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=== Variation of potency of aushadha with season ===
=== Variation of potency of aushadha with season ===
<div style='text-align:justify;'>The potency of aushadha varies with season, which consequently causes variation in the dose.During rainy season, the body becomes weak due to the effect of season (aadana kala). The naturally available aushadha is also poor in potency, their roots being submerged in water, the water being contaminated with cadavers, tissues, urine and excreta of birds and animals. Thus administration of aushadha in rainy season is unsuitable for the health of the person.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Bheshajavacharaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 23, Verse 10. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 426-427.</ref><br/>In hot season, the body remains weak due to the effect of season (aadana kala), dry and hot wind, and excessive perspiration. This increases the fluidity of the dosha, and they penetrate more in the channels of the body. In these conditions, even if an aushadha of slightly hot potency is administered, it also produces excessive heat in the body due to hot temperature. Thus more effect of aushadha is observed even at lower doses of aushadha in hot season.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Bheshajavacharaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 23, Verse 11. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 427.</ref></div>
<div style='text-align:justify;'>The potency of aushadha varies with season, which consequently causes variation in the dose.During rainy season, the body becomes weak due to the effect of season (aadana kala). The naturally available aushadha is also poor in potency, their roots being submerged in water, the water being contaminated with cadavers, tissues, urine and excreta of birds and animals. Thus administration of aushadha in rainy season is unsuitable for the health of the person.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Bheshajavacharaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 23, Verse 10. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 426-427.</ref><br/>In hot season, the body remains weak due to the effect of season (aadana kala), dry and hot wind, and excessive perspiration. This increases the fluidity of the dosha, and they penetrate more in the channels of the body. In these conditions, even if an aushadha of slightly hot potency is administered, it also produces excessive heat in the body due to hot temperature. Thus more effect of aushadha is observed even at lower doses of aushadha in hot season.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Bheshajavacharaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 23, Verse 11. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 427.</ref></div>
=== Instant acting aushadha ===
<div style='text-align:justify;'>The people have less time for therapies. The aushadha shall be effective in a short course of time. The ideal aushadha is to be used in specific doses, is light in digestion, palatable, causes evacuation of dosha, is to be consumed in small quantity, possesses high potency, is satisfying, protects strength. It shall be with minimal untoward effects and produce mild languor if inevitable. It shall have all good qualities and prove to be efficacious.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Bheshajavacharaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 23, Verse 33-34. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 432.</ref></div>
=== Pharmaceutical forms of aushadha ===
<div style='text-align:justify;'>For the convenience of application and improving efficacy, aushadha is available in various pharmaceutical forms. Charak mentioned five such pharmaceutical forms- svarasa (juice), kalka (paste), shrita (decoction), shita (cold infusion), and phanta (hot infusion); the potency deacreases sequentially from svarasa to phanta [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/7]. Kashyap described two processes: churna (powder) and abhishav (fermented drink).<ref>Satyapala, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Vidyotini of Kashyap Samhita, Khila Sthana; Bheshajyopakramaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 3, Verse 35. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 366.</ref></br>The needs of accurate dose, protection from gastric juice, masking taste and odor, placement of drugs within body tissues, sustained release medication, controlled release medication, optimal drug action, insertion of drugs into body cavities and use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs led to invention of many new pharmaceutical forms of aushadha today that are as follows:
<ol><li>Solid dosage forms: powders, tablets, granules, capsules, cachets, pills, lozenges, suppositories, poultices.</li>
<li>Liquid dosage forms: collodions, droughts, elixirs, emulsions, suspensions, enemas, gargles, gels, linctuses, lotions, liniments, mouth washes, nasal drops, paints, solutions and syrups.</li>
<li>Semisolid dosage forms: ointments, creams, paste, gels, poultices.</li>
<li>Gaseous dosage forms: aerosols, inhalations, sprays.</li>
</ol></div>
=== Synergistic and antagonistic effect of aushadha ===
<div style='text-align:justify;'>The action of aushadha may either increase or decrease when used in combination with other aushadha. It may show a synergistic effect with combined positive interactions with other ingredients. Their combined effect is greater than the sum of the effects seen when each aushadha is given alone. A synergism can be observed in the combination of ''Momordica charantia'' (Bitter guard) and conventional hypoglycaemic drugs. ''Momordica charantia'' extract when clinically co-administered with 50% of the full clinical doses of allopathic or conventional drugs, metformin and glibenclamide, greater hypoglycemic (decreased serum glucose) effect was observed in patients as compared to full clinical doses of metformin or glibenclamide alone thereby exhibiting additive and synergy effects.</br>On the contrary, the aushadha may also show an antagonistic effect in which one aushadha decreases or nullifies the action of other aushadha. For example, in the formulation lashuna ksheerapaka, lashuna (Allium sativum) is processed in milk. The milk acts antagonistically on the sharp effects (teekshna guna) of lashuna.<ref>Shobha Hiremath, G. (2000). A textbook of bhaishjya kalpana. Panchavidha Kalpana (pp. 110). Bengaluru, India: IBH Prakashana.</ref></div>
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