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→Application in clinical examination of patient and disease
'''3) Visual inspection (darshana or chakshushya pratyaksha)'''
'''3) Visual inspection (darshana or chakshushya pratyaksha)'''
Through the medium of visual perception (chakshu indriya) or netra, the complexion (varna), shape, location, appearance, form (sansthana), size or measurements (pramana), altered complexion (chhaya), normalcy (prakriti), abnormal characteristics (vikruti), good nourished built (upachaya), malnourished built (apachaya) can be assessed. The advent of investigation techniques like endoscopy, proctoscopy, fundoscopy, colonoscopy, X-ray techniques ultrasonography, microscopy, electron microscopy, CT (computer tomography) scans and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) have made the visual inspection (darshanapariksha) more precise.
Through the medium of visual perception (chakshu indriya) or netra, the complexion (varna), shape, location, appearance, form (sansthana), size or measurements (pramana), altered complexion (chhaya), normalcy (prakriti), abnormal characteristics (vikruti), good nourished built (upachaya), malnourished built (apachaya) can be assessed. The advent of investigation techniques like endoscopy, proctoscopy, fundoscopy, colonoscopy, X-ray techniques ultrasonography, microscopy, electron microscopy, CT (computer tomography) scans and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) have made the visual inspection (darshana pariksha) more precise.
Visual inspection is done to assess the abnormalities like pallor, cyanosis, oedema, petechial haemorrhage, skin lesions, deformities etc.
Visual inspection is done to assess the abnormalities like pallor, cyanosis, oedema, petechial hemorrhage, skin lesions, deformities etc.
'''4) Gustation (rasanapariksha)'''
'''4) Gustation (rasanapariksha)'''
#Mutre pippilikaabhisarpana: As indicated in diabetes with obstinate urinary disorders ([[prameha]]), this refers to the excessive sweetness in urine ([[mutra]]) and body.
#Mutre pippilikaabhisarpana: As indicated in diabetes with obstinate urinary disorders ([[prameha]]), this refers to the excessive sweetness in urine ([[mutra]]) and body.
'''5) Olfactory perception (ghrana pratyaksha or gandhapariksha)'''
'''5) Olfactory perception (ghrana pratyaksha or gandha pariksha)'''
In this method, olfactory perception helps to examine the smell of body fluids or body odour. The olfactory perception is used to determine the abnormality. For instance, the blood ([[rakta]]) and menstrual blood ([[artava]]) have specific smell of blood (vistragandha), [[oja]] has smell of parched or fried grain (lajagandha), reproductive fluids ([[shukra]]) has smell similar to honey (madhu gandha). The discharges from wound (vranastrava) are of 14 types having smells like purulent, foul smell, unpleasant smell.
In this method, olfactory perception helps to examine the smell of body fluids or body odour. The olfactory perception is used to determine the abnormality. For instance, the blood ([[rakta]]) and menstrual blood ([[artava]]) have specific smell of blood (vistra gandha), [[oja]] has smell of parched or fried grain (laja gandha), reproductive fluids ([[shukra]]) has smell similar to honey (madhu gandha). The discharges from wound (vrana strava) are of 14 types having smells like purulent, foul smell, unpleasant smell.
Halitosis or bad breath is the common feature of dental problems, diabetes etc. Urine and faeces have their typical ammoniac smell and deviation from same may indicate abnormality. Similarly foul-smelling discharge from wounds, sinuses, vagina etc. indicates underlying pathology.<ref>halitosis - Google Search [Internet]. [cited 2021 Nov 28]. Available from:
Halitosis or bad breath is the common feature of dental problems, diabetes etc. Urine and feces have their typical ammoniac smell and deviation from same may indicate abnormality. Similarly foul-smelling discharge from wounds, sinuses, vagina etc. indicates underlying pathology.<ref>halitosis - Google Search [Internet]. [cited 2021 Nov 28]. Available from:
https://www.google.com/search?q=halitosis&rlz=1C1SQJL_enIN876IN876&oq=halitosis&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i433i512j0i512l8.2365j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
https://www.google.com/search?q=halitosis&rlz=1C1SQJL_enIN876IN876&oq=halitosis&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i433i512j0i512l8.2365j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
</ref> The putrefaction indicates the release of foul smell from the body is feature of cell death.
</ref> The putrefaction indicates the release of foul smell from the body is feature of cell death.