Charak Samhita

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Cyperus rotundus L
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|title=Charak Samhita
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|keywords= Cyperus rotundus, Musta, nut grass, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''''Cyperus rotundus''''', commonly known as '''musta''' (मुस्ता), '''mustaka''', or '''nut grass'''
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperus_rotundus Cyperus rotundus L]


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 7: Line 17:
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Cyperus rotundus L
|data2 = Cyperus rotundus L
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Cyperaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2021
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label6 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 =  Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==  
'''''Cyperus rotundus''''', commonly known as '''musta''' (मुस्ता), '''mustaka''', or '''nut grass''', is a perennial [[sedge]] native to Africa, southern and central Europe, and southern Asia. While widely categorized as an invasive agricultural weed, the [[rhizome]]s and [[tuber]]s of ''C. rotundus'' have been utilized for centuries in traditional medicine systems, including [[Ayurveda]] and [[traditional Chinese medicine]] (TCM).<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />
 
In traditional medicine, it is primarily indicated for [[gastrointestinal disease|gastrointestinal disorders]], fevers, [[inflammation|inflammatory conditions]], and [[gynecology|gynecological irregularities]].<ref name="Peerzada2015" /> Modern [[pharmacology|pharmacological]] research has investigated these traditional claims, identifying a wide array of bioactive compounds and validating its efficacy in gastrointestinal stability, inflammation management, gastroprotection, and specific [[dermatology|dermatological]] applications.<ref name="Xue2023" /><ref name="Kamala2018" />
 
==Therapeutic uses==


--
Agnimandya,Ajeerna(indigestion), trushna(thirst), [[Jwara]](fever), sangrahani , shwasa(dyspnea), kasa(cough), mutrakruccha(dysuria), stanyavikara(breast milk disease), sutikaroga, atisara(diarrhea), amavata(rhematoid arthitis), krumiroga(worms).<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986;
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Volume 5:55</ref>


Musta, Ghana, Mustaka, Gundra, Bhadramusta, Nagaramusta, Krodakaseruka, Vanya, Varidanadakam,
==Synonyms in Charak Samhitas==


Musta, Ghana, Mustaka, Gundra, Bhadramusta, Nagaramusta, Krodakaseruka, Vanya, Varidanadakam(musta grows near water resources),
Kuruvinda, Nalad
Kuruvinda, Nalad
==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu- gundra==
==Varieties==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga 140,143</ref>
# Musta
# Nagaramusta
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta),  Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|-
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  


Line 32: Line 76:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
|1 ||Sutra sthana 3/5  
|1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5  
| Siddhatama  churna pradeha
| Siddhatama  churna pradeha
|-
|-
|2 ||Sutra sthana  4/9(3)  
|2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3)  
| Lekhaniya mahakashaya
| Lekhaniya(emaciating)  mahakashaya
|-
|-
| 3 ||Sutra sthana  4/9(11)  
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)  
| Truptighna  mahakashay
| Truptighna (anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
|-
| 4 || Sutra sthana  4/9(14)  
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(14)  
| Kandughna mahakashay
| Kandughna(anti-pruritic/itching)  mahakashaya
|-
|-
| 5 || Sutra sthana  4/9(18)  
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18)  
| Stanyashodhana mahakashay
| Stanyashodhana (galacto-purifiers) mahakashaya
|-
|-
|6
|6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|Sutra sthana  4/9(29)
|Trishna  nigrahana (reducing thirst)mahakashaya
|Trishna  nigrahana mahakashay
|-
|-
|7
|7
|Sutra sthana.  5/22
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/22
|Dhuma varti dravya  
|Dhuma varti dravya(therapeutic inhalation for prevention of disease)
|-
|-
|8
|8
|Ch Su 5/64
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64
|2.Anu taila  dravya
|2.Anu taila  dravya
|-
|-
|9
|9
|Ch. Su. 21/22
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/22
|Management of  obesity
|Management of  obesity
|-
|-
|10
|10
|Ch Su 23/10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/10
|Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsa
|Santarpanajanya  vikara chikitsa(Treatment of Over-nutrition disease)
|-
|-
|11
|11
|Ch Su 23/12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/12
|Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsa
|Santarpanajanya  vikara chikitsa(Treatment of Over-nutrition disease)
|-
|-
|12
|12
|Ch Su 25/40
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha
|Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
|-
|13
|13
|Ch.Vi.8/135
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani
|Vamana dravyani(medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
|-
|14
|14
|Ch.Sha.8/32
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/32
|Garbha shalya  chikitsa
|Garbha shalya  chikitsa
|-
|-
|15
|15
|[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Preparations of Trivrut
|Preparations of Trivrut
|-
|-
|16
|16
|[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46
|Vyoshadi Modaka
|Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
|-
|17
|17
|[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/52
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/52
|preparation of Trivrittadi Modak
|preparation of Trivrittadi Modak
|-
|-
|18
|18
|[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/57
|Cha.Sa[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/57
|Sharadkalina Trivrut Yoga
|Sharadkalina Trivrut Yoga
|-
|-
|19
|19
|[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/61
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/61
|Sarvaritu Trivrut Yoga
|Sarvaritu Trivrut Yoga
|-
|-
|20
|20
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana1/1/58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58
|In  formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|In  formulation of dwitiya Brahma rasayana
|-
|-
|21
|21
|Cha.Sa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145  
 
|When patient is suffering with Pipasa in Jwara as an  ingredient of Shadanga paniya, used as shruta sheeta jala  
Chi.3/145  
|When patient is suffering with Pipasa in Jwara as an  ingredient of Shadanga paniya.
 
Used as shruta sheeta jala.
 
Pipasa jwar shantaye.
|-
|-
|22
|22
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/197,198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/197,198
|Used as kwath or   sheeta kashaya for  trushna,  deepana, doshapachana, jwar,aruchi  and  mukhavairasya.
|Used as kwath(decoction) or sheeta kashaya for  trushna,  deepana, doshapachana, jwara,aruchi  and  mukhavairasya
|-
|-
|23
|23
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/201,202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201,202
|Used as Satat, anyedhyushka and  chaturthaka jwara.
|Used as Satat, anyedyushka and  chaturthaka jwara
|-
|-
|24
|24
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Vatsakadi  kashaya.
|As an ingredient of Vatsakadi  kashaya
|-
|-
|25
|25
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya.
|As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|-
|26
|26
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/207
|Used in Vibadhdha Dosha.
|Used in Vibaddha Dosha (adhered to dhatus)
|-
|-
|27
|27
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210
|As an ingredient of Bruhtyadi  kashaya for Sannipata jwara.
|As an ingredient of Bruhtyadi  kashaya for Sannipata jwara
|-
|-
|28
|28
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi  Ghrita.
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi  Ghrita
|-
|-
|29
|29
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi  Ghrita for Jeerna jwara.
|As an ingredient of Vasadi  Ghrita for Jeerna jwara
|-
|-
|30
|30
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/224
|As an ingredient of Baladi  Ghrita.
|As an ingredient of Baladi  Ghrita
|-
|-
|31
|31
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/243
|Used as Kalka in formulation of  Patoladi niruhabasti.
|Used as Kalka in formulation of  Patoladi niruha basti
|-
|-
|32
|32
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/246
|Used as kalka in formulation of  Aargvadhadi niruha basti.
|Used as kalka in formulation of  Aargvadhadi niruha basti
|-
|-
|33
|33
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/248
|Used as Kalka niruhabasti.
|Used as Kalka niruha basti
|-
|-
|34
|34
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of  Chandanadhya taila.
|As an ingredient of  Chandanadya taila
|-
|-
|35
|35
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/343
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/343
|Used in Punaravrtaka jwara as  an ingredient of Kirattiktadi kwath.
|Used in Punaravrtaka jwara as  an ingredient of Kirattiktadi kwatha
|-
|-
|36
|36
|Cha.Sa.Chi.4/31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/31
|When patient is suffering with trusha as an  ingredient of hriberadi paniya.
|When patient is suffering with trusha(excessive thirst)  as an  ingredient of hriberadi paniya
|-
|-
|37
|37
|Cha.Sa.Chi.4/45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/45
|In Yavagu Prayoga.
|In Yavagu Prayoga (Medicated gruels )
|-
|-
|38
|38
|Cha.Sa.Chi.4/60  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/60  
|As a vamana dravya.
|As a vamana(emesis) dravya
|-
|-
|39
|39
|Cha.Sa.Chi.4/71  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/71  
|As an ingredient of lehya yoga.
|As an ingredient of lehya yoga
|-
|-
|40
|40
|Cha.Sa.Chi.4/74  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/74  
|As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna.
|As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
|-
|-
|41
|41
|Cha.Sa.Chi.4/78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/78
|Raktapitta-shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta.
|Raktapitta-shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta
|-
|-
|42
|42
|Cha.Sa.Chi.4/81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81
|As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya.
|As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|-
|-
|43
|43
|Cha.Sa.Chi. 5/119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/119
|Ingredient in Trayamanadya  Ghrit for Pittaj Gulma
|Ingredient in Trayamanadya  Ghrit for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|-
|44
|44
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameh nashak yog
|Sarva Prameha nashak yoga
|-
|-
|45
|45
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes)
|-
|-
|46
|46
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Used for making decoction in Pittaj prameh
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes)
|-
|-
|47
|47
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/32
|Used for making decoction in Pittaj prameh
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes)
|-
|-
|48
|48
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/3
|Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameh
|Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaja prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes)
|-
|-
|49
|49
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient  in Phalatrikadi Kvath
|Ingredient  in Phalatrikadi Kvath
|-
|-
|50
|50
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/46
|As Asthapan Basti dravya
|As Asthapan Basti dravya(enema)
|-
|-
|51
|51
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi  Churna  
|Ingredient in Mustadi  Churna  
|-
|-
|52
|52
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|-
|53
|53
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak  snan and Lepa
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak  snana and Lepa


Abhyantar and Bahya-shodhanarth  
Abhyantar and Bahya-shodhanarth  
|-
|-
|54
|54
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/102
|Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushth
|Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushtha(skin disease)
|-
|-
|55
|55
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Tail
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Tail
|-
|-
|56
|56
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/142
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala  Ghrit
|-
|-
|57
|57
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/144
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrit
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|-
|58
|58
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 8/137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137
|As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanarth   
|As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanarth   
|-
|-
|59
|59
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi  varti
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi  varti
|-
|-
|60
|60
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|-
|61
|61
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 11/16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/16
|As a diet  and drinks in treatment of  Kshatakshin 
|As a diet  and drinks in treatment of  Kshatakshina(ematiation)
|-
|-
|62
|62
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj  Svayathu
|In treatment of Vataj  Shvayathu(oedema)
|-
|-
|63
|63
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi  Churna
|Ingredient in Krishnadi  Churna
|-
|-
|64
|64
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|Ingredient in Kshara Gudika
|-
|-
|65
|65
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65
|For Lepa, Abhyangadi  Bahyaprayogarth
|For Lepa(external application), Abhyangadi  Bahyaprayogarth
|-
|-
|66
|66
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj  Shvayathu
|As a Lepa(external application) dravya in Kaphaj  Shvayathu
|-
|-
|67
|67
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthan
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/159  
 
13/159  
|In  formulation of pipplyadi lavana
|In  formulation of pipplyadi lavana
|-
|-
|68
|68
|Cha. Sa..15/98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98
|Kalka of this  drug is used for aampachan( with usnodaka)
|Kalka of this  drug is used for aampachan( with usnodaka)
|-
|-
|69
|69
|Cha. Sa. 15/99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99
|Churna of  this drug with combination of vaca,ativisa, etc. is given in aam and shoola  yukta mala
|Churna of  this drug with combination of vaca,ativisa, etc. is given in aam and shoola  yukta mala
|-
|-
|70
|70
|Cha. Sa.15/126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/126
|As an  ingredient of candanadhya ghrit
|As an  ingredient of Chandanadhya ghrita
|-
|-
|71
|71
|Cha. Sa.15/129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
|As an  ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
|As an  ingredient of Nagaradya churna
|-
|-
|72
|72
|Cha. Sa.15/132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|This drug is  used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|This drug is  used in treatment of pittaja grahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna
|-
|-
|73
|73
|Cha. Sa.15/138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/138
|As an  ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|As an  ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|-
|74
|74
|Cha. Sa.15/158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/158
|As an  ingredient of Mulasava
|As an  ingredient of Mulasava
|-
|-
|75
|75
|Cha. Sa..15/188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in  preparation of Pancham Kshara
|Used in  preparation of Panchama Kshara
|-
|-
|76
|76
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 16/60  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/60  
|As an ingredient of Vishaladi Phanta
|As an ingredient of Vishaladi Phanta
|-
|-
|77
|77
|Cha.Sa. Chi. 16/47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/47
|As an ingredient of Katukadhya Ghrita
|As an ingredient of Katukadya Ghrita
|-
|-
|78
|78
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 16/70   
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/70   
|As an ingredient of Navayas Loha
|As an ingredient of Navayasa Loha
|-
|-
|79
|79
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 16/73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/73
|As an ingredient of Mandura Vataka
|As an ingredient of Mandura Vataka
|-
|-
|80
|80
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 16/94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/94
|As an ingredient of Punarnava Mandura  
|As an ingredient of Punarnava Mandura  
|-
|-
|81
|81
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 16/103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/103
|As an ingredient of   Mandura Vataka  
|As an ingredient of Mandura Vataka  
|-
|-
|82
|82
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 16/119  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/119  
|As an ingredient of   Vyoshadi Ghrita
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|83
|83
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 16/87  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87  
|As an ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|As an ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|-
|84
|84
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana17/123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of  satyadi churna.
|As an ingredient of  shatyadi churna
|-
|-
|85
|85
|Cha.sa.chi.18/51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/51
|As an ingredient  of dusparsadi leha
|As an ingredient  of dusparshadi leha
|-
|-
|86
|86
|Cha.sa.chi.18/69  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/69  
|As an ingredient  of manahsiladi dhuma.
|As an ingredient  of manahshiladi dhuma
|-
|-
|87
|87
|Cha.sa.chi.18/87  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87  
|  
|As an ingredient of leha in pittaja kasa
|-
|-
|88
|88
|Cha.sa.chi.18/92  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92  
|As an ingredient  of twakadi leha.
|As an ingredient  of twakadi leha
|-
|-
|89
|89
|Cha.sa.chi.18/112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112
|As an ingredient  of katphaladi kwath.
|As an ingredient  of katphaladi kwatha
|-
|-
|90
|90
|Cha.sa.chi.18/114  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114  
|As an ingredient  of pathadi kalka.
|As an ingredient  of pathadi kalka
|-
|-
|91
|91
|Cha.sa.chi.18/118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As a yoga dravya.
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|-
|92
|92
|Cha.sa.chi.18/118  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118  
|As a yoga dravya.
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|-
|93
|93
|Cha.sa.chi.18/120  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120  
|As a yoga dravya.
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|-
|94
|94
|Cha.sa.chi.18/121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/121
|As a yoga dravya.
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|-
|95
|95
|Cha.sa.chi.18/163  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163  
|As an ingredient of kasmaryadi ghrita.
|As an ingredient of kashmaryadi ghrita
|-
|-
|96
|96
|Cha.sa.chi.18/176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/176
|As an ingredient  of jivantyadi leha.
|As an ingredient  of jivantyadi leha
|-
|-
|97
|97
|Cha.sa.chi.18/120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya.
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|-
|98
|98
|Cha.sa.chi.19/20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|As a pramathya dravya
|As a pramathya dravya
|-
|-
|99
|99
|Cha.sa.chi.19/22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a ama pachak dravya
|As a ama pachaka dravya
|-
|-
|100
|100
|Cha.sa.chi.19/50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50
|As a pana dravya
|As a pana dravya
|-
|-
|101
|101
|Cha.sa.chi.19/52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/52
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara.
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
|-
|-
|102
|102
|Cha.sa.chi.19/104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
|As a kwath dravya
|As a kwatha dravya
|-
|-
|103
|103
|Cha.Sa.Chi.20/38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/38
|As an ingredient of Kaphaja chhardihara yoga.
|As an ingredient of Kaphaja chhardihara yoga
|-
|-
|104
|104
|Cha.Sa.Chi.21/54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54
|For kashaya pana.
|For kashaya pana
|-
|-
|105
|105
|Cha.Sa.Chi.21/88  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/88  
|For pradeha prayoga in Kaphaja visarpa.
|For pradeha(external application) prayoga in Kaphaja visarpa
|-
|-
|106
|106
|Cha.Sa.Chi.21/130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/130
|Used in granthi visarpa.
|Used in granthi visarpa.(acute spreading erysepalas)
|-
|-
|107
|107
|Cha.Sa.Chi.21/74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/74
|As an ingredient  of Kaliyadi pralepa.
|As an ingredient  of Kaliyadi pralepa
|-
|-
|108
|108
|Cha.Sa.Chi.23/77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77
|As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada.
|As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|-
|-
|109
|109
|Cha.Sa.Chi.23/77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77
|As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada.
|As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|-
|-
|110
|110
|Cha.sa.chi.24/145
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/145
|Used as swarasa where  pittaja madatyaya is associated with sarakta kasa, Parshvashoola,  Stanashoola, Daaha & Hradayotkleda.
|Used as swarasa where  pittaja madatyaya is associated with sarakta kasa, Parshvashoola,  Stanashoola, Daaha & Hradayotkleda
|-
|-
|111
|111
|Cha.sa.chi.24/150        
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/150        
|Used as sheeta kashaya in  Trushna.
|Used as sheeta kashaya in  Trushna
|-
|-
|112
|112
|Cha.sa.chi.24/166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/166
|Used for doshapachana in  kaphaja madatyaya.
|Used for doshapachana in  kaphaja madatyaya
|-
|-
|113
|113
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/190
|As an ingredient of Tejohvadi churna.
|As an ingredient of Tejohvadi churna
|-
|-
|114
|114
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of  Mrudvikadi churna.
|As an ingredient of  Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|-
|115
|115
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/201
|As an ingredient of Katukadi kashaya.
|As an ingredient of Katukadi kashaya
|-
|-
|116
|116
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/208
|As an ingredient ofKhadiradi gutika.
|As an ingredient ofKhadiradi gutika
|-
|-
|117
|117
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara  taila.
|As an ingredient of Kshara  taila
|-
|-
|118
|118
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/235
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga.
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga
|-
|-
|119
|119
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga  for Aaschotana karma.
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga  for Aashchotana karma
|-
|-
|120
|120
|Cha.Sa.Chi.28/113  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/113  
|As an ingredient of Mustadi upanaha.
|As an ingredient of Mustadi upanaha
|-
|-
|121
|121
|Cha.Sa.Chi.28/151
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/151
|As an ingredient of Bala taila.
|As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
|-
|122
|122
|Cha.Sa.Chi.28/161  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161  
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila.
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
|-
|123
|123
|Cha.Sa.chi.29/51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/51
|Used as Yoosha.
|Used as Yoosha.
|-
|-
|124
|124
|Cha.Sa.chi.29/136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/136
|Used as Upanaha dravya in Vataja vatarakta.
|Used as Upanaha dravya in Vataja vatarakta
|-
|-
|}
|}


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
==Dose==
{| class="wikitable"
* 3-6 gm powder
|+Properties
* 20-30 ml kwatha<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush,
|-
Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986;
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
Volume 5:55</ref>
|-
 
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta),  Astringent (kashaya)
==Important formulation==
|-
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush,
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986;
|-
Volume 5:55</ref>
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
* Mustakarista
|-
* Mustakadi kwatha
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
* Ashokarishta
|-
* Mustakadi churna
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
* Mustakadi lehya
|-
* Dhanyapanchaka kwatha
|}
* Piyusavalli rasa
* Mahalakshadi taila
* Sadangapaniya


== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  
Line 558: Line 595:


== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==
== Phytochemistry ==
Phytochemical evaluations have isolated more than 550 distinct [[secondary metabolite]]s from the rhizomes of ''C. rotundus''.<ref name="Xue2023" /> The primary bioactive fractions driving its therapeutic efficacy include:
* '''[[Sesquiterpene]]s and [[essential oil]]s:''' The characteristic woody aroma and primary anti-inflammatory activities are attributed to volatile compounds, including [[cyperene]], cyperotundone, [[rotundone]], alpha-cyperone, and patchoulenone.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />
* '''[[Phenols|Phenolics]] and [[flavonoid]]s:''' The plant contains significant reserves of polyphenols, flavonol glycosides, and specific [[stilbene]]s, such as scirpusin A and B, which contribute to its [[antioxidant]] profile.<ref name="Kamala2018" />
* '''Other constituents:''' The tubers also yield [[monoterpene|monoterpenoids]], [[alkaloid]]s, [[saponin]]s, and [[phytosterol]]s, such as [[beta-sitosterol]].<ref name="Xue2023" /><ref name="Kamala2018" />
== Medical research and efficacy ==
=== Gastrointestinal effects ===
In Ayurvedic pharmacology, ''C. rotundus'' is classified as a digestive stimulant (''Deepana'') and [[carminative]] (''Pachana''). Modern ''[[in vitro]]'' and ''[[in vivo]]'' studies indicate that the plant exhibits antidiarrheal and antimicrobial properties through non-bactericidal mechanisms.<ref name="Birdi2011" /> Research demonstrates that a crude decoction of the tubers significantly inhibits the proliferation of the protozoan ''[[Giardia lamblia]]''.<ref name="Birdi2011" /> Furthermore, the extract reduces the adherence and invasive capabilities of pathogenic ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' and ''[[Shigella flexneri]]'' to intestinal epithelial cells, while concurrently neutralizing enterotoxin-induced cytotoxicity.<ref name="Birdi2011" />
=== Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activity ===
Preclinical models have validated the traditional use of ''C. rotundus'' in treating painful and febrile inflammatory states. In animal models of [[carrageenan]]-induced paw [[edema]], ethanolic extracts of the rhizomes demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity comparable to [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)]] such as [[indomethacin]].<ref name="Kamala2018" /> Additionally, alcoholic extracts have shown significant antipyretic action in yeast-induced [[pyrexia]] models, achieving body temperature reductions statistically similar to [[aspirin]].<ref name="Kamala2018" /> These effects are primarily mediated by the essential oil and sesquiterpenoid fractions interacting with nociceptive and inflammatory pathways.<ref name="Xue2023" />
=== Gastroprotective mechanisms ===
Unlike synthetic NSAIDs, which frequently compromise gastric mucosal integrity, ''C. rotundus'' has demonstrated gastroprotective qualities.<ref name="Thomas2015" /> ''In vivo'' evaluations using 70% methanolic extracts showed a dose-dependent prevention of aspirin-induced gastric ulceration.<ref name="Thomas2015" /> The mechanism is associated with a significant upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes—specifically [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD), [[glutathione]] (GSH), and [[glutathione peroxidase]] (GPx)—alongside a marked reduction in tissue [[lipid peroxidation]].<ref name="Thomas2015" />
=== Dermatological applications ===
Clinical trials have explored the anti-androgenic potential of ''C. rotundus'' essential oil for topical applications in dermatology.
* '''[[Hair removal|Hair reduction]]:''' Due to the anti-androgenic activity of its constituent flavonoids, topical application of the essential oil has been investigated as a method for reducing [[hirsutism|unwanted body hair]].<ref name="Mohammed2014" /> In a randomized controlled trial comparing the oil against [[Alexandrite laser]] epilation and placebos, the topical ''C. rotundus'' oil achieved hair reduction results statistically equivalent to laser treatment for dark hair, while significantly outperforming laser therapy on white hair without adverse effects.<ref name="Mohammed2014" />
* '''Post-laser recovery:''' Additional clinical evidence indicates that the topical application of ''C. rotundus'' essential oil effectively mitigates post-laser skin irritation and [[erythema]] (redness), demonstrating a healing profile comparable to 1% [[hydrocortisone]] cream.<ref name="Mohammed2021" />
== Toxicology and safety ==
Toxicological evaluations indicate that ''C. rotundus'' possesses a favorable safety profile when prepared in standard therapeutic dosages.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /> Acute and chronic [[toxicity]] studies in animal models have shown no evidence of [[genotoxicity]] or significant systemic organ toxicity, corroborating its long history of clinical use in traditional medicine.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Peerzada2015">{{cite journal |last1=Peerzada |first1=A. M. |last2=Ali |first2=H. H. |last3=Naeem |first3=M. |date=2015 |title=Cyperus rotundus L.: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities |journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |volume=174 |pages=540–560 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.012}}</ref>
<ref name="Xue2023">{{cite journal |last1=Xue |first1=B.-X. |last2=He |first2=R.-S. |last3=Lai |first3=J.-X. |date=2023 |title=Phytochemistry, data mining, pharmacology, toxicology and the analytical methods of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae): a comprehensive review |journal=Phytochemistry Reviews |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=1353–1398 |doi=10.1007/s11101-023-09870-3}}</ref>
<ref name="Kamala2018">{{cite journal |last1=Kamala |first1=A. |last2=Middha |first2=S. K. |last3=Karigar |first3=C. S. |date=2018 |title=Plants in traditional medicine with special reference to Cyperus rotundus L.: a review |journal=3 Biotech |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=257 |doi=10.1007/s13205-018-1328-6 |pmid=29740536 |pmc=5924404}}</ref>
<ref name="Birdi2011">{{cite journal |last1=Birdi |first1=T. J. |last2=Daswani |first2=P. G. |last3=Brijesh |first3=S. |last4=Tetali |first4=P. |date=2011 |title=Studies on the activity of Cyperus rotundus Linn. tubers against infectious diarrhea |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=340–344 |doi=10.4103/0253-7613.81502 |pmid=21713042 |pmc=3113391}}</ref>
<ref name="Thomas2015">{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=D. |last2=Govindhan |first2=S. |last3=Baiju |first3=E. C. C. |date=2015 |title=Cyperus rotundus L. prevents non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric mucosal damage by inhibiting oxidative stress |journal=Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=485–490 |doi=10.1515/jbcpp-2014-0093 |pmid=25803212}}</ref>
<ref name="Mohammed2014">{{cite journal |last1=Mohammed |first1=G. F. A. E.-K. |date=2014 |title=Topical Cyperus rotundus Oil: A new therapeutic modality with comparable efficacy to Alexandrite laser photo-epilation |journal=[[Aesthetic Surgery Journal]] |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=298–305 |doi=10.1177/1090820x13518801 |pmid=24488741}}</ref>
<ref name="Mohammed2021">{{cite journal |last1=Mohammed |first1=G. F. |date=2021 |title=The effectiveness of Cyperus rotundus essential oil in reducing the side effects of laser hair removal |journal=[[Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology]] |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=1501–1505 |doi=10.1111/jocd.14301 |pmid=34310860}}</ref>
}}
== External links ==
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Cyperus%20rotundus IMPPAT database]
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Cyperus%20rotundus


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
  This article is under development ..
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