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|title=Vipaka

|title=Vipaka

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{{Infobox

|title = Vipaka

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|data8 = July15, 2022

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| | 5.|| Trividha vipakavaada (three types) || Three types of vipaka || In Parashar’s opinion, sweet ([[madhura]]), bitter ([[tikta]]), astringent ([[kashaya]]) and salty ([[lavana]]) substances undergo madhura vipaka, pungent ([[katu]]) and sour ([[amla]]) rasa undergo Katu and Amla Vipaka respectively.|| [A.S.Sutra Sthana 17/17-18]<ref name= Sangraha> Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref>

| | 5.|| Trividha vipakavaada (three types) || Three types of vipaka || In Parashar’s opinion, sweet ([[madhura]]), bitter ([[tikta]]), astringent ([[kashaya]]) and salty ([[lavana]]) substances undergo madhura vipaka, pungent ([[katu]]) and sour ([[amla]]) rasa undergo Katu and Amla Vipaka respectively.|| [A.S.Sutra Sthana 17/17-18]<ref name= Sangraha> Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref>

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| | 6.|| Dwividha vipakavada (two types) || Two types of vipaka|| Scholars opine that vipaka are of two types- Sweet ([[madhura]]) and pungent ([[katu]]). Madhura vipaka is considered as heavy to digest (guru) due to dominance of [[prithvi]] and [[jala mahabhuta]]. Katu vipaka is light to digest (laghu) due to dominance of [[agni mahabhuta]], [[vayu mahabhuta]] and [[akasha mahabhuta]].|| [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 40/10-12]<ref name=Susruta/>

| | 6.|| Dwividha vipakavada (two types) || Two types of vipaka|| Scholars opine that vipaka are of two types - Sweet ([[madhura]]) and pungent ([[katu]]). Madhura vipaka is considered as heavy to digest (guru) due to dominance of [[prithvi]] and [[jala mahabhuta]]. Katu vipaka is light to digest (laghu) due to dominance of [[agni mahabhuta]], [[vayu mahabhuta]] and [[akasha mahabhuta]].|| [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 40/10-12]<ref name=Susruta/>

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==Assessment of vipaka (vipakaupalabdhi hetu)==

==Assessment of vipaka (vipaka upalabdhi hetu)==

Vipaka can be determined by the action of the [[dravya]] on the body. Prediction of the vipaka is always confined to the logical inference obtained after examining the effects on the whole body. The ingested substance undergoes complete process of digestion and exhibits particular action on [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] and [[mala]], which can infer vipaka.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/59-60] Perception of vipaka is done through increased or decreased states of [[dosha]]s in the body. [A.S.Sutra Sthana 17]<ref name=Sangraha/>  

Vipaka can be determined by the action of the [[dravya]] on the body. Prediction of the vipaka is always confined to the logical inference obtained after examining the effects on the whole body. The ingested substance undergoes complete process of digestion and exhibits particular action on [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] and [[mala]], which can infer vipaka.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/59-60] Perception of vipaka is done through increased or decreased states of [[dosha]]s in the body. [A.S.Sutra Sthana 17]<ref name=Sangraha/>  

==Superiority of vipaka==

==Superiority of vipaka==

In pharmacotherapeutics, vipaka is superior in activity profile due to following reasons as given in table 3:[Bhadanta Nagarjuna]

In pharmacotherapeutics, vipaka is superior in activity profile due to following reasons as given in table 3:

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr. No. !! Superiority!! Cause

! Sr. No. !! Superiority!! Cause

|-

|-

| | 1. || Nimittatwa (responsible factor) || Stimulation or suppression of [[dosha]] is under the control of vipaka (doshakshayavruddhi)

| | 1. || Responsible factor (nimittatwa) || Stimulation or suppression of [[dosha]] is under the control of vipaka (doshakshayavruddhi)

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|-

| | 2. || Dhatupadehata (tissue construction) || Building up various tissues of the body is possible by digestion/ metabolism.

| | 2. || Tissue construction (dhatupadehata) || Building up various tissues of the body is possible by digestion/ metabolism.

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| | 3. || Vipakapekshatwa (Dependency for therapeutic effect) || The therapeutic effect depends on vipaka

| | 3. || Dependency for therapeutic effect (vipakapekshatwa) || The therapeutic effect depends on vipaka

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| | 4. || Shastra pramanya (Emphasis by classics) || Classical texts or treatises quote vipaka as an important entity of dravya

| | 4. || Emphasis by classics (shastra pramanya) || Classical texts or treatises quote vipaka as an important entity of [[dravya]]

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==Assessment of vipaka==

==Assessment of vipaka==

Vipaka of any dravya shows its effect on [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] ([[shukra]] in specific) and [[mala]] (urine and faeces specifically). Though it is difficult to assess the effect of [[dravya]] on any [[dosha]], the effect on [[mutra]] (urine output) , [[purisha]] (faecal output and consistency) and effect on [[shukra]] (sperm count) can be assessed in experimental models. Several studies have done on experimental models to assess vipaka of an extrapharmcopoeal drug, Flemingia strobilifera (L).W.T.Aiton<ref>Bidhan Mahajon, Ravi Shankar B, Remadevi R (2014), Assessment of vipaka (metabolism) of a new medicinal plant in animal model, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(11): 427–434</ref> and to compare vipaka of some samana and vichitra pratyayarabdha dravya.<ref>Jadoun Anuruchi, Solanki S K, Ashok B K, Dwivedi R R (2012), Pharmacological study to assess the vipaka of certain  Samana & Vichitra Pratyayarabdha drugs in albino rats, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 1(11), 620–628</ref> Parameters like body weight, food consumption, water intake, fresh and dry faecal output and food conversion ratio were assessed and statistical analysis was done to evaluate the effect of the [[dravya]]. In the chosen dose and duration of pharmacological study selected samana and vichitra pratyayarabdha drugs showed apparent impact on [[koshtha]] related parameters as per their vipakas (post digestive effects) although the observed results are non-significant. Further studies are needed to design perfect pharmacological model for assessment of vipaka of a new or unknown [[dravya]].

Vipaka of any [[dravya]] shows its effect on [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] ([[shukra]] in specific) and [[mala]] (urine and faeces specifically). Though it is difficult to assess the effect of [[dravya]] on any [[dosha]], the effect on [[mutra]] (urine output) , [[purisha]] (faecal output and consistency) and effect on [[shukra]] (sperm count) can be assessed in experimental models. Several studies have done on experimental models to assess vipaka of an extrapharmcopoeal drug, Flemingia strobilifera (L).W.T.Aiton<ref name=Bidhan>Bidhan Mahajon, Ravi Shankar B, Remadevi R (2014), Assessment of vipaka (metabolism) of a new medicinal plant in animal model, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(11): 427–434</ref> and to compare vipaka of some samana and vichitra pratyayarabdha dravya.<ref>Jadoun Anuruchi, Solanki S K, Ashok B K, Dwivedi R R (2012), Pharmacological study to assess the vipaka of certain  Samana & Vichitra Pratyayarabdha drugs in albino rats, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 1(11), 620–628</ref> Parameters like body weight, food consumption, water intake, fresh and dry faecal output and food conversion ratio were assessed and statistical analysis was done to evaluate the effect of the [[dravya]]. In the chosen dose and duration of pharmacological study selected samana and vichitra pratyayarabdha drugs showed apparent impact on [[koshtha]] related parameters as per their vipakas (post digestive effects) although the observed results are non-significant. Further studies are needed to design perfect pharmacological model for assessment of vipaka of a new or unknown [[dravya]].

==Contemporary approach towards vipaka==

==Contemporary approach towards vipaka==

==Exceptions==

==Exceptions==

It is a general rule that sweet ([[madhura]]), salty ([[lavana]]) [[rasa]] herbs have madhura vipaka; sour ([[amla]]) [[rasa]] have amla and remaining all [[rasa]]s give katu vipaka. However, some herbs are exceptions to this. ginger ([[shunthi]]) is pungent in taste, but shows madhura vipaka. Such herbs and dietary substances are indicated by the concept called ‘vichitra pratyarabdha dravya’, that have certain property specifications.

It is a general rule that sweet ([[madhura]]), salty ([[lavana]]) [[rasa]] herbs have madhura vipaka; sour ([[amla]]) [[rasa]] have amla and remaining all [[rasa]]s give katu vipaka. However, some herbs are exceptions to this. Ginger ([[shunthi]]) is pungent in taste, but shows madhura vipaka. Such herbs and dietary substances are indicated by the concept called ‘vichitra pratyarabdha dravya’, that have certain property specifications.

==Importance of vipaka==

==Importance of vipaka==

Vipaka plays significant role in pharmacotherapy used in [[Ayurveda]]. It is explained that substances work according to the potential of their vipaka. Though, ginger ([[shunthi]]) is pungent in taste, it does not vitiate [[pitta dosha]] due to its madhura vipaka. It is therefore a generalized theory that when all pharmacodynamic attributes of the [[dravya]] have comparable/similar potential, the vipaka always dominates the [[rasa]].

Vipaka plays significant role in pharmacotherapy used in [[Ayurveda]]. It is explained that substances work according to the potential of their vipaka. Though, ginger ([[shunthi]]) is pungent in taste, it does not vitiate [[pitta dosha]] due to its madhura vipaka. It is therefore a generalized theory that when all pharmacodynamic attributes of the [[dravya]] have comparable/similar potential, the vipaka always dominates the [[rasa]].

Vipaka is very important among all other pharmacodynamic properties of [[dravya]] because the  results of taking diet or medicine depend on correct or incorrect digestion. [[Agni]] plays crucial role in digestion and vipaka. The desired/undesirable actions of the [[dravya]]s directly/indirectly depend on the vipaka of the [[dravya]]s. Vipaka of any [[dravya]] depend on the inherent properties of the [[dravya]]s as well as condition of [[agni]] of the consumer. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/63] Plumbago zeylanica([[chitraka]]), if digested properly, causes agnideepana (desired action of stimulation of digestion). While if not digested properly, it causes constipation (undesirable action). Similarly, properly digested Piper longum ([[pippali]]) enhances [[shukra]] (desired effect), while improper digestion leads to excessive formation of [[kleda]] (untoward effect of moisture).

Vipaka is very important among all other pharmacodynamic properties of [[dravya]] because the  results of taking diet or medicine depend on correct or incorrect digestion. [[Agni]] plays crucial role in digestion and vipaka. The desired/undesirable actions of the [[dravya]]s directly/indirectly depend on the vipaka of the [[dravya]]s. Vipaka of any [[dravya]] depend on the inherent properties of the [[dravya]]s as well as condition of [[agni]] of the consumer. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/63] Plumbago zeylanica ([[chitraka]]), if digested properly, causes agnideepana (desired action of stimulation of digestion). While if not digested properly, it causes constipation (undesirable action). Similarly, properly digested Piper longum ([[pippali]]) enhances [[shukra]] (desired effect), while improper digestion leads to excessive formation of [[kleda]] (untoward effect of moisture).

Vipaka is also important because the aggravation and improvement of the [[dosha]]s as well as the accumulation of [[dhatu]] in the body directly depends on the vipaka. A well digested diet or medicine is beneficial, while the same if poorly digested causes various diseases. Therefore, it can be inferred that vipaka is one of the most important factors among all the attributes of [[dravya]].  

Vipaka is also important because the aggravation and improvement of the [[dosha]]s as well as the accumulation of [[dhatu]] in the body directly depends on the vipaka. A well digested diet or medicine is beneficial, while the same if poorly digested causes various diseases. Therefore, it can be inferred that vipaka is one of the most important factors among all the attributes of [[dravya]].

==Current researches==

==Current researches==

#Anagha Vishwas Ranade, Amey Shirolkar, and Sharad Daulatrao Pawar have given different insight to concept of vipaka by explaining it on the basis of gut microbiota. It says, the holistic mechanism of gut microbiota coincides to some extent, with the doctrines of [[Ayurveda]] in the context of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.<ref>Ranade AV, Shirolkar A, Pawar SD. Gut microbiota: One of the new frontiers for elucidating fundamentals of Vipaka in Ayurveda. Ayu. 2019 Apr-Jun;40(2):75-78. doi: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_210_18. Epub 2020 Mar 20. PMID: 32398906; PMCID: PMC7210818.</ref>

#Anagha Vishwas Ranade, Amey Shirolkar, and Sharad Daulatrao Pawar have given different insight to concept of vipaka by explaining it on the basis of gut microbiota. It says, the holistic mechanism of gut microbiota coincides to some extent, with the doctrines of [[Ayurveda]] in the context of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.<ref>Ranade AV, Shirolkar A, Pawar SD. Gut microbiota: One of the new frontiers for elucidating fundamentals of Vipaka in Ayurveda. Ayu. 2019 Apr-Jun;40(2):75-78. doi: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_210_18. Epub 2020 Mar 20. PMID: 32398906; PMCID: PMC7210818.</ref>

#Chakrapany Sharma and Chandan Singh have put forth a review to interpret [[Ayurveda]] theory of vipaka v/s pharmacokinetics. They have concluded that, the term vipaka in [[Ayurveda]] covers a broad area that is not limited up to the metabolism, only. All kinds of [[agni]] (jatharagni, dhatvagni and bhootagni) works one by one on ingested diet or drug. This helps to liberate the molecular substance from the chemical structure of ingested diet or drug, assimilate and absorbs in body at the site of action.<ref>Sharma, C. and Singh, C., 2015. Interpretation Of Ayurveda Theory of “Vipaka” V/S Pharmacokinetics: A Review. WJPR, 2015, Volume 4, Issue 5, 935-946</ref>

#Chakrapany Sharma and Chandan Singh have put forth a review to interpret [[Ayurveda]] theory of vipaka v/s pharmacokinetics. They have concluded that, the term vipaka in [[Ayurveda]] covers a broad area that is not limited up to the metabolism, only. All kinds of [[agni]] (jatharagni, dhatvagni and bhootagni) works one by one on ingested diet or drug. This helps to liberate the molecular substance from the chemical structure of ingested diet or drug, assimilate and absorbs in body at the site of action.<ref>Sharma, C. and Singh, C., 2015. Interpretation Of Ayurveda Theory of “Vipaka” V/S Pharmacokinetics: A Review. WJPR, 2015, Volume 4, Issue 5, 935-946</ref>

#Bidhan Mahajon, Ravi Shankar B., Remadevi R. conducted an experimental study for assessment of ‘vipaka’ (metabolism) of a new medicinal plant, Flemingia strobilifera of family Fabaceae. They have studied various parameters like body weight, faecal output, urine output, water intake etc. and concluded that the drug has katu vipaka.

#Bidhan Mahajon, Ravi Shankar B., Remadevi R. conducted an experimental study for assessment of ‘vipaka’ (metabolism) of a new medicinal plant, Flemingia strobilifera of family Fabaceae. They have studied various parameters like body weight, faecal output, urine output, water intake etc. and concluded that the drug has katu vipaka.<ref name=Bidhan/>

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==References==

==References==

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