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Kala Sharira (view source)

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‘Kala’ can be termed as layer or sheathin the context of anatomy and structural understanding of human body. Locations, enumerations, examples, and clinical utilities of kala are described in ayurvedic classical texts like Sushruta Samhita, Sharangadhara Samhita and Ashtanga Sangraha. Kala can be noticed by their functions in the body. The primary function of kala is to hold, to support or to protect the body components (dhatu) and its related structures.

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‘Kala’ can be termed as layer or sheathin the context of anatomy and structural understanding of [[Sharira Sthana|human body]]. Locations, enumerations, examples, and clinical utilities of kala are described in ayurvedic classical texts like Sushruta Samhita, Sharangadhara Samhita and Ashtanga Sangraha. Kala can be noticed by their functions in the [[Sharira|body]]. The primary function of kala is to hold, to support or to protect the [[Sharira|body]] components ([[Dhatu|dhatu]]) and its related structures.

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== Etymology ==

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The Sanskrit term ‘Kala’ means time, a small part of anything, a symbolic expression for sixteen<ref name="ref1">Vaman ShivramApte. The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary. Bhartiya GranthaNiketan : New Delhi.page 342</ref>, and a black or dark color as mentioned in Panini.<ref name="ref2">Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81la#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2011185-3</ref> A specific tin coating ~~proceduretermed~~ ~~as‘kalyalepa’or~~ ‘kalai’ is applied on utensils of brass and copper. ‘Kalai’ means white wash or tin.<ref name="ref3">[http://intangibleheritage.intach.org/history-of-tin-coating-of-metallic-utensils-in-india/ History of Tin-coating of Metallic Utensils in India | INTACH Intangible Cultural Heritage]</ref> The main purpose of ~~kalaiis~~ to prevent utensils from rusting and oxidization.It serves as barrier between food and utensils. Similarly, kala is a barrier between body tissues (dhatu) and organs (ashaya) in the human body.

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The Sanskrit term ‘Kala’ means time, a small part of anything, a symbolic expression for sixteen<ref name="ref1">Vaman ShivramApte. The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary. Bhartiya GranthaNiketan : New Delhi.page 342</ref>, and a black or dark color as mentioned in Panini.<ref name="ref2">Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81la#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2011185-3</ref> A specific tin coating procedure termed as ‘kalyalepa’ or ‘kalai’ is applied on utensils of brass and copper. ‘Kalai’ means white wash or tin.<ref name="ref3">[http://intangibleheritage.intach.org/history-of-tin-coating-of-metallic-utensils-in-india/ History of Tin-coating of Metallic Utensils in India | INTACH Intangible Cultural Heritage]</ref> The main purpose of kalai is to prevent utensils from rusting and oxidization. It serves as barrier between food and utensils. Similarly, kala is a barrier between [[Sharira|body]] tissues ([[Dhatu|dhatu]]) and organs (ashaya) in the [[Sharira Sthana|human body]].

== Definition and development of kala ==

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Kala is the innermost tissue/viscera (dhatu) lining that separates it from the inner cavity (ashaya). It can also be considered as an interface between them. [Su.Sa. ~~ShariraSthanaDalhana~~ 4/4] The sticky substance (shleshma) between tissue and its lumen (dhatu and ashaya) gets digested by its own dhatwagni and converts into a thin sheath-like structure known as ‘kleda’.[SharangdharaSamhita Purvakhanda 5] The kledaor moisture present in between dhatu and inner cavity(,ashaya)reacting to its heat gets converted into kala. Here, the term ‘kala’ refers to a small quantity of essence of tissue (dhatu) or tissue fluid (dhatu rasa) that oozes from it. It is similar with the liquid that oozes from tree after cutting. It envelops muscular tissue (snayu), mucus (shleshma) and serous layer (jarayu). [Ash. Sa. ShariraSthana 5/34] For a better understanding of kala, it can be correlated with the section of wood, the thin layer that lies in between the core portion of a trunk and the outer thick bark of a tree. Similarly, the section on the fleshy part of the body reveals the internal structure ~~ofdhatu~~. [Su.Sa. ~~ShariraSthanaDalhana4~~/6] The word ‘snayu’ refers to fibrous sheath, shleshmarefers to the mucus membrane, and jarayuas a serous layer. Kala can be correlated with membrane, septum, sheath, layers of the body or cell membrane of each cell. The topic of kala ~~sharirais~~ elaborated with different examples from the environment to illuminate the ideas and structure of kala. Intellectual visualization and comparative tools can be seen in the kala sharira description.

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Kala is the innermost tissue/viscera ([[Dhatu|dhatu]]) lining that separates it from the inner cavity (ashaya). It can also be considered as an interface between them. [Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] Dalhana 4/4] The sticky substance (shleshma) between tissue and its lumen ([[Dhatu|dhatu]] and ashaya) gets digested by its own dhatwagni and converts into a thin sheath-like structure known as ‘kleda’.[SharangdharaSamhita Purvakhanda 5] The kledaor moisture present in between [[Dhatu|dhatu]] and inner cavity(,ashaya)reacting to its heat gets converted into kala. Here, the term ‘kala’ refers to a small quantity of essence of tissue ([[Dhatu|dhatu]]) or tissue fluid ([[Dhatu|dhatu]] rasa) that oozes from it. It is similar with the liquid that oozes from tree after cutting. It envelops muscular tissue (snayu), mucus (shleshma) and serous layer (jarayu). [Ash. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] 5/34] For a better understanding of kala, it can be correlated with the section of wood, the thin layer that lies in between the core portion of a trunk and the outer thick bark of a tree. Similarly, the section on the fleshy part of the [[Sharira|body]] reveals the internal structure of [[Dhatu|dhatu]]. [Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] Dalhana4/6] The word ‘snayu’ refers to fibrous sheath, shleshmarefers to the mucus membrane, and jarayuas a serous layer. Kala can be correlated with membrane, septum, sheath, layers of the [[Sharira|body]] or cell membrane of each cell. The topic of kala sharira is elaborated with different examples from the environment to illuminate the ideas and structure of kala. Intellectual visualization and comparative tools can be seen in the kala sharira description.

== Number of kala ==

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In samhitas, the total number of kala mentioned is seven. Only slight variation can be seen in their names. [Su.Sa. ~~ShariraSthanaDalhana~~ 4/4], [Ash. Sa. Sharirasthana 5], [Sharangdhara Sa Purvakhanda 5/6].

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In samhitas, the total number of kala mentioned is seven. Only slight variation can be seen in their names. [Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] Dalhana 4/4], [Ash. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|Sharirasthana]] 5], [Sharangdhara Sa Purvakhanda 5/6].

It is given in table no.1 :

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Kala is thin, sheath like structure covered by mucus (shleshma).Anatomically, it is a thin lining of epithelium or mucus membrane (that lines the cavities of viscera) and endothelium (that lines the blood vessels, ducts etc).As the transverse section of the wood shows its innermost tissue separated from the cortex by a thin layer, the same way one can study the structure of kala is by taking a section of tissue (dhatu). [Su.Sa. ~~ShariraSthanaDalhana~~ 4/6]

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Kala is thin, sheath like structure covered by mucus (shleshma).Anatomically, it is a thin lining of epithelium or mucus membrane (that lines the cavities of viscera) and endothelium (that lines the blood vessels, ducts etc).As the transverse section of the wood shows its innermost tissue separated from the cortex by a thin layer, the same way one can study the structure of kala is by taking a section of tissue ([[Dhatu|dhatu]]). [Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] Dalhana 4/6]

== Characteristics ==

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Kala is differentiated as covered with ligaments (snayupratichhinna), the continuation of fetal coverings (jarayusantata) and coated with mucus membrane (shleshmaveshthita). All these structures may or may not be necessarily present in each kala. Even one or two of the above-mentioned structures may be visible in the existing kala. This can be observed in cadaveric dissectionup to a certain extent. [Su.Sa. ~~ShariraSthanaDalhana~~ 4/7]

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Kala is differentiated as covered with ligaments (snayupratichhinna), the continuation of fetal coverings (jarayusantata) and coated with mucus membrane (shleshmaveshthita). All these structures may or may not be necessarily present in each kala. Even one or two of the above-mentioned structures may be visible in the existing kala. This can be observed in cadaveric dissectionup to a certain extent. [Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] Dalhana 4/7]

== Various kala ==

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<ol style='text-align:justify;'><li style="font-weight:bold">Mamsadharakala: The first kala is mamsdhara kala. Within the mamsa dhatu, the network of vessels and nerves (sira&dhamani), tendons or ligaments (snayu), and capillaries (srotasa) are spread. To explain this structure,Sushruta correlated it with the lotus plant, as its stem and roots are firmly embedded in muddy water, similarly, branches of vessels, nerves, and capillaries are embedded in this kala [Su.Sa. ShariraSthana 4/7] [Ash SaSharirsthan. 5/35]. The mamsadhara kala provides anatomical support and forms the protective shield covering of all these delicate structures.[Su.Sa. ShariraSthana 4/7] Mamsadhara kala includes the innermost layer of skin i.e., dermis (mamsadharatwacha), superficial and deep fascia, intermuscular septum, epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.

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<ol style='text-align:justify;'><li style="font-weight:bold">Mamsadharakala: The first kala is mamsdhara kala. Within the [[Mamsa dhatu|mamsa dhatu]], the network of vessels and nerves (sira&dhamani), tendons or ligaments (snayu), and capillaries (srotasa) are spread. To explain this structure,Sushruta correlated it with the lotus plant, as its stem and roots are firmly embedded in muddy water, similarly, branches of vessels, nerves, and capillaries are embedded in this kala [Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] 4/7] [Ash SaSharirsthan. 5/35]. The mamsadhara kala provides anatomical support and forms the protective shield covering of all these delicate structures.[Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] 4/7] Mamsadhara kala includes the innermost layer of skin i.e., dermis (mamsadharatwacha), superficial and deep fascia, intermuscular septum, epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.

</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Raktadharakala/ asrugdhara kala: The second kala is raktadhara kala, which is found mainly in the blood vessels, sinusoids of the liver, and spleen. To elucidate this kala, a perfect simile is latex-yielding trees. If the branches of such trees are cut, we can see the milky sap coming out of them. Similarly, when the incision is given on the body, we can see blood oozing from it. From this, we can state that raktadharakala is located deep within the mams. [Su.Sa. ShariraSthana 4/9-10] [Ash. Sa. ~~ShariraSthana5~~/36]. The raktadharakala allows blood to flow through various blood vessels, capillary networks, and sinusoids in the liver and spleen. The tunica intima of blood vessels can be considered raktadharakala.

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Raktadharakala/ asrugdhara kala: The second kala is raktadhara kala, which is found mainly in the blood vessels, sinusoids of the liver, and spleen. To elucidate this kala, a perfect simile is latex-yielding trees. If the branches of such trees are cut, we can see the milky sap coming out of them. Similarly, when the incision is given on the [[Sharira|body]], we can see blood oozing from it. From this, we can state that raktadharakala is located deep within the mams. [Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] 4/9-10] [Ash. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] 5/36]. The raktadharakala allows blood to flow through various blood vessels, capillary networks, and sinusoids in the liver and spleen. The tunica intima of blood vessels can be considered raktadharakala.

</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Medodhara kala:The third kala is medodhara kala. Medadhatu is present in all individuals, in abdomen and small bones.While large bones contain bone marrow (majja). [Su. Sa.ShariraSthana 4/11]Sushruta identified bone marrow (majja) of two types: red bone marrow (saraktameda) is seen in short bones and yellow bone marrow (peetmajja) is seen in long bones. Medadhatu is distributed all over the body, especially in the abdomen and small bones. Medadhatu of small bonesis called saraktameda. It is red. That within large bones is called peetmajja (yellow). Similarly, the meda dhatu inside the skull bonesand brain is called ‘mastulunga’. Hence, medodhatu is present over the entire body, especially in the abdominal region in the form of omentum, mesentery, and mesocolon. It can also be correlated with the endosteum of the bones.

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Medodhara kala:The third kala is medodhara kala. [[Meda dhatu|Medadhatu]] is present in all individuals, in abdomen and small bones.While large bones contain bone marrow (majja). [Su. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] 4/11]Sushruta identified bone marrow (majja) of two types: red bone marrow (saraktameda) is seen in short bones and yellow bone marrow (peetmajja) is seen in long bones. [[Meda dhatu|Medadhatu]] is distributed all over the [[Sharira|body]], especially in the abdomen and small bones. [[Meda dhatu|Medadhatu]] of small bonesis called saraktameda. It is red. That within large bones is called peetmajja (yellow). Similarly, the [[Meda dhatu|meda dhatu]] inside the skull bonesand brain is called ‘mastulunga’. Hence, medodhatu is present over the entire [[Sharira|body]], especially in the abdominal region in the form of omentum, mesentery, and mesocolon. It can also be correlated with the endosteum of the bones.

</li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Shleshmadhara kala: The fourth kala is known as ‘shleshmadharakala’. It is present in the joints, especially in movable joints (cheshtavanta sandhi). It is compared with the smooth functioning of wheel around its axis. The lubricant achieves this smooth function,allowing the wheel to move around its axis without friction. Similarly, the shleshmawith shleshmadhara kala present in the joint facilitates their proper and smooth action. Thus, shleshmadhara kala prevents excessive friction and permits free and smooth movements.This kala can be correlated with synovial fluid and the membrane of the joints.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Purishadharakala: The fifth Kala is purishdhara kala, also known as maladhara kala. In Sharangadharasamhita, this kala is calledantradharakala. This kala includes the viscera surrounding the liver, the biliary apparatus (yakrutasamantat), and small and large intestines. The purishdhara kala lies in the large intestine (pakwashaya), predominantly in the caecum (unduka). This part separates fecal matter (mala) and chyle (ahara rasa). The primary role of maladhara kala is the segregation of water and other essential and non-essential materials. [Su.Sa. ShariraSthana 4/16-17] This kala can be correlated with mucosal membrane of the gastro-intestinal tract.

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Purishadharakala: The fifth Kala is purishdhara kala, also known as maladhara kala. In Sharangadharasamhita, this kala is calledantradharakala. This kala includes the viscera surrounding the liver, the biliary apparatus (yakrutasamantat), and small and large intestines. The purishdhara kala lies in the large intestine (pakwashaya), predominantly in the caecum (unduka). This part separates fecal matter (mala) and chyle (ahara rasa). The primary role of maladhara kala is the segregation of water and other essential and non-essential materials. [Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] 4/16-17] This kala can be correlated with mucosal membrane of the gastro-intestinal tract.

</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Pittadharakala:The sixth kala is pittadharakala. It receives all four kinds of food; ashita(chewed), khadita(swallowed), peeta(drinks), and leedha(licked) from mouth to the stomach.It retains the food until its complete digestion in proximal part of the digestive tube up to the ileum. Further, the digested food is propelled toward the larger intestine. This digestion and absorption of food in a given time is accomplished by pachakapitta in pittadharakala. [Su.Sa. ShariraSthana 4/18-19] The pittadhara kala site is between the stomach (amashaya) and the large intestine (pakvashaya). This part of annavahasrotasais known as ‘grahani’. This kala can be correlated with the epithelium of digestive glands, enzymes, mucous membrane of the digestive tube, its villi, and lacteals responsible for digestion.

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Pittadharakala:The sixth kala is pittadharakala. It receives all four kinds of food; ashita(chewed), khadita(swallowed), peeta(drinks), and leedha(licked) from mouth to the stomach.It retains the food until its complete digestion in proximal part of the digestive tube up to the ileum. Further, the digested food is propelled toward the larger intestine. This digestion and absorption of food in a given time is accomplished by pachakapitta in pittadharakala. [Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] 4/18-19] The pittadhara kala site is between the stomach (amashaya) and the large intestine (pakvashaya). This part of annavahasrotasais known as ‘grahani’. This kala can be correlated with the epithelium of digestive glands, enzymes, mucous membrane of the digestive tube, its villi, and lacteals responsible for digestion.

</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Shukradharakala:The seventh Kala is shukradhara kala, present all over the body of all living beings. Jaggery and ghee are present in the sugarcane juice and milk, respectively, but it is difficult to identify their presence. Similarly, the shukra is present in the entire body,and it can be understood only by its function. Semen is ejaculated through the male urethra during coitus.Shukradhara kala can be correlated with the inner lining of the seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, vas difference, epididymis and seminiferous tubule in the testis. It is difficult to quote references to shukradhara kala in females as observed in Ayurveda texts. But it may be correlated with the development of anasthigarbha (boneless embryo) formed by ejaculation in females only. It is mentioned in Shukrashonita Shuddhi ShariraAdhyaya.[Su. Sa. ShariraSthan 2/49]

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Shukradharakala:The seventh Kala is shukradhara kala, present all over the [[Sharira|body]] of all living beings. Jaggery and ghee are present in the sugarcane juice and milk, respectively, but it is difficult to identify their presence. Similarly, the shukra is present in the entire [[Sharira|body]], and it can be understood only by its function. Semen is ejaculated through the male urethra during coitus.Shukradhara kala can be correlated with the inner lining of the seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, vas difference, epididymis and seminiferous tubule in the testis. It is difficult to quote references to shukradhara kala in females as observed in Ayurveda texts. But it may be correlated with the development of anasthigarbha (boneless embryo) formed by ejaculation in females only. It is mentioned in Shukrashonita Shuddhi ShariraAdhyaya.[Su. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthan]] 2/49]

</li></ol>

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== Preservation of health of kala and its treatment guidelines ==

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In healthy conditions, the kala prevents our body from various disorders. A few examples are stated below,

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In healthy conditions, the kala prevents our [[Sharira|body]] from various disorders. A few examples are stated below,

<ol style='text-align:justify;'><li>In intestinal perforation, the omentum seal that specific area, thus preventing the oozing of intestinal contents and avoiding further complications. The peritoneum protects abdominal viscera from various infections as there is the presence of abundant lymphoid follicles</li>

<li>In partial splenic rupture, the peritoneum covers the affected area and prevents bleeding. </li>

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== Application of kala in agada tantra (forensic medicine and toxicology) ==

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The snake poison successively attacks the seven kala and gives rise to seven poisoning stages. The patient's prognosis with the snake bite depends on the presence of toxin in the respective kala. [Su. Ka.4/39] In the first phase, the poison vitiates blood, due to which it becomes black and hence causes blackening of skin and feeling as ‘ants are crawling on the ~~body’~~. In the second phase, it vitiates muscles, which gives rise to marked blackness, inflammation, and cyst in the body. In the third phase, it vitiates fat which causes moistening of the bite site, heaviness of the head, and stiffness of eyes. In the fourth phase, the poison enters the thoraco-abdominal cavity. It vitiates dosha, predominantly kapha, which produces drowsiness, salivation, and weakness in joints. In the fifth phase, it further penetrates bones. It vitiates prana and agni, leading to joint pain, hiccoughs, and a burning sensation. In the sixth phase, it reaches the bone marrow. It highly vitiates the small intestine (grahani) which gives rise to heaviness in the body, diarrhea, cardiac pain, and fainting. In the seventh phase, it enters into semen (shukra) and highly vitiates vyanavayu. It causes the discharge of kapha from minute channels, leading to breaking pain in the waist and back, loss of all movements, excessive salivation and sweating, and finally, death due to respiratory arrest. [Su.Sa.KalpaSthana4/39] As the snake venom passes deeper into various tissues (dhatus) by piercing several kalas, the patient's prognosis become more and more critical.

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The snake poison successively attacks the seven kala and gives rise to seven poisoning stages. The patient's prognosis with the snake bite depends on the presence of toxin in the respective kala. [Su. Ka.4/39] In the first phase, the poison vitiates blood, due to which it becomes black and hence causes blackening of skin and feeling as ‘ants are crawling on the [[Sharira|body]]’. In the second phase, it vitiates muscles, which gives rise to marked blackness, inflammation, and cyst in the [[Sharira|body]]. In the third phase, it vitiates fat which causes moistening of the bite site, heaviness of the head, and stiffness of eyes. In the fourth phase, the poison enters the thoraco-abdominal cavity. It vitiates dosha, predominantly kapha, which produces drowsiness, salivation, and weakness in joints. In the fifth phase, it further penetrates bones. It vitiates prana and agni, leading to joint pain, hiccoughs, and a burning sensation. In the sixth phase, it reaches the bone marrow. It highly vitiates the small intestine (grahani) which gives rise to heaviness in the [[Sharira|body]], diarrhea, cardiac pain, and fainting. In the seventh phase, it enters into semen (shukra) and highly vitiates vyanavayu. It causes the discharge of kapha from minute channels, leading to breaking pain in the waist and back, loss of all movements, excessive salivation and sweating, and finally, death due to respiratory arrest. [Su.Sa.KalpaSthana4/39] As the snake venom passes deeper into various tissues ([[Dhatu|dhatus]]) by piercing several kalas, the patient's prognosis become more and more critical.

== Contemporary approach ==

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In corelation with contemporary science the term kala can be corelate with various serous or mucosal membranes. Mamsadhara kala includes the innermost layer of skin i.e., dermis (mamsadharatwacha), superficial and deep fascia intermuscular septum, epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium. The raktadhara kala allows blood to flow through various blood vessels, capillary network, and sinusoids in the liver and spleen. The tunica intima of blood vessels can be considered raktadhara kala.Medodhatu is present over the entire body especially it is appreciated in the region of abdomen in the form of omentum, mesentery, and mesocolon. It can also be correlated with the endosteum of the bones. Similarly the shleshmadhara kala can be correlated with synovial fluid and membrane of the joints.Purishadhara kala can be correlated with mucosal membrane of the gastro-intestinal tract especially in the region of large intestine. The pittadharakala can be correlated with the epithelium of digestive glands, enzymes, mucous membrane of the digestive tube, its villi, and lacteals responsible for digestion.Shukradhara kala can be correlated with the inner lining of the seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, vas difference, epididymis, and seminiferous tubule in the testis.

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In corelation with contemporary science the term kala can be corelate with various serous or mucosal membranes. Mamsadhara kala includes the innermost layer of skin i.e., dermis (mamsadharatwacha), superficial and deep fascia intermuscular septum, epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium. The raktadhara kala allows blood to flow through various blood vessels, capillary network, and sinusoids in the liver and spleen. The tunica intima of blood vessels can be considered raktadhara kala. Medodhatu is present over the entire [[Sharira|body]] especially it is appreciated in the region of abdomen in the form of omentum, mesentery, and mesocolon. It can also be correlated with the endosteum of the bones. Similarly the shleshmadhara kala can be correlated with synovial fluid and membrane of the joints.Purishadhara kala can be correlated with mucosal membrane of the gastro-intestinal tract especially in the region of large intestine. The pittadharakala can be correlated with the epithelium of digestive glands, enzymes, mucous membrane of the digestive tube, its villi, and lacteals responsible for digestion.Shukradhara kala can be correlated with the inner lining of the seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, vas difference, epididymis, and seminiferous tubule in the testis.

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== Future scope of research in kala sharira ==

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== Future scope of research in kala [[Sharira|sharira]] ==

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From the treatment point of view, the knowledge of kala ~~shariraproved~~ to be of utmost importance as the site beholds the specific organ.It also reflectsthe effect on dhatu. Intestinal resection may lead to certain disorders,such as improper digestion and poor absorption of nutrients.Hence it may cause loss of bone density and affect physical and mental health. To reduce such complications, tiktakshirabasti(enema with medicated milk and ghee) may be beneficial. The various psychological disorders can affect the enteric nervous system closely related to pittadharaand purishdhara kala. So, in such cases, psychological consideration should be at its utmost priority.Hence it can be concluded that there is wide scope for research to study cellular changes at the level of kala with the use of modern technologies.

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From the treatment point of view, the knowledge of kala [[Sharira|sharira]] proved to be of utmost importance as the site beholds the specific organ.It also reflectsthe effect on [[Dhatu|dhatu]]. Intestinal resection may lead to certain disorders,such as improper digestion and poor absorption of nutrients.Hence it may cause loss of bone density and affect physical and mental health. To reduce such complications, tiktakshirabasti(enema with medicated milk and ghee) may be beneficial. The various psychological disorders can affect the enteric nervous system closely related to pittadharaand purishdhara kala. So, in such cases, psychological consideration should be at its utmost priority.Hence it can be concluded that there is wide scope for research to study cellular changes at the level of kala with the use of modern technologies.

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