Changes

A burning sensation in the hands and feet is an important feature of neuropathy that results from diabetes mellitus. Excessive sweat as a consequence of obesity may result in bacterial growth that leads to body odor. Excessive thirst may be directly related to disturbed glucose metabolism. Thus, the symptoms described in the ''poorvarupa'' of ''prameha'' include prediabetic symptoms and the early manifestation (vascular changes, obesity, etc.) of diabetes or subclinical diabetes.

A burning sensation in the hands and feet is an important feature of neuropathy that results from diabetes mellitus. Excessive sweat as a consequence of obesity may result in bacterial growth that leads to body odor. Excessive thirst may be directly related to disturbed glucose metabolism. Thus, the symptoms described in the ''poorvarupa'' of ''prameha'' include prediabetic symptoms and the early manifestation (vascular changes, obesity, etc.) of diabetes or subclinical diabetes.

The role of ''meda'' (fat/adipose tissues) is of great importance in the pathogenesis of ''prameha''. Its role is not as ''dushya'' (disturbed functioning of the ''dhatus''), but something more than that. According to [[Charaka Samhita]], ''bahudrava shleshma'' (kapha that contains too much liquid) joins and affects ''meda'', causing it to become ''abaddha'' (unobstructed or fluid) in Ayurveda. This has been described as ''sharira- kleda'' (body of fluid) in Ayurveda. Thus, excess water in the blood causes increased diuresis. It is very important to elaborate the term ''bahudrava shlesma''. Shleshma/ kapha is one among the three basic humors regulating all physiological and psychological process in the living organism. At its normal state, it causes binding of body tissues i.e. maintain the tissues integrity, represent the normal cell mediated immunity etc. Bahudrava means that kapha loses its natural properties and get vitiated, it is impotrtant to mention here that this derangement may be acquired or congenital, Whatever may be the cause this vitiated kapha, it is unable to perform its normal functions. Describing the physical properties of kapha it is mentioned that it is unctuous in touch and looks like ghrita (ghee- oil). Thus, it can be said that kapha in body represents lipid components of the body and vitiated kapha can be correlated with dyslipidemia. Role of dyslipidemia and metabolic abnormalities in the pathogenesis of diabetes is very obvious and well elaborated in modern medicine. Among the metabolic abnormalities that commonly accompany diabetes are disturbances in the production and clearance of plasma lipoproteins. Moreover, development of dyslipidemia may be a harbinger of future diabetes. A characteristic pattern, termed diabetic dyslipidemia, consists of low high density lipoprotein (HDL), increased triglycerides, and postprandial lipemia. This pattern is most frequently seen in type 2 diabetes and may be a treatable risk factor for subsequent cardiovascular disease.   

The role of ''meda'' (fat/adipose tissues) is of great importance in the pathogenesis of ''prameha''. Its role is not as ''dushya'' (disturbed functioning of the ''dhatus''), but something more than that. According to [[Charaka Samhita]], ''bahudrava shleshma'' (kapha that contains too much liquid) joins and affects ''meda'', causing it to become ''abaddha'' (unobstructed or fluid) in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda]. This has been described as ''sharira-kleda'' (body of fluid) in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda]. Thus, excess water in the blood causes increased diuresis. It is very important to elaborate the term ''bahudrava shlesma''. ''Shleshma/ kapha'' is one among the three basic humors regulating all physiological and psychological process in the living organism. At its normal state, it causes binding of body tissues i.e. maintain the tissues integrity, represent the normal cell mediated immunity etc. ''Bahudrava'' means that ''kapha'' loses its natural properties and get vitiated, it is important to mention here that this derangement may be acquired or congenital, Whatever may be the cause this vitiated ''kapha'', it is unable to perform its normal functions. Describing the physical properties of ''kapha'' it is mentioned that it is unctuous in touch and looks like ''ghrita'' (ghee). Thus, it can be said that ''kapha'' in body represents lipid components of the body and vitiated ''kapha'' can be correlated with dyslipidemia. Role of dyslipidemia and metabolic abnormalities in the pathogenesis of diabetes is very obvious and well elaborated in modern medicine. Among the metabolic abnormalities that commonly accompany diabetes are disturbances in the production and clearance of plasma lipoproteins. Moreover, development of dyslipidemia may be a harbinger of future diabetes. A characteristic pattern, termed diabetic dyslipidemia, consists of low high density lipoprotein (HDL), increased triglycerides, and postprandial lipemia. This pattern is most frequently seen in type 2 diabetes and may be a treatable risk factor for subsequent cardiovascular disease.   

   

   

Causes of lipoprotein abnormalities in diabetes:  Defects in insulin action and hyperglycemia could lead to changes in plasma lipoproteins in patients with diabetes. Alternatively, especially in the case of type 2 diabetes, the obesity/insulin-resistant metabolic disarray that is at the root of this form of diabetes could, itself, lead to lipid abnormalities exclusive of hyperglycemia.  

==== Causes of lipoprotein abnormalities in diabetes ====

 

Defects in insulin action and hyperglycemia could lead to changes in plasma lipoproteins in patients with diabetes. Alternatively, especially in the case of type 2 diabetes, the obesity/insulin-resistant metabolic disarray that is at the root of this form of diabetes could, itself, lead to lipid abnormalities exclusive of hyperglycemia.  

 

The lipoprotein abnormalities commonly present in type 2 diabetes, previously termed noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, include hypertriglyceridemia and reduced plasma HDL cholesterol. In addition, low density lipoprotein (LDL) are converted to smaller, perhaps more atherogenic, lipoproteins termed small dense LDL. In contrast to type 1 diabetes, this phenotype is not usually fully corrected with glycemic control. Moreover, this dyslipidemia often is found in prediabetics, patients with insulin resistance but normal indexes of plasma glucose. Therefore, abnormalities in insulin action and not hyperglycemia per se are associated with this lipid abnormality. Several factors are likely to be responsible for diabetic dyslipidemia: insulin effects on liver apoprotein production, regulation of lipoprotein lipase (LpL), actions of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and peripheral actions of insulin on adipose and muscle.  

The lipoprotein abnormalities commonly present in type 2 diabetes, previously termed noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, include hypertriglyceridemia and reduced plasma HDL cholesterol. In addition, low density lipoprotein (LDL) are converted to smaller, perhaps more atherogenic, lipoproteins termed small dense LDL. In contrast to type 1 diabetes, this phenotype is not usually fully corrected with glycemic control. Moreover, this dyslipidemia often is found in prediabetics, patients with insulin resistance but normal indexes of plasma glucose. Therefore, abnormalities in insulin action and not hyperglycemia per se are associated with this lipid abnormality. Several factors are likely to be responsible for diabetic dyslipidemia: insulin effects on liver apoprotein production, regulation of lipoprotein lipase (LpL), actions of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and peripheral actions of insulin on adipose and muscle.  

Different solours of Urine:

==== Different colors of Urine ====

White colour Urine:

 

===== White Urine =====

 

• Phosphaturia is usually intermittent, occurring following a meal or after ingesting a large quantity of milk.

• Phosphaturia is usually intermittent, occurring following a meal or after ingesting a large quantity of milk.

• Pyuria (abundant white blood cells) in association with an infection of the urinary tract.

• Pyuria (abundant white blood cells) in association with an infection of the urinary tract.