Changes

The physician palpates patients for examination. Here the tactile perception (or sparshanendriya) is medium to gain knowledge about normal or abnormal characters of the body. The heat/hotness (aushnya), coldness (shaitya), softness (mardava), hardness (kathinya), smoothness (shlakshna), roughness (kharata) can be perceived.  Thus the temperature, skin texture, dryness, roughness of the skin, different organs, hair and lesions on the body can be assessed with the help of this pratyaksha. For instance, coldness of body (gatra-shaitya) indicates depletion of [[pitta dosha]] (kshaya); hotness (aushnya) indicates fever ([[jwara]]). Soft skin (twak mardava) is the characteristic of [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] dominant [[prakriti]]. Hardness (kathinya) is mentioned in ascites (udara), splenomegaly (pleeha), prostatic enlargement (asthila). Smoothness (shlakshnata) is characteristic of [[kapha]] [[prakriti]], while roughness (kharata) of skin, hairs etc. is seen in [[vata]] [[prakriti]] individuals. It is comparable with the palpation of the body to understand the body temperature, pulse diagnosis, tenderness, rigidity, lump or growth, lymphadenopathy, organomegaly, size of palpable organs, its borders, surface etc.  

The physician palpates patients for examination. Here the tactile perception (or sparshanendriya) is medium to gain knowledge about normal or abnormal characters of the body. The heat/hotness (aushnya), coldness (shaitya), softness (mardava), hardness (kathinya), smoothness (shlakshna), roughness (kharata) can be perceived.  Thus the temperature, skin texture, dryness, roughness of the skin, different organs, hair and lesions on the body can be assessed with the help of this pratyaksha. For instance, coldness of body (gatra-shaitya) indicates depletion of [[pitta dosha]] (kshaya); hotness (aushnya) indicates fever ([[jwara]]). Soft skin (twak mardava) is the characteristic of [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] dominant [[prakriti]]. Hardness (kathinya) is mentioned in ascites (udara), splenomegaly (pleeha), prostatic enlargement (asthila). Smoothness (shlakshnata) is characteristic of [[kapha]] [[prakriti]], while roughness (kharata) of skin, hairs etc. is seen in [[vata]] [[prakriti]] individuals. It is comparable with the palpation of the body to understand the body temperature, pulse diagnosis, tenderness, rigidity, lump or growth, lymphadenopathy, organomegaly, size of palpable organs, its borders, surface etc.  

'''3) Visual inspection (darshana or chakshyshya pratyaksha)'''

'''3) Visual inspection (darshana or chakshushya pratyaksha)'''

Through the medium of visual perception (chakshu indriya) or netra, the complexion (varna), shape, location, appearance, form (sansthana), size or measurements (pramana), altered complexion (chhaya), normalcy (prakriti), abnormal characteristics (vikruti), good nourished built (upachaya), malnourished built (apachaya) can be assessed. The advent of investigation techniques like endoscopy, proctoscopy, fundoscopy, colonoscopy, X-ray techniques ultrasonography, microscopy, electron microscopy, CT (computer tomography) scans and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) have made the visual inspection (darshanapariksha) more precise.

Through the medium of visual perception (chakshu indriya) or netra, the complexion (varna), shape, location, appearance, form (sansthana), size or measurements (pramana), altered complexion (chhaya), normalcy (prakriti), abnormal characteristics (vikruti), good nourished built (upachaya), malnourished built (apachaya) can be assessed. The advent of investigation techniques like endoscopy, proctoscopy, fundoscopy, colonoscopy, X-ray techniques ultrasonography, microscopy, electron microscopy, CT (computer tomography) scans and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) have made the visual inspection (darshanapariksha) more precise.