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|title=Dhatvagni

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|keywords=Dhatvagni,  dhatu, agni, tissu metabolism, ayurveda, meera bhojani, gopal basisht, deole yogesh, Sharma Raksha, Joglekar A.A. Dhatvagni Meaning, concept of Dhatvagni, digestion in ayurveda, metabolism, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, Indian system of medicine, alternative medicine

|description=Dhatvagni means the factors responsible for metabolism at the level of each dhatu.  

|description=Dhatvagni means the factors responsible for metabolism at the level of each dhatu.  

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<p style="text-align:justify;">[[Agni]] is a responsible factor for digestion, transformation, and metabolism in the body. The term ‘dhatvagni’ means the fraction of [[agni]] that functions at various body components ([[dhatu]]) for nourishment and metabolism. It is responsible for the metabolic transformation of food consumed and its assimilation. [[Agni]] is the supreme physiological authority in the human body<ref>A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda, 1972. Bhagavad-gītā as it is. Purushottama Yoga, Chapter 15, Shloka No. 14, New York: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, Page No.517</ref> and is of 13 types. Jatharagni is for digestion, five bhootagni for metabolism of [[panchamahabhuta]] components, and seven dhatvagni for metabolism of [[dhatu]] or tissues.[Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15]  

[[Agni]] is a responsible factor for digestion, transformation, and metabolism in the body. The term ‘dhatvagni’ means the fraction of [[agni]] that functions at various body components ([[dhatu]]) for nourishment and metabolism. It is responsible for the metabolic transformation of food consumed and its assimilation. [[Agni]] is the supreme physiological authority in the human body<ref>A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda, 1972. Bhagavad-gītā as it is. Purushottama Yoga, Chapter 15, Shloka No. 14, New York: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, Page No.517</ref> and is of 13 types. Jatharagni is for digestion, five bhootagni for metabolism of [[panchamahabhuta]] components, and seven dhatvagni for metabolism of [[dhatu]] or tissues.[Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15] The dhatvagni assimilates and synthesizes the [[dhatu]] or tissues of the human body. It is located in the respective [[srotas]] of the particular [[dhatu]].<ref>Dhargalkar Nandini, Sarira Kriya Vidnana- A textbook of Physiology in Ayurveda, Packagni-Jatharagni,Acchapittam,Bhutagni,Dhatvagni, Part 2, Second edition 2010, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series Office,Varanasi, Page No.123</ref>  Dhatvagni is responsible for the transformation of one [[dhatu]] into another.<ref>NAMASTE - Portal [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jul 9]. Available from: http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref> This article describes the concept and applications of dhatvagni in medical sciences.

<br/>The dhatvagni assimilates and synthesizes the [[dhatu]] or tissues of the human body. It is located in the respective [[srotas]] of the particular [[dhatu]].<ref>Dhargalkar Nandini, Sarira Kriya Vidnana- A textbook of Physiology in Ayurveda, Packagni-Jatharagni,Acchapittam,Bhutagni,Dhatvagni, Part 2, Second edition 2010, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series Office,Varanasi, Page No.123</ref>  Dhatvagni is responsible for the transformation of one [[dhatu]] into another.<ref>NAMASTE - Portal [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jul 9]. Available from: http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref> This article describes the concept and applications of dhatvagni in medical sciences.

 

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==Synonyms==

==Synonyms==

   

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[[Dhatu]]-ushma [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/39-40], dhatupaktru [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/38], dhatupakta, dhatupachaka agni [A.S.Sutra Sthana 19/16]<ref name= Sangraha> Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref>

[[Dhatu]]-ushma [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/39-40], dhatupaktru [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/38], dhatupakta, dhatupachaka agni [A.S.Sutra Sthana 19/16]<ref name= Sangraha> Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref>

 

==Classification==

==Classification==

 

The management of diseases depends on correction of [[agni]] and restoration of well-formed [[dhatu]]. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 30/28]. The dhatvagni is classified into seven types as below:  

The management of diseases depends on correction of [[agni]] and restoration of well-formed [[dhatu]]. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 30/28]. The dhatvagni is classified into seven types as below:  

*[[Rasa]] dhatvagni

*[[Rasa]] dhatvagni

*[[Majja]] dhatvagni

*[[Majja]] dhatvagni

*[[Shukra]] dhatvagni

*[[Shukra]] dhatvagni

 

==Physiology of dhatvagni==

==Physiology of dhatvagni==

 

[[Dhatu]]s are the structural and functional units that act as [[dosha]] and [[mala]] seats. The functioning of dhatvagni (dhatvagnipaaka) includes overall nourishment and development of the body structures. Dhatvagnipaaka refers to the sequential changes undergone by the essence of food through the medium of seven dhatvagni entities.

[[Dhatu]]s are the structural and functional units that act as [[dosha]] and [[mala]] seats. The functioning of dhatvagni (dhatvagnipaaka) includes overall nourishment and development of the body structures. Dhatvagnipaaka refers to the sequential changes undergone by the essence of food through the medium of seven dhatvagni entities.

[[File: Fig_1_Datu_agni.JPG|500px|'''Figure 1: Action of different agnis on their respective dhatus and their products '''|thumb]]

[[File: Fig_1_Datu_agni.JPG|500px|'''Figure 1: Action of different agnis on their respective dhatus and their products '''|thumb]]

# A research work on the concept of dhatwagnipaka in an Ayurvedic perspective showed that prasadpaka can be compared with anabolic pathways and kittapaka with catabolic pathways.<ref>Vani G, Prasad JSRA. Concept of dhatvagnipaka in Ayurvedic perspective in comparison with tissue metabolism. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm. 2016 May 5;7(2):92–7.</ref>

# A research work on the concept of dhatwagnipaka in an Ayurvedic perspective showed that prasadpaka can be compared with anabolic pathways and kittapaka with catabolic pathways.<ref>Vani G, Prasad JSRA. Concept of dhatvagnipaka in Ayurvedic perspective in comparison with tissue metabolism. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm. 2016 May 5;7(2):92–7.</ref>

#In the research on role of dhatwagni in carcinogenesis, dhatvagni is related with gene mutation and disequilibrium (vishamaavastha) of [[agni]] leading to manifestation of cancer condition.<ref>Rao SD. Dhatwagni vyapara in carcinogenesis. Anc Sci Life. 1994;14(1–2):61–7.</ref> The study further states that disequilibrium of [[agni]] causes improper digestion and metabolism leading to decreased or increased or irregular formation of tissues. This is observed in carcinogenesis where intermediate by-products are formed in place of normal protein. The state of irregular dhatvagni is the root cause of tumor.

#In the research on role of dhatwagni in carcinogenesis, dhatvagni is related with gene mutation and disequilibrium (vishamaavastha) of [[agni]] leading to manifestation of cancer condition.<ref>Rao SD. Dhatwagni vyapara in carcinogenesis. Anc Sci Life. 1994;14(1–2):61–7.</ref> The study further states that disequilibrium of [[agni]] causes improper digestion and metabolism leading to decreased or increased or irregular formation of tissues. This is observed in carcinogenesis where intermediate by-products are formed in place of normal protein. The state of irregular dhatvagni is the root cause of tumor.

#In the work on location of physiological activities of dhatwagni and bhautikagni the physiological functioning of dhatvagni is described along with the pathologies in the respective [[dhatu]] due to the malfunctioning of dhatvagni.<ref>Kalpana D. Sathe.2016, Location of Physiological Activities of Dhatwagni And Bhautikagni. Int J Recent Sci Res. 7(2), pp. 9133-9136.</ref> This study concludes that the location of dhatvagni is in the respective tissue of particular [[srotas]] (transportation and transformation system) and cellular level.  Secondly, the dhatvagni activity and bhutagni activity can be correlated with catalyst of dhatusnehaparampara and dhatukshalan by bala production by bhautikagnipaka respectively.

#In the work on location of physiological activities of dhatwagni and bhautikagni the physiological functioning of dhatvagni is described along with the pathologies in the respective [[dhatu]] due to the malfunctioning of dhatvagni.<ref>Kalpana D. Sathe.2016, Location of Physiological Activities of Dhatwagni And Bhautikagni. Int J Recent Sci Res. 7(2), pp. 9133-9136.</ref> This study concludes that the location of dhatvagni is in the respective tissue of particular [[srotas]] (transportation and transformation system) and cellular level.  Secondly, the dhatvagni activity and [[bhutagni]] activity can be correlated with catalyst of dhatusnehaparampara and dhatukshalan by bala production by bhautikagnipaka respectively.

#Dhatvagni is considered in the synthesis of new tissue and yielding of energy for the functioning of existent tissue.<ref>A Brief Mention of Agni In Ayurveda, GJRA - Global Journal For Research Analysis(GJRA), GJRA | World Wide Journals [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jul 8]. Available from: https://www.worldwidejournals.com/global-journal-for-research-analysis-GJRA/article/a-brief-mention-of-agni-in-ayurveda/MTEwOTg=/?is=1&b1=61&k=16</ref> Bhutagni acts on respective  [[mahabhuta]] portion and  dhatvagni acts on respective [[dhatu]]s for nutritional strength, complexion, and happy life.

#Dhatvagni is considered in the synthesis of new tissue and yielding of energy for the functioning of existent tissue.<ref>A Brief Mention of Agni In Ayurveda, GJRA - Global Journal For Research Analysis(GJRA), GJRA | World Wide Journals [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jul 8]. Available from: https://www.worldwidejournals.com/global-journal-for-research-analysis-GJRA/article/a-brief-mention-of-agni-in-ayurveda/MTEwOTg=/?is=1&b1=61&k=16</ref> Bhutagni acts on respective  [[mahabhuta]] portion and  dhatvagni acts on respective [[dhatu]]s for nutritional strength, complexion, and happy life.

#A study of dhatvagni with special reference to hypothyroidism depicted that abnormality at the level of [[meda dhatu]] (medodhatvagni vikriti) may be the cause of endocrinal disturbance related to thyroid gland functions. Secondly the excessive illumination of dhatwagni may cause rise in anabolism and catabolism.<ref>Sharma DV, Sharir MDK. Study of Dhatwagni vikriti W.S.R. to hypothyroidism. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 10(5):10.</ref> Another study showed that the the clinical features of low dhatvagni functions (dhatvagnimandya) like slower metabolism (agninasha),  pallor (pandutwam), oligomenorrhoea (artavanasha), cold intolerance (sheetaasatmya) etc. can be correlated with symptoms of Hypothyroidism.<ref>Pawar VSD Deshpande DMS, Agni, Dhatwagnimandya, Hypothyroidism.2016;3.</ref>

#A study of dhatvagni with special reference to hypothyroidism depicted that abnormality at the level of [[meda dhatu]] (medodhatvagni vikriti) may be the cause of endocrinal disturbance related to thyroid gland functions. Secondly the excessive illumination of dhatwagni may cause rise in anabolism and catabolism.<ref>Sharma DV, Sharir MDK. Study of Dhatwagni vikriti W.S.R. to hypothyroidism. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 10(5):10.</ref> Another study showed that the the clinical features of low dhatvagni functions (dhatvagnimandya) like slower metabolism (agninasha),  pallor (pandutwam), oligomenorrhoea (artavanasha), cold intolerance (sheetaasatmya) etc. can be correlated with symptoms of Hypothyroidism.<ref>Pawar VSD Deshpande DMS, Agni, Dhatwagnimandya, Hypothyroidism.2016;3.</ref>

Dhatvagni can be considered as an intermediate metabolism in contemporary light.<ref>C Dwarkanath, Digestion and Metabolism in Ayurveda, Section 2, reprinted 2010, Published by Chaukahmaba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Page No. 126</ref> It is the conglomeration of sum of all intracellular chemical processes by which the nutritive material is converted into cellular matter.<ref>Veerappa S, McClure J. Intermediary metabolism. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine. 2020 Mar 1;21(3):162–7.</ref> Cellular energy is generated from aerobic oxidation of metabolic fuels (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) derived from the digestion of a meal or the breakdown of internal stores. These can also be compared with enzymes, the biocatalysts that speed up the biochemical reactions in living organisms.<ref>Robinson PK. Enzymes: principles and biotechnological applications. Essays Biochem. 2015 Nov 15; 59:1–41.</ref> The enzymes have varied actions depending upon the site of action and predicted function, also termed as the specificity of the enzyme.<ref>Hedstrom L. Enzyme Specificity and Selectivity. In: eLS [Internet]. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2010 [cited 2022 Jul 14]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9780470015902.a0000716.pub2</ref> Hence, the different types of enzymes have specific types of action based on the substrate diet taken. For instance, there are various enzymes like splitting enzymes (hydrolases), transferring enzymes (oxidases, reductases), and isomerases involved in the process of digestion.<ref>Patricia JJ, Dhamoon AS. Physiology, Digestion. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 [cited 2022 Jul 14]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544242/</ref> These can be compared with the functions of [[pitta dosha]] like breaking down particles (sanghatabheda), transformation (parinama), catalyst (pravritti) etc.<ref>C Dwarkanath, Digestion and Metabolism in Ayurveda, Section 2, Reprinted 2010, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pp.145.</ref> Dhatvagnipaaka can also be compared with the concepts of pilupaakavaada and pitharapaakavadaas put forth by the Nyaya-Vaisheshika philosophy. The pilupaka confers to the chemical transformation, while pitharapaka to the physical transformation.<ref>C Dwarkanath, Digestion and Metabolism in Ayurveda, Section 2, Reprinted 2010, Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pp.112.</ref> The processes of metabolism, catabolism and anabolism are also closely related to the dhatvagnipaaka. The metabolism is a series of all the reactions that happen at the cellular level. Catabolism is the breakdown or the degradation of complex macromolecules, while anabolism synthesizes the macromolecules and tissues.<ref>Judge A, Dodd MS. Metabolism. Essays Biochem. 2020 Oct;64(4):607–47.</ref> More research on the relation between dhatvagni and specific digestive processes can provide new insights into understanding the physiology and management of diseases.  

Dhatvagni can be considered as an intermediate metabolism in contemporary light.<ref>C Dwarkanath, Digestion and Metabolism in Ayurveda, Section 2, reprinted 2010, Published by Chaukahmaba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Page No. 126</ref> It is the conglomeration of sum of all intracellular chemical processes by which the nutritive material is converted into cellular matter.<ref>Veerappa S, McClure J. Intermediary metabolism. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine. 2020 Mar 1;21(3):162–7.</ref> Cellular energy is generated from aerobic oxidation of metabolic fuels (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) derived from the digestion of a meal or the breakdown of internal stores. These can also be compared with enzymes, the biocatalysts that speed up the biochemical reactions in living organisms.<ref>Robinson PK. Enzymes: principles and biotechnological applications. Essays Biochem. 2015 Nov 15; 59:1–41.</ref> The enzymes have varied actions depending upon the site of action and predicted function, also termed as the specificity of the enzyme.<ref>Hedstrom L. Enzyme Specificity and Selectivity. In: eLS [Internet]. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2010 [cited 2022 Jul 14]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9780470015902.a0000716.pub2</ref> Hence, the different types of enzymes have specific types of action based on the substrate diet taken. For instance, there are various enzymes like splitting enzymes (hydrolases), transferring enzymes (oxidases, reductases), and isomerases involved in the process of digestion.<ref>Patricia JJ, Dhamoon AS. Physiology, Digestion. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 [cited 2022 Jul 14]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544242/</ref> These can be compared with the functions of [[pitta dosha]] like breaking down particles (sanghatabheda), transformation (parinama), catalyst (pravritti) etc.<ref>C Dwarkanath, Digestion and Metabolism in Ayurveda, Section 2, Reprinted 2010, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pp.145.</ref> Dhatvagnipaaka can also be compared with the concepts of pilupaakavaada and pitharapaakavadaas put forth by the Nyaya-Vaisheshika philosophy. The pilupaka confers to the chemical transformation, while pitharapaka to the physical transformation.<ref>C Dwarkanath, Digestion and Metabolism in Ayurveda, Section 2, Reprinted 2010, Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pp.112.</ref> The processes of metabolism, catabolism and anabolism are also closely related to the dhatvagnipaaka. The metabolism is a series of all the reactions that happen at the cellular level. Catabolism is the breakdown or the degradation of complex macromolecules, while anabolism synthesizes the macromolecules and tissues.<ref>Judge A, Dodd MS. Metabolism. Essays Biochem. 2020 Oct;64(4):607–47.</ref> More research on the relation between dhatvagni and specific digestive processes can provide new insights into understanding the physiology and management of diseases.  

 

==Related chapters==

==Related chapters==

[[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]], [[Grahani Chikitsa]], [[Sroto Vimana]], [[Rajayakshma Chikitsa]], [[Dhatu]]

[[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]], [[Sroto Vimana]], [[Rajayakshma Chikitsa]], [[Dhatu]], [[Grahani Chikitsa Adhyaya]], [[Trividhakukshiya Vimana Adhyaya]], [[Rasa Vimana Adhyaya]], [[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]], [[Agni]], [[Agni mahabhuta]], [[Ahara vidhi]], [[Bhutagni]], [[Acid peptic diseases‎‎]], [[Deepana]], [[Pachana]]  

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