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== Rajas and vatadosha ==
== Rajas and vatadosha ==
<p style='text-align:justify;'>[[Vata dosha|Vatadosha]] is dominant in rajas guna(rajas bahula). [Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/8] Sharangadhara has also termed the [[Vata dosha|vatadosha]] to be rajas guna dominant.<ref name="ref6">Sharangdhar, Sharangdhar Samhita with English translation by Dr Srikantha Murthy, Kalidakakhyana Shariram Adhyaya,5/26, Prathama Khanda,Sixth Edition, 2006, Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi, Page No. 23 </ref> </p>
<p style='text-align:justify;'>[[Vata dosha|Vatadosha]] is dominant in rajas guna(rajas bahula). [Su.Sa. [[Nidana Sthana|NidanaSthana]] 1/8] Sharangadhara has also termed the [[Vata dosha|vatadosha]] to be rajas guna dominant.<ref name="ref6">Sharangdhar, Sharangdhar Samhita with English translation by Dr Srikantha Murthy, Kalidakakhyana Shariram Adhyaya,5/26, Prathama Khanda,Sixth Edition, 2006, Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi, Page No. 23 </ref> </p>
== Relation between food and rajas guna ==
== Relation between food and rajas guna ==
== Relation between prana and rajas guna ==
== Relation between prana and rajas guna ==
<p style='text-align:justify;'>[[Sattva|Sattva]], rajas, and [[Tamas|tamas]] are listed among twelve vital entities in body (dwadashaprana). [Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] 4/3] </p>
<p style='text-align:justify;'>[[Sattva|Sattva]], rajas, and [[Tamas|tamas]] are listed among twelve vital entities in [[Sharira|body]] (dwadashaprana). [Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] 4/3] </p>
== Assessment of rajas guna ==
== Assessment of rajas guna ==
<p style='text-align:justify;'>Rajas [[Guna|guna]] is assessed by means of inference from anumana pramana. It can be assessed by the presence of sanga(attachment) to different situations or individuals.[Cha.Sa.VimanaSthana 4/8] It is inferred as excessive sexual indulgence and other pleasures.[Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. VimanaSthana 4/8] The excessive expressions of feelings of desire in an individual can be related to rajas [[Guna|guna]]. </p>
<p style='text-align:justify;'>Rajas [[Guna|guna]] is assessed by means of inference from [[Anumana pramana|anumana pramana]]. It can be assessed by the presence of sanga(attachment) to different situations or individuals.[Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana|VimanaSthana]] 4/8] It is inferred as excessive sexual indulgence and other pleasures.[Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana|VimanaSthana]] 4/8] The excessive expressions of feelings of desire in an individual can be related to rajas [[Guna|guna]]. </p>
== Importance in prevention of diseases/ maintenance of health ==
== Importance in prevention of diseases/ maintenance of health ==
<p style='text-align:justify;'>The dominance of rajas [[Guna|guna]] has an impact on the psyche of an individual. The individual with rajas dominant psyche needs stimulation or motivation from others to cope with the circumstances.[Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 35/38] Hence the rajas dominant individuals are termed as those with mediocre mental strength (madhyamamanobala). (Dalhana on Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 35/38) Hence,like the [[Sharira|sharira]] [[Prakriti|prakriti]](somatic constitution), the [[Manas prakriti|manas prakriti]] (psychological constitution) also plays a vital role in determining an individual's characteristics contributing to a person's mental [[Health|health]] status. [[Manas prakriti|Manas prakriti]] is termed as [[Guna|guna]] [[Prakriti|prakriti]] or maha prakriti. [Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] 4/98-99] The assessment of rajas [[Guna|guna]] dominance in an individual can help understand the psychological status and susceptibility to mental [[Health|health]] disorders. <br/>Rajas [[Guna|guna]] is also a determinant of vitality seated in the marma or vital points of the body.[Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] 6/35] Thus, the normalcy of rajasis essential in properly functioning the vital body organs. <br/>An individual devoid of rajas and [[Tamas|tamas]], is called 'apta' or one with authoritative and authentic knowledge.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 11/18-19] Excess of rajas [[Guna|guna]] can lead to biasedness or altered knowledge in an individual.One who is vigilant towards maintaining [[Health|health]] and consuming a beneficial diet is termed 'parikshaka'. When he is afflicted with rajas [[Guna|guna]] falls prey to various [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. A wholesome diet and lifestyle is advised considering thestatus of three [[Guna|guna]]. [A.S. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 3/30] If not followed, the rajas-[[Tamas|tamas]] originated [[Vyadhi|diseases]] occur in such individuals due to intellectual defects (prajnaparadha). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 28/36-38] <br/>Rajasika individuals tend to consume alcohol more frequently depending on mental strength and can reach the advanced states of excessive intoxication, alcohol dependency, and addiction more quickly than the sattvika individuals. Hence, one must consider the mental strength and type of alcohol (madya) before consumption.[Cha. Sa. ChikitsaSthana 24/68-69, 79] <br/>Thus, the balance of [[Triguna|triguna]] especially rajas [[Guna|guna]], should be considered for maintaining mental [[Health|health]] and avoiding psychological and psychosomatic disorders. </p>
<p style='text-align:justify;'>The dominance of rajas [[Guna|guna]] has an impact on the psyche of an individual. The individual with rajas dominant psyche needs stimulation or motivation from others to cope with the circumstances.[Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 35/38] Hence the rajas dominant individuals are termed as those with mediocre mental strength (madhyamamanobala). (Dalhana on Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 35/38) Hence, like the [[Sharira|sharira]] [[Prakriti|prakriti]](somatic constitution), the [[Manas prakriti|manas prakriti]] (psychological constitution) also plays a vital role in determining an individual's characteristics contributing to a person's mental [[Health|health]] status. [[Manas prakriti|Manas prakriti]] is termed as [[Guna|guna]] [[Prakriti|prakriti]] or maha prakriti. [Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] 4/98-99] The assessment of rajas [[Guna|guna]] dominance in an individual can help understand the psychological status and susceptibility to mental [[Health|health]] disorders. <br/>Rajas [[Guna|guna]] is also a determinant of vitality seated in the [[Marma|marma]] or vital points of the [[Sharira|body]].[Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] 6/35] Thus, the normalcy of rajas is essential in properly functioning the vital [[Sharira|body]] organs. <br/>An individual devoid of rajas and [[Tamas|tamas]], is called 'apta' or one with authoritative and authentic knowledge.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 11/18-19] Excess of rajas [[Guna|guna]] can lead to biasedness or altered knowledge in an individual. One who is vigilant towards maintaining [[Health|health]] and consuming a beneficial diet is termed 'parikshaka'. When he is afflicted with rajas [[Guna|guna]] falls prey to various [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. A wholesome diet and lifestyle is advised considering thestatus of three [[Guna|guna]]. [A.S. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 3/30] If not followed, the rajas-[[Tamas|tamas]] originated [[Vyadhi|diseases]] occur in such individuals due to intellectual defects ([[Prajnaparadha|prajnaparadha]]). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 28/36-38] <br/>Rajasika individuals tend to consume alcohol more frequently depending on mental strength and can reach the advanced states of excessive intoxication, alcohol dependency, and addiction more quickly than the sattvika individuals. Hence, one must consider the mental strength and type of alcohol (madya) before consumption.[Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|ChikitsaSthana]] 24/68-69, 79] <br/>Thus, the balance of [[Triguna|triguna]] especially rajas [[Guna|guna]], should be considered for maintaining mental [[Health|health]] and avoiding psychological and psychosomatic disorders. </p>
== Importance in diagnosis and occurrence of diseases ==
== Importance in diagnosis and occurrence of diseases ==
<p style='text-align:justify;'>Rajas and [[Tamas|tamas guna]] are termed as the [[Manas|manas]] [[Dosha|dosha]]. They are responsible for the occurrence of various mental disorders.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/57, 25/11,Cha.Sa. VimanaSthana 6/6, A.H. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/21, Dalhana on Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/4] The disorders are of two types:rajas dominant and [[Tamas|tamas]] dominant. [Cha.Sa.NidanaSthana 1/4] The flickering nature of rajas [[Guna|guna]] makes it responsible for initiating pathogenesis and stimulating [[Tamas|tamas]] in the manifestation of disease.It is thus termed an initiator (pravartaka). [[Tamas|Tamas]] cannot proceed without the stimulation of rajas [[Guna|guna]].[Cha.Sa.VimanaSthana 6/9] Rajas [[Guna|guna]] and [[Vata dosha|vatadosha]] play an important role in the spreading stage of [[Dosha|dosha]] (prasaraavastha)in six stages of pathogenesis (shatkriyakala).[Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 21/28] Rajas and [[Tamas|tamas guna]] work in unison (anubandha) in the occurrence of [[Vyadhi|diseases]].[Cha.Sa.VimanaSthana 6/9] Rajas and [[Tamas|tamas]] [[Guna|guna]] lead to the occurrence of conditions like kama(lust),krodha(anger), lobha(greed),irshya(jealousy),maana(ego), mada(intoxication), shoka(excessive sadness/ unhappiness),chittodvega(anxiety),bhaya(fear), harsha(excessive joyousness) etc.These can get afflicted along with [[Sharira|sharira]] [[Dosha|dosha]] to cause various [[Vyadhi|diseases]] and psychosomatic disorders. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. VimanaSthana 6/8] <br/>Vertigo occurs due to the dominanceof rajas [[Guna|guna]], pitta dosha, and [[Vata dosha|vatadosha]].[Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] 4/56] Rajasguna is also pivotal in unmadaand apasmara [[Vyadhi|diseases]].[Su.Sa.Uttar Tantra 61/4, Cha. Sa. Nidana Sthana 8/4, Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/4] Atattvabhinivesha is grave condition caused by the vitiation of rajas and [[Tamas|tamas guna]].[Cha.Sa. ChiktsaSthana 10/59] <br/>Similarly the rajas and [[Tamas|tamas]] individuals fall prey to disease after reaching the advanced stages of intoxication (madatyaya).[A.H.NidanaSthana 6/5] [Cha.Sa. ChikitsaSthana 24/46] Rajasika individuals are affected more quickly. [Cha. Sa.ChikitsaSthana 24/55] Rajas and [[Tamas|tamas]] are involved in the pathogenesis of mada (intoxication)- murccha (syncope)- sanyasa (coma) conditions.[A.H. NidanaSthana 6/25] Similarly, in the historical description regarding the occurrence of rajayakshma, the prominence of rajas guna was observed in soma(moon).[Cha. Sa.ChikitsaSthana 8/7] It suggests the excess indulgence in activities to affect [[Health|health]] and can lead to degenerative [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. </p>
<p style='text-align:justify;'>Rajas and [[Tamas|tamas guna]] are termed as the [[Manas|manas]] [[Dosha|dosha]]. They are responsible for the occurrence of various mental disorders.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/57, 25/11, Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana|VimanaSthana]] 6/6, A.H. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/21, Dalhana on Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/4] The disorders are of two types:rajas dominant and [[Tamas|tamas]] dominant. [Cha.Sa. [[Nidana Sthana|NidanaSthana]] 1/4] The flickering nature of rajas [[Guna|guna]] makes it responsible for initiating pathogenesis and stimulating [[Tamas|tamas]] in the manifestation of [[Vyadhi|disease]]. It is thus termed an initiator (pravartaka). [[Tamas|Tamas]] cannot proceed without the stimulation of rajas [[Guna|guna]].[Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana|VimanaSthana]] 6/9] Rajas [[Guna|guna]] and [[Vata dosha|vatadosha]] play an important role in the spreading stage of [[Dosha|dosha]] (prasaraavastha)in six stages of pathogenesis ([[Shatkriyakala|shatkriyakala]]).[Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 21/28] Rajas and [[Tamas|tamas guna]] work in unison (anubandha) in the occurrence of [[Vyadhi|diseases]].[Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana|VimanaSthana]] 6/9] Rajas and [[Tamas|tamas]] [[Guna|guna]] lead to the occurrence of conditions like kama(lust), krodha(anger), lobha(greed), irshya(jealousy), maana(ego), mada(intoxication), shoka(excessive sadness/ unhappiness), chittodvega(anxiety), bhaya(fear), harsha(excessive joyousness) etc. These can get afflicted along with [[Sharira|sharira]] [[Dosha|dosha]] to cause various [[Vyadhi|diseases]] and psychosomatic disorders. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana|VimanaSthana]] 6/8] <br/>Vertigo occurs due to the dominanceof rajas [[Guna|guna]], [[Pitta dosha|pitta dosha]], and [[Vata dosha|vatadosha]].[Su.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana|ShariraSthana]] 4/56] Rajasguna is also pivotal in [[Unmada Chikitsa|unmada]] and [[Apasmara Chikitsa|apasmara]] [[Vyadhi|diseases]].[Su.Sa.Uttar Tantra 61/4, Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana|Nidana Sthana]] 8/4, Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/4] Atattvabhinivesha is grave condition caused by the vitiation of rajas and [[Tamas|tamas guna]].[Cha.Sa. ChiktsaSthana 10/59] <br/>Similarly the rajas and [[Tamas|tamas]] individuals fall prey to [[Vyadhi|disease]] after reaching the advanced stages of intoxication ([[Madatyaya Chikitsa|madatyaya]]).[A.H.[[Nidana Sthana|NidanaSthana]] 6/5] [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|ChikitsaSthana]] 24/46] Rajasika individuals are affected more quickly. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|ChikitsaSthana]] 24/55] Rajas and [[Tamas|tamas]] are involved in the pathogenesis of mada (intoxication)- murccha (syncope)- sanyasa (coma) conditions.[A.H. [[Nidana Sthana|NidanaSthana]] 6/25] Similarly, in the historical description regarding the occurrence of rajayakshma, the prominence of rajas guna was observed in soma(moon).[Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|ChikitsaSthana]] 8/7] It suggests the excess indulgence in activities to affect [[Health|health]] and can lead to degenerative [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. </p>
== Concept of rajas from a philosophical point ofview ==
== Concept of rajas from a philosophical point ofview ==
<ul>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Single herbs: <span style="font-weight:normal">Mandukaparni (Centellaasiatica Linn.), Shankhapushpi (Convolvulaspleuricaulis) etc.[Ch. Sa. chi. 1/30-31] </span></li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Single herbs: <span style="font-weight:normal">Mandukaparni (Centellaasiatica Linn.), Shankhapushpi (Convolvulaspleuricaulis) etc.[Ch. Sa. chi. 1/30-31] </span></li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Use of medicated ghrita(ghee) preparations: <span style="font-weight:normal">Mahapaishachikaghrita, Brahmi ghrita, Lashunadighrita.[Ch.Chi. 10/17-25] Mahakalyanakaghrita, Kalyanakaghrita, Puranaghrita, Prapuranaghritaetc. [Cha. Sa.ChikitsaSthana. 9/35-61]. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Use of medicated ghrita(ghee) preparations: <span style="font-weight:normal">Mahapaishachikaghrita, Brahmi ghrita, Lashunadighrita.[Ch.Chi. 10/17-25] Mahakalyanakaghrita, Kalyanakaghrita, Puranaghrita, Prapuranaghritaetc. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|ChikitsaSthana]]. 9/35-61]. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Rasa aushadhi: <span style="font-weight:normal">Smritisagarrasa [Yogratnakar, ApasamaraChikitsa], Unmadagajankusharasa [BhaishajyaRatnavali, UnmadRogadhikar]According to [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], the nervous system is govern by [[Vata dosha|Vata]], an imbalance of [[Vata dosha|Vata Dosha]] leads to poor mental alertness. These drugs alone or in combination helps to improve mental alertness when used on a regular basis. Some evidence based published research works are, </span></li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Rasa aushadhi: <span style="font-weight:normal">Smritisagarrasa [Yogratnakar, ApasamaraChikitsa], Unmadagajankusharasa [BhaishajyaRatnavali, UnmadRogadhikar]According to [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], the nervous system is govern by [[Vata dosha|Vata]], an imbalance of [[Vata dosha|Vata Dosha]] leads to poor mental alertness. These drugs alone or in combination helps to improve mental alertness when used on a regular basis. Some evidence based published research works are, </span></li>
<ul style="list-style: '- ';">
<ul style="list-style: '- ';">
<li>A clinical study on effect of Brahmi Ghrita on Depression- Author- Yogesh S Deole, HM Chandola.<ref name="ref9">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353910690_AYURVEDIC_MEDICINAL_IMPORTANCE_OF_SHANKHPUSHPI_CONVOLVULUS_PLURICAULIS_POTENTAIL_COGNITION_BOOSTING_HERB </ref></li>
<li>A clinical study on effect of Brahmi Ghrita on Depression- Author- Yogesh S Deole, HM Chandola.<ref name="ref9">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353910690_AYURVEDIC_MEDICINAL_IMPORTANCE_OF_SHANKHPUSHPI_CONVOLVULUS_PLURICAULIS_POTENTAIL_COGNITION_BOOSTING_HERB </ref></li>
<li>Ayurvedic Medical importance of Shankhpushpi: potential cognition boosting herb, Author- Shifali Thakur, Hemlata Kaurav.<ref name="ref10">https://www.ayujournal.org/article.asp?issn=09748520;year=2008;volume=29;issue=4;spage=207;epage=214;aulast=Deole;type=0 </ref></li></ul></ul>
<li>Ayurvedic Medical importance of Shankhpushpi: potential cognition boosting herb, Author- Shifali Thakur, Hemlata Kaurav.<ref name="ref10">https://www.ayujournal.org/article.asp?issn=09748520;year=2008;volume=29;issue=4;spage=207;epage=214;aulast=Deole;type=0 </ref></li></ul></ul>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Shodhana(purification procedures): <span style="font-weight:normal">Removal of the aggravated [[Dosha|dosha]] ultimately leads toa state of equilibrium in the body, as the vitiated [[Dosha|dosha]] can worsen the functioning of [[Triguna|triguna]]. Panchakarma procedures like vamana, virechana, nasya, niruha, anuvasanaare mentioned for treating mental illness. [Ch. Sa. ChikitsaSthana 10/61] </span></li></ol>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Shodhana(purification procedures): <span style="font-weight:normal">Removal of the aggravated [[Dosha|dosha]] ultimately leads toa state of equilibrium in the body, as the vitiated [[Dosha|dosha]] can worsen the functioning of [[Triguna|triguna]]. Panchakarma procedures like vamana, virechana, nasya, niruha, anuvasanaare mentioned for treating mental illness. [Ch. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|ChikitsaSthana]] 10/61] </span></li></ol>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Naisthikichikitsa: <span style="font-weight:normal">Eliminatingupadha(ambitions) and desires, which are the leading cause of mental illness, is the most important measure. Elimination of cravings leads to the eradication of all the [[Vyadhi|diseases]] which are associated with the [[Manas|mind]]. This is the ultimate treatment process. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Naisthikichikitsa: <span style="font-weight:normal">Eliminatingupadha(ambitions) and desires, which are the leading cause of mental illness, is the most important measure. Elimination of cravings leads to the eradication of all the [[Vyadhi|diseases]] which are associated with the [[Manas|mind]]. This is the ultimate treatment process. </span></li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Yoga: <span style="font-weight:normal">By practicing ashtanga yoga (yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana, dhyana and samadhi), one can achieve the state of equilibrium . This increases the [[Sattva|sattva guna]], decreases rajas and [[Tamas|tamas guna]], and helps balance the [[Manas|mind]]. </span></li></ol></p>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Yoga: <span style="font-weight:normal">By practicing ashtanga yoga (yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana, dhyana and samadhi), one can achieve the state of equilibrium . This increases the [[Sattva|sattva guna]], decreases rajas and [[Tamas|tamas guna]], and helps balance the [[Manas|mind]]. </span></li></ol></p>