Sandalwood, santalum albumlinn), syandana (timisa, oojein black wood), khadira (catechu, Acacia catechu willd), kadara (Gun arabiatree), saptaparna (Ditabark, Alstonia Scholaris R. Br.), arjuna (Terminalia arjuna), asana (aplnous Kino, Terminalia tometosa) arimeda, tinduka (False mangosteen, Diospyrus peregrine Gurke), kiṇihī (White Sirsa), shami (Thamee, prosopis spicigera Linn.), shukti (Badar, Ziyphus Jujuba Lann.), shimshapa (Dalbergia Sisso Roxb.), shirisha (Albizzia lebbeck Benth), vanjula, dhanvana (Common Indian lindem, Greusa ileaefolia vahl), madhuka (Madhuka Indica). The pulp or sara of these twenty trees are considered to be ideal for preparation of asava.

*Sarasava (alcoholic preparation from pith or tree-pulp):Shala (Shorea robusta gaertn.), priyaka (Buchanania Lanzan Spreng.) aśvakarna (small sala) ,chandan (Sandalwood, santalum albumlinn), syandana (timisa, oojein black wood), khadira (catechu, Acacia catechu willd), kadara (Gun arabiatree), saptaparna (Ditabark, Alstonia Scholaris R. Br.), arjuna (Terminalia arjuna), asana (aplnous Kino, Terminalia tometosa) arimeda, tinduka (False mangosteen, Diospyrus peregrine Gurke), kiṇihī (White Sirsa), shami (Thamee, prosopis spicigera Linn.), shukti (Badar, Ziyphus Jujuba Lann.), shimshapa (Dalbergia Sisso Roxb.), shirisha (Albizzia lebbeck Benth), vanjula, dhanvana (Common Indian lindem, Greusa ileaefolia vahl), madhuka (Madhuka Indica). The pulp or sara of these twenty trees are considered to be ideal for preparation of asava.

- Pushpasava (alcoholic preparation from flowers): Padma (Red lotus, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn), utpala (Blue water lily, Nymphaca alba), nalina (indigo lotus), kumuda (Night-flowering Lotus), sanghandhika (fragrant white lotus), pundarika (Nymphaea lotus linn), shatapatra (centripetal lotus), madhuka (Madhuka Indica), priyangu (perfumed cherry, Calliarpa macrophylla), and dhataki (Fulsee flower, woodfordia fruticosa kurz). These ten flowers are considered suitable for making pushpasava.

*Pushpasava (alcoholic preparation from flowers): Padma (Red lotus, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn), utpala (Blue water lily, Nymphaca alba), nalina (indigo lotus), kumuda (Night-flowering Lotus), sanghandhika (fragrant white lotus), pundarika (Nymphaea lotus linn), shatapatra (centripetal lotus), madhuka (Madhuka Indica), priyangu (perfumed cherry, Calliarpa macrophylla), and dhataki (Fulsee flower, woodfordia fruticosa kurz). These ten flowers are considered suitable for making pushpasava.

- Kandasava (alcoholic preparation from stem): Ikshu (Sugar cane), kandeksu (big sugar lane, Saccharum Spontanium lim), iksuvallika (Asteracanth longifilia Ness), pundraka (white Sugercane). The kand (stem) of these four plants are considered ideal for making kandasava (alcoholic preparation of stem).

*Kandasava (alcoholic preparation from stem): Ikshu (Sugar cane), kandeksu (big sugar lane, Saccharum Spontanium lim), iksuvallika (Asteracanth longifilia Ness), pundraka (white Sugercane). The kand (stem) of these four plants are considered ideal for making kandasava (alcoholic preparation of stem).

- Patrasava (alcoholic preparation from leaves): Patola (Wild Snake gourd, Trichosanthes culumerina Linn), padaka (palmyra palm, Borassus flabellifer lin). The leaves of these two plants are considered best suited for preparation of patrasava (alcoholic preparation from leaves).

*Patrasava (alcoholic preparation from leaves): Patola (Wild Snake gourd, Trichosanthes culumerina Linn), padaka (palmyra palm, Borassus flabellifer lin). The leaves of these two plants are considered best suited for preparation of patrasava (alcoholic preparation from leaves).

- Twagasava (alcoholic preparation from bark): Tilvaka (Vibrunnum nervosum), lodhra (Symplocos racemosa Roxb.], elavaluka (cherry, Brunus cerasus), karmuka (Aroca catchu linn.). The barks of these four trees are used for making twagasava (alcoholic preparations from barks).

*Twagasava (alcoholic preparation from bark): Tilvaka (Vibrunnum nervosum), lodhra (Symplocos racemosa Roxb.], elavaluka (cherry, Brunus cerasus), karmuka (Aroca catchu linn.). The barks of these four trees are used for making twagasava (alcoholic preparations from barks).

- Sharkarasava (alcoholic preparation from sugar): Sugar is the only one thing from which sarakasava (sugar wine) is prepared.

*Sharkarasava (alcoholic preparation from sugar): Sugar is the only one thing from which sarakasava (sugar wine) is prepared.

Using each of these ingredients exclusively (i.e., without mixing or combining with any other additive or ingredient) results in eighty four varieties of alcoholic preparations. All these are known as asava (alcoholic preparation, wine) because of the process of fermentation involved in their preparation.  The outcome or result of these asavas (alcoholic preparations) is based on the combination, properties of ingredients and the process or method of preparation. Thus, a skillful Ayurvedic practitioner proficient in the art of preparing asavas should be able to concoct a preparation with the right combination of ingredients, depending upon the doshas of the patient, his physical constititution, time, season, location, and other factors (48-49).

Using each of these ingredients exclusively (i.e., without mixing or combining with any other additive or ingredient) results in eighty four varieties of alcoholic preparations. All these are known as asava (alcoholic preparation, wine) because of the process of fermentation involved in their preparation.  The outcome or result of these asavas (alcoholic preparations) is based on the combination, properties of ingredients and the process or method of preparation. Thus, a skillful Ayurvedic practitioner proficient in the art of preparing asavas should be able to concoct a preparation with the right combination of ingredients, depending upon the doshas of the patient, his physical constititution, time, season, location, and other factors (48-49).

Beneficial effects of asava:

 

==== Beneficial effects of asava ====

 

भवति चात्र-  

भवति चात्र-  

मनःशरीराग्निबलप्रदानामस्वप्नशोकारुचिनाशनानाम्|  

मनःशरीराग्निबलप्रदानामस्वप्नशोकारुचिनाशनानाम्|  

manaHsharIrAgnibalapradAnAmasvapnashokArucinAshanAnAm|  

manaHsharIrAgnibalapradAnAmasvapnashokArucinAshanAnAm|  

saMharShaNAnAM pravarAsavAnAmashItiruktA caturuttaraiShA||50||  

saMharShaNAnAM pravarAsavAnAmashItiruktA caturuttaraiShA||50||  

  Here, it is verse again –

 

Here, it is verse again –

The eighty four types of best alcoholic preparations have been enumerated that strengthen the mind, body and digestive power. Such preparations dispel insomnia, depression, anorexia and induce exhilaration. (50).

The eighty four types of best alcoholic preparations have been enumerated that strengthen the mind, body and digestive power. Such preparations dispel insomnia, depression, anorexia and induce exhilaration. (50).

Summary:

==== Summary ====

 

तत्र श्लोकः-  

तत्र श्लोकः-  

शरीररोगप्रकृतौ मतानि  तत्त्वेन चाहारविनिश्चयं च|  

शरीररोगप्रकृतौ मतानि  तत्त्वेन चाहारविनिश्चयं च|  

उवाच यज्जःपुरुषादिकेऽस्मिन् मुनिस्तथाऽग्र्याणि वरासवांश्च||५१||  

उवाच यज्जःपुरुषादिकेऽस्मिन् मुनिस्तथाऽग्र्याणि वरासवांश्च||५१||  

tatra ślōkaḥ-  

tatra ślōkaḥ-  

śarīrarōgaprakr̥tau matāni  tattvēna cāhāraviniścayaṁ ca|  

śarīrarōgaprakr̥tau matāni  tattvēna cāhāraviniścayaṁ ca|  

sharIrarogaprakRutau matAni  tattvena cAhAravinishcayaM ca|  

sharIrarogaprakRutau matAni  tattvena cAhAravinishcayaM ca|  

uvAca yajjaHpuruShAdike~asmin munistathA~agryANi varAsavAMshca||51||  

uvAca yajjaHpuruShAdike~asmin munistathA~agryANi varAsavAMshca||51||  

  Here is the verse –

 

Here is the verse –

 

In this chapter titled “Yajjahpurushiya’’ (Origin of the Human Being), sages debated upon the origin of human being and diseases with different thoughts on the topic. Finally, Lord Atreya presented his view on the most wholesome and unwholesome food articles (eatables as well as beverages). [51]

In this chapter titled “Yajjahpurushiya’’ (Origin of the Human Being), sages debated upon the origin of human being and diseases with different thoughts on the topic. Finally, Lord Atreya presented his view on the most wholesome and unwholesome food articles (eatables as well as beverages). [51]

Tattva Vimarsha:

 

=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===

 

• Multiple factors like aatman (spirit), mana (mind), rasa (fluid), shad dhatu (six elements), matru-pitru (parents), karma (past deeds), swabhava (nature), Prajapati (Creator), and kala (time) have been considered as the source of creation of the purusha (human beings). The same factors are considered responsible for origin of diseases.  

• Multiple factors like aatman (spirit), mana (mind), rasa (fluid), shad dhatu (six elements), matru-pitru (parents), karma (past deeds), swabhava (nature), Prajapati (Creator), and kala (time) have been considered as the source of creation of the purusha (human beings). The same factors are considered responsible for origin of diseases.  

• In order to sustain health, one shall follow a wholesome diet and restrain from following unwholesome diets and activities.

• In order to sustain health, one shall follow a wholesome diet and restrain from following unwholesome diets and activities.