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Line 23: − ==[[Kalpa Sthana]] Chapter 7, Chapter on Pharmaceutical preparations of ''Shyama Trivrita'' == − − === Abstract === − − The seventh Chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]] deals with the pharmaceutical preparations for ''virechana karma'' (purgative therapy) using ''Shyama'' and ''Trivrita''. ''Trivrita'', is considered best purgative because of its effectiveness and minimal side effects. The chapter describes synonyms of the plant, its morphology, pharmacological properties, the varieties of plant with their different indications and untoward effects, the method of collection of the plant part used i.e. the root and its storage are also described. Then, one hundred and ten preparations using ''Trivrita'' or ''Shyama'' or combination of these two drugs are enlisted. Proportions of different drugs that are to be used along with the main drug are discussed and the dosage to different individuals is also presented. Recipes made of ''Trivrita'' or ''Shyama'' are formulated in such a way to suit any individual depending upon the seasons and climatic conditions. − − '''Keywords''': ''Shyama, Trivrita, Virechana,'' Operculana turpenthum Linn., purgation. − + − + Line 1,043:
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Shyamatrivrita Kalpa Adhyaya (view source)
Revision as of 11:23, 4 December 2019
, 11:23, 4 December 2019→Introduction
<big>'''[[Kalpa Sthana]] Chapter 7. Pharmaceutical preparations of Shyama Trivrita '''</big>
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
The seventh Chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]] deals with the pharmaceutical preparations for ''virechana karma'' (purgative therapy) using ''Shyama'' and ''Trivrita''. ''Trivrita'', is considered best purgative because of its effectiveness and minimal side effects. The chapter describes synonyms of the plant, its morphology, pharmacological properties, the varieties of plant with their different indications and untoward effects, the method of collection of the plant part used i.e. the root and its storage are also described. Then, one hundred and ten preparations using ''Trivrita'' or ''Shyama'' or combination of these two drugs are enlisted. Proportions of different drugs that are to be used along with the main drug are discussed and the dosage to different individuals is also presented. Recipes made of ''Trivrita'' or ''Shyama'' are formulated in such a way to suit any individual depending upon the seasons and climatic conditions.
'''Keywords''': ''Shyama, Trivrita, Virechana,'' Operculana turpenthum Linn., purgation.
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Shyamatrivrita Kalpa Adhyaya
|title = Shyamatrivrita Kalpa Adhyaya
|label3= Succeeding Chapter
|label3= Succeeding Chapter
|data3 = [[Chaturangula Kalpa]]
|data3 = [[Chaturangula Kalpa Adhyaya]]
|label5 = Other Sections
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
}}
}}
=== Introduction ===
=== Introduction ===
The first six chapters of this section dealt with preparations used for ''Vamana Karma'' (therapeutic emesis). The preparations aimed at ''Virechana Karma'' (therapeutic purgation) begin with this chapter and are extended in five more chapters. ''Trivrita'' is considered the best as it causes very little side effects and less spasmodic pain during the process of purgation,, that is the reason many recipes of this drug are being described.
The first six chapters of this section dealt with preparations used for ''Vamana Karma'' (therapeutic emesis). The preparations aimed at ''Virechana Karma'' (therapeutic purgation) begin with this chapter and are extended in five more chapters. ''Trivrita'' is considered the best as it causes very little side effects and less spasmodic pain during the process of purgation, that is the reason many recipes of this drug are being described.
The action of ''Virechana'' drugs known as laxatives or purgatives or cathartics varies depending upon the drug used. The different varieties of drugs used in modern medicine act according to their structure and chemical composition. The latency and effect of all laxatives vary with dosage. In sufficiently high dosage, many laxatives promote catharsis, which implies purgation with more fluid evacuation. Generally many of the drugs used in Ayurveda for catharsis or laxative action are stimulant laxatives. These drugs stimulate accumulation of water and electrolytes in the colonic lumen and they also enhance intestinal motility. Anthraquinones that are present in many of the Ayurvedic drugs like ''Haritaki, Aragvadha'' or ''Trivrita'' exert their action similarly. They reduce net absorption of electrolytes and water and also increase the permeability of the mucosa, possibly by making tight junctions leaky. This persistent action allows fats to secrete through the intestinal mucosa there by reducing the overall levels of triglycerides in the body. Many of the laxatives of this type increase the synthesis of prostaglandins and this action may contribute to increased secretion of water and electrolytes and is a factor for the spasmodic pain during the process of catharsis. In the present chapter, purgative preparations of ''Trivrita'' are described.
The action of ''Virechana'' drugs known as laxatives or purgatives or cathartics varies depending upon the drug used. The different varieties of drugs used in modern medicine act according to their structure and chemical composition. The latency and effect of all laxatives vary with dosage. In sufficiently high dosage, many laxatives promote catharsis, which implies purgation with more fluid evacuation. Generally many of the drugs used in [[Ayurveda]] for catharsis or laxative action are stimulant laxatives. These drugs stimulate accumulation of water and electrolytes in the colonic lumen and they also enhance intestinal motility. Anthraquinones that are present in many of the Ayurvedic drugs like ''Haritaki, Aragvadha'' or ''Trivrita'' exert their action similarly. They reduce net absorption of electrolytes and water and also increase the permeability of the mucosa, possibly by making tight junctions leaky. This persistent action allows fats to secrete through the intestinal mucosa there by reducing the overall levels of triglycerides in the body. Many of the laxatives of this type increase the synthesis of prostaglandins and this action may contribute to increased secretion of water and electrolytes and is a factor for the spasmodic pain during the process of catharsis. In the present chapter, purgative preparations of ''Trivrita'' are described.
=== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ===
=== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ===
Thus ends the seventh chapter titled “The pharmaceutical preparations of ''Shyama Trivrita''” in the section named [[Kalpa Sthana]] of the work of Agnivesha, as redacted by Charaka and supplemented by Dridhabala.
Thus ends the seventh chapter titled “The pharmaceutical preparations of ''Shyama Trivrita''” in the section named [[Kalpa Sthana]] of the work of Agnivesha, as redacted by Charaka and supplemented by Dridhabala.
=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===
=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles===
*''Trivrita'' is ''kashaya''(astringent), ''madhura''(sweet) ''rasa, katu''(pungent), ''vipaka''(product after digestion), and ''ruksha''(dry) properties. These properties do not support the purgative action, in spite of this ''Trivrita'' is best among purgative drug.
*''Trivrita'' is ''kashaya''(astringent), ''madhura''(sweet) ''rasa, katu''(pungent), ''vipaka''(product after digestion), and ''ruksha''(dry) properties. These properties do not support the purgative action, in spite of this ''Trivrita'' is best among purgative drug.
*After combining with respective ''dosha'' pacifying drugs, ''Trivrita'' can be used in treatment of all diseases due to any ''dosha'' vitiation. It can also be used in all seasons in combination with various drugs.
*After combining with respective ''dosha'' pacifying drugs, ''Trivrita'' can be used in treatment of all diseases due to any ''dosha'' vitiation. It can also be used in all seasons in combination with various drugs.
=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===
=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences===
==== Synonyms ====
==== Synonyms ====
#Md. Harumal Rashid, MA Gafur, Antibacterial and Cytotoxic activities of extracts and isolated compounds of ipomolaturpethum, Pakistan Journal of Biological sciences 5(5) 597-599, (2002).
#Md. Harumal Rashid, MA Gafur, Antibacterial and Cytotoxic activities of extracts and isolated compounds of ipomolaturpethum, Pakistan Journal of Biological sciences 5(5) 597-599, (2002).
#C. Anbuselvam, K. Vijayavel, Operculina turpethum against 7, 12 dimethylbenzanthracine induced oxidative stress with ref. to breast cancer in rats. Chemico Biological interactions, 168: 229-236 (2007).
#C. Anbuselvam, K. Vijayavel, Operculina turpethum against 7, 12 dimethylbenzanthracine induced oxidative stress with ref. to breast cancer in rats. Chemico Biological interactions, 168: 229-236 (2007).
#Chunnekar, KC, Hota SP. Plants of Bhavaprakasha, Pub. National academy of Ayurveda, New Delhi, 1999.
#Chunnekar, KC, Hota SP. Plants of Bhavaprakasha, Pub. National academy of [[Ayurveda]], New Delhi, 1999.
=== Glossary ===
=== Glossary ===