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→Types
! S. no !! Name !! Types of Vipaka!!Explanation !!Reference
! S. no !! Name !! Types of Vipaka!!Explanation !!Reference
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| | 1. || Yatharasa vipakavada (predictable as per taste) ||Six types of vipaka ||Scholars of this view opine that vipaka of each substance is definite and is according to the taste ([[rasa]]). E.g. Sweet substance (madhura rasa dravya) will definitely transform into madhura vipaka ( transformation into sweet substance in body) || [Shivadassen commentary of Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 40/10]<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>
| | 1. || Yatharasa vipakavada (predictable as per taste) ||Six types of vipaka ||Scholars of this view opine that vipaka of each substance is definite and is according to the taste ([[rasa]]). E.g. Sweet substance (madhura rasa dravya) will definitely transform into madhura vipaka ( transformation into sweet substance in body) || [Shivadassen commentary on Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 40/10]<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>
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| | 2.|| Aniyata vipakavada (unpredictable) || Innumerable || Scholars of this view opine that the predominant taste ([[rasa]]) at the time of digestion overpowers other taste ([[rasa]]). Resultant vipaka will be according to the dominant [[rasa]].|| Yogendranath Sen commentary of [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 40/10]<ref name=Susruta/>
| | 2.|| Aniyata vipakavada (unpredictable) || Innumerable || Scholars of this view opine that the predominant taste ([[rasa]]) at the time of digestion overpowers other taste ([[rasa]]). Resultant vipaka will be according to the dominant [[rasa]].|| Yogendranath Sen commentary on [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 40/10]<ref name=Susruta/>
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| | 3.|| Panchavidha vipakavada (five types) || Five types of vipaka || Scholars of this view opine that vipaka depends upon the predominance of one of the [[mahabhuta]] in [[dravya]].|| [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 40/10] <ref name=Susruta/>
| | 3.|| Panchavidha vipakavada (five types) || Five types of vipaka || Scholars of this view opine that vipaka depends upon the predominance of one of the [[mahabhuta]] in [[dravya]].|| [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 40/10] <ref name=Susruta/>
| | 4. || Trividha vipakavada (three types) ||Three types of vipaka ||Probably pungent ([[katu]]), bitter ([[tikta]]) and astringent ([[kashaya]]) substances undergo katu vipaka; Sour ([[amla]] rasa) undergoes amla vipaka and sweet ([[madhura]]) to madhura vipaka || [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/57-58], [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 9/21]<ref name=Hridaya/>
| | 4. || Trividha vipakavada (three types) ||Three types of vipaka ||Probably pungent ([[katu]]), bitter ([[tikta]]) and astringent ([[kashaya]]) substances undergo katu vipaka; Sour ([[amla]] rasa) undergoes amla vipaka and sweet ([[madhura]]) to madhura vipaka || [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/57-58], [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 9/21]<ref name=Hridaya/>
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| | 5.|| Trividha vipakavaada (three types) || Three types of vipaka || In Parashar’s opinion, sweet ([[madhura]]), bitter ([[tikta]]), astringent ([[kashaya]]) and salty ([[lavana]]) substances undergo madhura vipaka, pungent ([[katu]]) and sour ([[amla]]) rasa undergo Katu and Amla Vipaka respectively.|| [A.S.Sutra Sthana 17/17-18]<ref name= Sangraha> Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref>
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| | 6.|| Dwividha vipakavada (two types) || Two types of vipaka|| Scholars opine that vipaka are of two types- Sweet ([[madhura]]) and pungent ([[katu]]). Madhura vipaka is considered as heavy to digest (guru) due to dominance of [[prithvi]] and [[jala mahabhuta]]. Katu vipaka is light to digest (laghu) due to dominance of [[agni mahabhuta]], [[vayu mahabhuta]] and [[akasha mahabhuta]].|| [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 40/10-12]<ref name=Susruta/>
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Assessment of vipaka (vipakaupalabdhi hetu)
Vipaka can be determined by the action of the [[dravya]] on the body. Prediction of the vipaka is always confined to the logical inference obtained after examining the effects on the whole body. The ingested substance undergoes complete process of digestion and exhibits particular action on [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] and [[mala]], which can infer vipaka.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/59-60] Perception of vipaka is done through increased or decreased states of [[dosha]]s in the body. [A.S.Sutra Sthana 17]<ref name=Sangraha/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 2: Properties of vipaka
|-
! Sr No !! Vipaka !! [[Guna]] !! Effect on [[Dosha]] !! Effect on [[Dhatu]] !! Effect on [[Mala]]
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| | 1. || [[Madhura]] || Unctuous (snigdha), Heavy to digest (guru)||Vitiates [[kapha]]||Increases [[shukra]] (reproductive components)||Helps normal urination and defecation (srushtavinmutra)
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| | 2. ||[[Amla]] ||Unctuous (snigdha), Light to digest (laghu) || Vitiates [[pitta]]||Reduces reproductive components ([[shukra]]-nashana) ||Helps normal urination and defecation (srushtavinmutra)
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| | 3. || [[Katu]] ||Dry (ruksha) ||Vitiates [[vata]] || Reduces reproductive components ([[shukra]]-nashana) ||Blocks normal urination and defecation (badhhavinmutra)
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| | 4. ||Guru ||- || Vitiates [[kapha]] pacifies [[vata]]-[[pitta dosha]]|| -||Helps normal urination and defecation (srushtavinmutra)
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| | 5. ||Laghu || -|| Vitiates [[vata]] and pacifies [[kapha]]||- ||Helps normal urination and defecation (srushtavinmutra)
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[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/59-62]
Superiority of vipaka
In pharmacotherapeutics, vipaka is superior in activity profile due to following reasons as given in table 3:[Bhadanta Nagarjuna]
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 3: Superiority of vipaka
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! Sr. No. !! Superiority!! Cause
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| | 1. || Nimittatwa (responsible factor) || Stimulation or suppression of [[dosha]] is under the control of vipaka (doshakshayavruddhi)
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| | 2. || Dhatupadehata (tissue construction) || Building up various tissues of the body is possible by digestion/ metabolism.
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| | 3. || Vipakapekshatwa (Dependency for therapeutic effect) || The therapeutic effect depends on vipaka
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| | 4. || Shastra pramanya (Emphasis by classics) || Classical texts or treatises quote vipaka as an important entity of dravya
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[Bhadanta Nagarjuna]<ref>Muthuswami NE, editor. Rasavaisheshiksutra by Bhadanta Nagarjuna 1st ed, Ch 1, Ver 170. Trivandrum: Goverment of Kerala; 1976. [Accessed on Oct 3,2019]. p. 60. Available from: https://archiveorg/details/Rasavaisheshik SutraWith Narasimha Bhashya/page/n145 .</ref>
Assessment of vipaka:
Vipaka of any dravya shows its effect on [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] ([[shukra]] in specific) and [[mala]] (urine and faeces specifically). Though it is difficult to assess the effect of [[dravya]] on any [[dosha]], the effect on [[mutra]] (urine output) , [[purisha]] (faecal output and consistency) and effect on [[shukra]] (sperm count) can be assessed in experimental models. Several studies have done on experimental models to assess vipaka of an extrapharmcopoeal drug, Flemingia strobilifera (L).W.T.Aiton<ref>Bidhan Mahajon, Ravi Shankar B, Remadevi R (2014), ASSESSMENT OF ‘VIPAKA’ (METABOLISM) OF A NEW MEDICINAL PLANT IN ANIMAL MODEL, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(11): 427–434</ref> and to compare vipaka of some samana and vichitra pratyayarabdha dravya.<ref>Jadoun Anuruchi, Solanki S K, Ashok B K, Dwivedi R R (2012), PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE VIPAKA OF CERTAIN SAMANA & VICITRA PRATYAYARABDHA DRUGS IN ALBINO RATS , Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 1(11), 620–628</ref> Parameters like body weight, food consumption, water intake, fresh and dry faecal output and food conversion ratio were assessed and statistical analysis was done to evaluate the effect of the [[dravya]]. In the chosen dose and duration of pharmacological study selected samana and vichitrapratyayarabdha drugs showed apparent impact on [[koshtha]] related parameters as per their vipakas (post digestive effects) although the observed results are non-significant. Further studies are needed to design perfect pharmacological model for assessment of vipaka of a new or unknown [[dravya]].
Contemporary approach towards vipaka:
In the contemporary view, avasthapaka and vipaka can be mainly connected to the process of digestion. Digestion mainly involves process of breaking down of the complex food-stuff with the help of digestive juices into simple constituents, which can be normally absorbed and assimilated in the body. High molecular weight compounds like carbohydrates, proteins and fats are thus broken down into low molecular weight, water soluble and absorbable constitutes after various processes occurred in organs of digestive system. Thus, avasthapaka can be considered as various phases of digestion.<ref>Divya K, Tripathi JS, Tiwari SK. Exploring novel concept of Agni and its clinical relevance. Altern Integr Med. 2013;2(8):1–6.</ref> While vipaka can be seen as the process of ultimate transformation of the ingested material. Some researchers also opine that, gut microbiota surely plays a role in decreasing as well as increasing drug activity.<ref>The influence of gut microbiota on drug metabolism and toxicity.Li H, He J, Jia WExpert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016; 12(1):31-40.</ref>
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