Administrators, Editors, Bots, Bureaucrats, Charaksamhita, Moderators (CommentStreams), Interface administrators, Administrators
10,100
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Line 32:
Line 32: − === Introduction ===+ Line 43:
Line 43: − ===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===+ Line 62:
Line 62: − ==== Importance of ''swedana'' ====+ Line 98:
Line 98: − ==== Scope of ''Swedana'' ====+ Line 137:
Line 137: − ==== Mode of ''swedana'' as per site of ''dosha'' ====+ Line 153:
Line 153: − ==== Sensitive body parts for ''swedana'' ====+ Line 169:
Line 169: − ==== Pre-sudation care ====+ Line 185:
Line 185: − ==== Care during sudation therapy ====+ Line 201:
Line 201: − ==== Indications for stopping sudation ====+ Line 217:
Line 217: − ==== Signs of over-sudation and its treatment ====+ Line 246:
Line 246: − ==== Contra-indications of ''swedana'' ====+ Line 290:
Line 290: − ==== Indications of ''swedana'' ====+ Line 344:
Line 344: − ==== ''Swedana dravya'' (material for sudation) ====+ Line 380:
Line 380: − ==== Preparation for comfortable sudation ====+ Line 396:
Line 396: − ==== Decoctions for ''nadi sweda'' (tubular fomentation) ====+ Line 450:
Line 450: − ==== Material for ''avagaha sweda'' (tub fomentation) ====+ Line 466:
Line 466: − ==== Material for ''upanaha sweda'' (poultice fomentation) ====+ Line 516:
Line 516: − ==== Thirteen types of ''sweda'' ====+ Line 541:
Line 541: − ==== ''Sankara sweda'' (bolus fomentation) ====+ Line 554:
Line 554: − ==== ''Prastara sweda'' (lying on a medicinal mattress) ====+ Line 567:
Line 567: − ==== ''Nadi sweda'' (tubular steam sudation) ====+ Line 580:
Line 580: − ==== ''Parisheka sweda'' (shower technique for fomentation) ====+ Line 593:
Line 593: − ==== ''Avagaha sweda'' (tub fomentation) ====+ Line 606:
Line 606: − ==== ''Jentaka sweda'' (sudation therapy in room) ====+ Line 619:
Line 619: − ==== ''Ashmaghana sweda'' (sudation on heated slab of stone) ====+ Line 657:
Line 657: − ==== ''Karshu sweda'' (sudation by using heat in a trench under bed) ====+ Line 681:
Line 681: − ==== ''Kuti sweda'' (sudation in a cottage) and ''bhu sweda'' (sudation on floor) ====+ Line 726:
Line 726: − ==== ''Kumbhi sweda'' (sudation with a pitcher) ====+ Line 760:
Line 760: − ==== ''Kupa sweda'' (sudation in a pit) ====+ Line 785:
Line 785: − ==== ''Holaka sweda'' (sudation using a heap of dung) ====+ Line 821:
Line 821: − ==== Ten sudation methods without using fire ====+ Line 877:
Line 877: − ==== Summary ====+ Line 937:
Line 937: − + Line 946:
Line 946: − + Line 1,005:
Line 1,005: − ==== ''Kizhi / Pinda / Pottali'' ====+ − ===== Preparation of ''Kizhi'' =====+ Line 1,015:
Line 1,015: − ===== Preparation of the patient =====+ − ===== Application of ''kizhi'' =====+ − ===== General Indications of ''swedana'' by ''kizhi'' =====+ Line 1,030:
Line 1,030: − ===== ''Dosha''-specific indications of ''kizhi'' =====+ − ==== ''Prakriti'' & season specific indications of ''kizhi'' ====+ Line 1,043:
Line 1,043: − ===== ''Patrapottali sweda'' (sudation using bolus made of herbal leaves) =====+ − ====== Materials required ======+ Line 1,072:
Line 1,072: − ====== Preparation of ''pottali'' ======+ − ====== Procedure ======+ − ====== Indications ======+ Line 1,095:
Line 1,095: − ===== ''Jambeera pinda sweda'' (sudation using bolus made of lemon) =====+ − ====== Materials required ======+ Line 1,134:
Line 1,134: − ====== Preparation of medicine ======+ Line 1,140:
Line 1,140: − ====== Preparation of the patient & Procedure ======+ − ====== Indications ======+ Line 1,159:
Line 1,159: − ====== Specific care ======+ − ===== ''Churna pinda sweda'' (Sudation using bolus made of herbal powders) =====+ − ====== Material required ======+ Line 1,186:
Line 1,186: − ====== Preparation of ''pottali'' ======+ − ====== Procedure ======+ − ====== Indications ======+ Line 1,209:
Line 1,209: − ====== Special care ======+ − ===== ''Shashtika pinda sweda'' (sudation using bolus made of ''shashtika'' rice) =====+ − ====== Materials required ======+ Line 1,240:
Line 1,240: − ====== Preparation of medicine ======+ Line 1,246:
Line 1,246: − ====== Preparation of ''shashtika'' ======+ − ====== Preparation of ''pottali'' ======+ − ====== Procedure ======+ − ====== Indications ======+ Line 1,273:
Line 1,273: − ====== Special care ======+ − ===== ''Ksheera dhuma'' (fomentation by steam of medicated milk) ===== + − ====== Materials required ======+ Line 1,301:
Line 1,301: − ====== Preparation of medicine ======+ − ====== Preparation of the patient ======+ − ====== Procedure ======+ − ====== Indications ======+ Line 1,340:
Line 1,340: − ====== Materials required ======+ Line 1,350:
Line 1,350: − ====== Preparation of patient ======+ − ====== Procedure ======+ Line 1,360:
Line 1,360: − ====== Indications ======+ Line 1,402:
Line 1,402: − ===== ''Pizhicchil'' =====+ − ====== Materials required (for 7 days) ======+ Line 1,418:
Line 1,418: − ====== Preparation of patient ======+ − ====== Preparation of medicine ======+ − ====== Procedure ======+ Line 1,442:
Line 1,442: − ====== Complications ======+ − ====== Indications ======+ − ===== ''Dhanyamla dhara'' ===== + − ====== Materials required ======+ Line 1,467:
Line 1,467: − ====== Preparation of patient ======+ − ====== Procedure ======+ − ====== Indications ======+ − ====== Practical tips ======+ Line 1,489:
Line 1,489: − === Glossary === − #स्वेदनं – Sudation , Fomentation+ − #स्नेहनं - Oletion − #वृषणौ – Both testicles − #हृदयं – Heart / Epigastria − #दृष्टी - Eyes − #वङ्क्षणौ – Both groins − #मूर्च्छा - Fainting − #शरीरसदनं - Fatigue − #तृषा – Morbid thirst − #दाहः- Burning Sensation − #मद्यनित्य – Alcoholic addict − #रक्तपित्त- Bleeding disorders − #मधुमेह- Diabetes mellitus − #नष्टसञ्ज्ञ - Unconscious − #स्थूल - Obese − #प्रतिश्याय- Rhinorrea − #कास - Cough − #हिक्का – Hiccups − #श्वास - Dyspnoea − #शिरःशूल - Headache − #स्वरभेद – Hoarseness of Voice − #अर्दित – Facial palsy − #पक्षाघात - Hemiplgia − #मूत्राघात| - Urinary retension − #गृध्रसी - Sciatica − #मूत्रकृच्छ्र - Dysuria − #खल्ली - Radiculopathy − #वातकण्टक – Plantar fascitis − #जेन्ताकस्वेद - Specialized dwelling sudation − #अश्मघनस्वेद - Stone Sudation − #कर्षूस्वेद- Trench Sudation − #कुटीस्वेद – Hut sudation − #भूस्वेद – Earth Sudation − #कुम्भिस्वेद –Pitcher sudation − #कूपस्वेद – Cavity Sudation − #होलाकस्वेद- Dung sudation − − === References ===
no edit summary
}}
}}
== Introduction ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
As per [[Ayurveda]], the functioning of universe depends upon ''agni'' and ''soma'' which symbolize sources of hot and cold energy. ''Uttarayana'' (northward sojourn of sun) and ''dakshinayana'' (southward sojourn of sun) are together responsible for maintaining homeostasis on this planet. This homeostasis is also mirrored in the individual through the concept of ''loka purusha samanya siddhantha'' (that the individual is a microcosm of the universe, the macrocosm). The ''purusha'' (individual human being) imbibes this energy and confines it in the ''sharira'' (body) as ''pitta''. This ''pitta'' controls, or rather regulates, the ''ushmanattva'' (core body temperature) of the body ([[Charak Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/11). It is responsible for all the metabolic processes at the cellular level and digestion at the level of the gut. ''Pitta'' is the contributor of ''ushna guna'' (warmth) to the body. The stimulator (''preraka'') of ''pitta'' is ''vata'' (the accelator-''sameerano agnehe'' ([[Charak Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 12). ''Vata'', in association with ''pitta'' and ''kapha'', maintains the normal core body temperature by controlling the heat regulating system and balancing the ''sheeta'' and ''ushna guna''.
As per [[Ayurveda]], the functioning of universe depends upon ''agni'' and ''soma'' which symbolize sources of hot and cold energy. ''Uttarayana'' (northward sojourn of sun) and ''dakshinayana'' (southward sojourn of sun) are together responsible for maintaining homeostasis on this planet. This homeostasis is also mirrored in the individual through the concept of ''loka purusha samanya siddhantha'' (that the individual is a microcosm of the universe, the macrocosm). The ''purusha'' (individual human being) imbibes this energy and confines it in the ''sharira'' (body) as ''pitta''. This ''pitta'' controls, or rather regulates, the ''ushmanattva'' (core body temperature) of the body ([[Charak Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/11). It is responsible for all the metabolic processes at the cellular level and digestion at the level of the gut. ''Pitta'' is the contributor of ''ushna guna'' (warmth) to the body. The stimulator (''preraka'') of ''pitta'' is ''vata'' (the accelator-''sameerano agnehe'' ([[Charak Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 12). ''Vata'', in association with ''pitta'' and ''kapha'', maintains the normal core body temperature by controlling the heat regulating system and balancing the ''sheeta'' and ''ushna guna''.
</div>
</div>
==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Now we shall expound the chapter on sudation. Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]
Now we shall expound the chapter on sudation. Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]
=== Importance of ''swedana'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Scope of ''Swedana'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Strong fomentation is indicated in a physically strong patient with severe illness in an extreme cold climate. In a weak person, mild fomentation and in a moderately strong patient, moderate fomentation is preferred. In ''vatakapha, vata'' or ''kapha''-dominant, sudation technique is to be applied with the help of unctuous and dry agents, only unctuous agents or only dry agents respectively. [7-8]
Strong fomentation is indicated in a physically strong patient with severe illness in an extreme cold climate. In a weak person, mild fomentation and in a moderately strong patient, moderate fomentation is preferred. In ''vatakapha, vata'' or ''kapha''-dominant, sudation technique is to be applied with the help of unctuous and dry agents, only unctuous agents or only dry agents respectively. [7-8]
=== Mode of ''swedana'' as per site of ''dosha'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
When ''vata'' is located at the site of ''ama'' (''amashaya'' or stomach), sudation is administered with dry agents and when ''kapha'' is located in the site of ''pakva'' (''pakwashaya'',or colon) , sudation is initiated with unctuous agents. [9]
When ''vata'' is located at the site of ''ama'' (''amashaya'' or stomach), sudation is administered with dry agents and when ''kapha'' is located in the site of ''pakva'' (''pakwashaya'',or colon) , sudation is initiated with unctuous agents. [9]
=== Sensitive body parts for ''swedana'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
In the sensitive areas of testicles, precordium and eyes, sudation is not done or done very gently. Moderate sudation may be applied in the area of groins. In other parts of the body, sudation is done as desired. [10]
In the sensitive areas of testicles, precordium and eyes, sudation is not done or done very gently. Moderate sudation may be applied in the area of groins. In other parts of the body, sudation is done as desired. [10]
=== Pre-sudation care ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Before starting sudation, eyes should be closed and covered with very clean cloth or bolus of wet wheat powder or petals of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) or white lotus (Nymphaea alba). [11]
Before starting sudation, eyes should be closed and covered with very clean cloth or bolus of wet wheat powder or petals of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) or white lotus (Nymphaea alba). [11]
=== Care during sudation therapy ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
While sudation is being administered, the precordial region should be frequently touched with a string of cool pearls or cold vessels or wet lotuses or even with wet hands. [12]
While sudation is being administered, the precordial region should be frequently touched with a string of cool pearls or cold vessels or wet lotuses or even with wet hands. [12]
=== Indications for stopping sudation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
It is indicated that sudation procedure should be stopped when the patient is relieved from feeling cold, pain, stiffness, heaviness and feels softness in the body. [13]
It is indicated that sudation procedure should be stopped when the patient is relieved from feeling cold, pain, stiffness, heaviness and feels softness in the body. [13]
=== Signs of over-sudation and its treatment ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Contra-indications of ''swedana'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Indications of ''swedana'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== ''Swedana dravya'' (material for sudation) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Preparation for comfortable sudation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
To get a comfortable sudation experience, the patient should have oil applied to his body and then exposed to some heat in an underground cellar (''jentaka'') type room, or a warm enclosed room that is heated with firebrands and is devoid of smoke. [28]
To get a comfortable sudation experience, the patient should have oil applied to his body and then exposed to some heat in an underground cellar (''jentaka'') type room, or a warm enclosed room that is heated with firebrands and is devoid of smoke. [28]
=== Decoctions for ''nadi sweda'' (tubular fomentation) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Material for ''avagaha sweda'' (tub fomentation) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
These same decoctions can be used in a water tub for fomentation. In a similar manner, ''ghee'', milk, and sesame oil may also be used in tub fomentation. [34]
These same decoctions can be used in a water tub for fomentation. In a similar manner, ''ghee'', milk, and sesame oil may also be used in tub fomentation. [34]
=== Material for ''upanaha sweda'' (poultice fomentation) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
To prevent burning sensations, the bandage applied at night should be removed in the morning and the one applied during the day should be removed at night. The duration of bandage application may be prolonged in cold weather. [38]
To prevent burning sensations, the bandage applied at night should be removed in the morning and the one applied during the day should be removed at night. The duration of bandage application may be prolonged in cold weather. [38]
=== Thirteen types of ''sweda'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Thirteen varieties of fomentation are ''sankara, prastara, nadi, parisheka, avagahana, jentaka, ashmaghna, karshu, kuti, bhu, kumbhika, kupa,'' and ''holaka''. They are further detailed accordingly in the same sequence. [39-40]
Thirteen varieties of fomentation are ''sankara, prastara, nadi, parisheka, avagahana, jentaka, ashmaghna, karshu, kuti, bhu, kumbhika, kupa,'' and ''holaka''. They are further detailed accordingly in the same sequence. [39-40]
=== ''Sankara sweda'' (bolus fomentation) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Fomentation by means of bolus containing prescribed drugs with or without being wrapped with clothes is termed as ''sankarasweda''. [41]
Fomentation by means of bolus containing prescribed drugs with or without being wrapped with clothes is termed as ''sankarasweda''. [41]
=== ''Prastara sweda'' (lying on a medicinal mattress) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
The fomentation technique involving an individual with oil properly applied all over his/her body, lying down on a mattress prepared with corn, pulse and ''pulaka'' (type of grain), or steamed boneless meat (''vesavara''), sweet porridge, boiled mixture of pulses and cereals (''krishara''), and pudding cake (''utkarika''), covered with silk, woolen pieces or leaves of ''panchangula'' (Ricinus communis), ''urubuka'' (variety of the same plant) and ''arka'' (Calotropis gigantean, is termed as ''prastara sweda''. [42]
The fomentation technique involving an individual with oil properly applied all over his/her body, lying down on a mattress prepared with corn, pulse and ''pulaka'' (type of grain), or steamed boneless meat (''vesavara''), sweet porridge, boiled mixture of pulses and cereals (''krishara''), and pudding cake (''utkarika''), covered with silk, woolen pieces or leaves of ''panchangula'' (Ricinus communis), ''urubuka'' (variety of the same plant) and ''arka'' (Calotropis gigantean, is termed as ''prastara sweda''. [42]
=== ''Nadi sweda'' (tubular steam sudation) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Drugs for fomentation like plant-based articles (roots, fruits, leaves, buds etc.) or animal-based articles (flesh and heads of animals and birds) are mixed up with sour, salt or unctuous substances and urine, milk, etc. and decocted in a pitcher in such a way that the vapor does not leak out. Then, a pipe made up of leaves of ''vamsha'' (Bambusa arundinacea Retz.), ''karanja'' (Pongamia pinnata Merr.) or ''arka'' (Calotropis gigantea) with its fore part having the shape of the trunk of an elephant is inserted into the pitcher. The pipe required should be of one ''vyama'' (91.44cm) or half a ''vyama'' (45.72 cm) length, with its circumference being one-fourth of a ''vyama'' (22.86 cm) in its proximal end, one-eighth of a ''vyama'' in the distal end, and curved twice or thrice. All the clefts in the pipe should be well covered with leaves that alleviate ''vata''. The well-massaged patient should then get this steam through the curved pipe. Curvatures of the pipe help in lessening the intensity of steam and thus help in providing a comfortable fomentation experience. This fomentation technique is called ''nadi sweda''. [43]
Drugs for fomentation like plant-based articles (roots, fruits, leaves, buds etc.) or animal-based articles (flesh and heads of animals and birds) are mixed up with sour, salt or unctuous substances and urine, milk, etc. and decocted in a pitcher in such a way that the vapor does not leak out. Then, a pipe made up of leaves of ''vamsha'' (Bambusa arundinacea Retz.), ''karanja'' (Pongamia pinnata Merr.) or ''arka'' (Calotropis gigantea) with its fore part having the shape of the trunk of an elephant is inserted into the pitcher. The pipe required should be of one ''vyama'' (91.44cm) or half a ''vyama'' (45.72 cm) length, with its circumference being one-fourth of a ''vyama'' (22.86 cm) in its proximal end, one-eighth of a ''vyama'' in the distal end, and curved twice or thrice. All the clefts in the pipe should be well covered with leaves that alleviate ''vata''. The well-massaged patient should then get this steam through the curved pipe. Curvatures of the pipe help in lessening the intensity of steam and thus help in providing a comfortable fomentation experience. This fomentation technique is called ''nadi sweda''. [43]
=== ''Parisheka sweda'' (shower technique for fomentation) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
A fomentation technique that involves taking shower, using pitchers or vessels with holes at the bottom (''varshanika'') or pipes, filled with lukewarm decoctions of roots of drugs that alleviate isolated ''vata'' or ''vata''-predominant disorders, after suitable application of oil over body parts covered with cloth, is termed as ''parisheka''. [44]
A fomentation technique that involves taking shower, using pitchers or vessels with holes at the bottom (''varshanika'') or pipes, filled with lukewarm decoctions of roots of drugs that alleviate isolated ''vata'' or ''vata''-predominant disorders, after suitable application of oil over body parts covered with cloth, is termed as ''parisheka''. [44]
=== ''Avagaha sweda'' (tub fomentation) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Fomentation by immersion in a tub filled up with ''vata'' alleviating decoctions, milk, oil, ghee, meat juices or hot water is termed as ''avagaha''. [45]
Fomentation by immersion in a tub filled up with ''vata'' alleviating decoctions, milk, oil, ghee, meat juices or hot water is termed as ''avagaha''. [45]
=== ''Jentaka sweda'' (sudation therapy in room) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Examine the land thoroughly before resorting to the ''jentaka'' type of fomentation. Construct a circular building facing east or north, with a pond in front and ensuring that the site is in the eastern or northern side of the village. The building should be situated at a distance of 7- 8 ''aratnis'' (320-365 cm) from the pond. The land should be fertile, plain, and black or golden in colour. The height and diameter of the building should be 16 ''aratni'' each. (731 cm) and should be circular (as mentioned earlier), well plastered with mud and with many windows. A bench having 1 ''aratni'' (approximately 45 cm) width and height should be prepared all around the wall up to the door. An oven of clay, with a lid and with many holes, of four ''hasta'' diameter, and of height equal to that of the individual should be prepared in the center of the room. This oven should be filled up with fuel of ''khadira'' (acacia catechu) and ''aswakarna'' (dipterocarpus alatus) and ignited. As the wooden fuel is properly burned and the room is wellheated with fire alone (i.e., devoid of any smoke), it should be understood as fit for sudation with heat. Then you request the patient,who is well massaged with oil prepared with vata alleviating drugs and covered with a cloth, to enter the room by saying “Oh gentleman! Enter the room for the sake of your auspicious health. Go to the bench and lie down thereon, alternately changing sides comfortably, you should not leave the bench even if you feel fainting by severe sweating until you feel suffocated, otherwise on leaving you may not be able to reach the door and it may be fatal, do not leave the bench. As you feel yourself free from all clogging, with sticky sweat drained and all channels open, light and devoid of obstructions, stiffness, numbness, pain, and heaviness, you should then leave the bench and exit through the door. After coming out of that room, do not immediately apply cold water for the sake of your eyes. After one ''muhurta'', as the heat and exertion subsides, you should bathe in lukewarm water and then eat a meal”. This is ''jentaka sweda''. [46]
Examine the land thoroughly before resorting to the ''jentaka'' type of fomentation. Construct a circular building facing east or north, with a pond in front and ensuring that the site is in the eastern or northern side of the village. The building should be situated at a distance of 7- 8 ''aratnis'' (320-365 cm) from the pond. The land should be fertile, plain, and black or golden in colour. The height and diameter of the building should be 16 ''aratni'' each. (731 cm) and should be circular (as mentioned earlier), well plastered with mud and with many windows. A bench having 1 ''aratni'' (approximately 45 cm) width and height should be prepared all around the wall up to the door. An oven of clay, with a lid and with many holes, of four ''hasta'' diameter, and of height equal to that of the individual should be prepared in the center of the room. This oven should be filled up with fuel of ''khadira'' (acacia catechu) and ''aswakarna'' (dipterocarpus alatus) and ignited. As the wooden fuel is properly burned and the room is wellheated with fire alone (i.e., devoid of any smoke), it should be understood as fit for sudation with heat. Then you request the patient,who is well massaged with oil prepared with vata alleviating drugs and covered with a cloth, to enter the room by saying “Oh gentleman! Enter the room for the sake of your auspicious health. Go to the bench and lie down thereon, alternately changing sides comfortably, you should not leave the bench even if you feel fainting by severe sweating until you feel suffocated, otherwise on leaving you may not be able to reach the door and it may be fatal, do not leave the bench. As you feel yourself free from all clogging, with sticky sweat drained and all channels open, light and devoid of obstructions, stiffness, numbness, pain, and heaviness, you should then leave the bench and exit through the door. After coming out of that room, do not immediately apply cold water for the sake of your eyes. After one ''muhurta'', as the heat and exertion subsides, you should bathe in lukewarm water and then eat a meal”. This is ''jentaka sweda''. [46]
=== ''Ashmaghana sweda'' (sudation on heated slab of stone) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
A compact slab of stone, of the length of an average human body, is heated with ''vata'' alleviating wooden fuel. Then all the firebrands are removed and the slab sprinkled with hot water and covered with silk or woolen sheets. The person, well massaged with oil all over his body and covered with garments is made to lie down on the slab for sudation. This fomentation technique is called ''ashmaghna sweda''. [47-49]
A compact slab of stone, of the length of an average human body, is heated with ''vata'' alleviating wooden fuel. Then all the firebrands are removed and the slab sprinkled with hot water and covered with silk or woolen sheets. The person, well massaged with oil all over his body and covered with garments is made to lie down on the slab for sudation. This fomentation technique is called ''ashmaghna sweda''. [47-49]
=== ''Karshu sweda'' (sudation by using heat in a trench under bed) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
A physician well versed in location should get dug a flask-shaped trench right below the bed-stead (this technique assumes earthen/mud-thatched houses), fill it up with smokeless firebrands and lay the patient on the bed over this. This fomentation technique is termed as ''karshu sweda''. [50-51]
A physician well versed in location should get dug a flask-shaped trench right below the bed-stead (this technique assumes earthen/mud-thatched houses), fill it up with smokeless firebrands and lay the patient on the bed over this. This fomentation technique is termed as ''karshu sweda''. [50-51]
=== ''Kuti sweda'' (sudation in a cottage) and ''bhu sweda'' (sudation on floor) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
''Bhusweda'' is done on floor with the same methods as ''asmaghna sweda'' and is administered in well chosen, leveled sites free from excessive wind. [52-55]
''Bhusweda'' is done on floor with the same methods as ''asmaghna sweda'' and is administered in well chosen, leveled sites free from excessive wind. [52-55]
=== ''Kumbhi sweda'' (sudation with a pitcher) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
A pitcher, filled up with decoction of vata alleviating drugs should be buried in earth upto one-fourth or one-fourth of it and a bed covered with a thin sheet kept over it. The patient, well massaged with oil alleviating ''vata'' and covered with a cloth, should either lie down or sit on the bed. Thereafter hot iron balls or stones should be put into the pitcher. The heat coming out of the pitcher helps in fomentation and this is termed as ''kumbhisweda''. [56-58]
A pitcher, filled up with decoction of vata alleviating drugs should be buried in earth upto one-fourth or one-fourth of it and a bed covered with a thin sheet kept over it. The patient, well massaged with oil alleviating ''vata'' and covered with a cloth, should either lie down or sit on the bed. Thereafter hot iron balls or stones should be put into the pitcher. The heat coming out of the pitcher helps in fomentation and this is termed as ''kumbhisweda''. [56-58]
=== ''Kupa sweda'' (sudation in a pit) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
In a location free from excessive wind, a pit of the width of a bed and twice as deep as wide should be dug. Its inner portion should be well cleaned and filled with dried dung of elephant, horse, cows, ass, or camel and then ignited. A bed or sheet covered with a thin sheet should be kept over it. The patient, well massaged with oil and covered with cloth, should either lie down or sit over the bed till proper fomentation. This technique is called as ''kupasweda''. [59-60]
In a location free from excessive wind, a pit of the width of a bed and twice as deep as wide should be dug. Its inner portion should be well cleaned and filled with dried dung of elephant, horse, cows, ass, or camel and then ignited. A bed or sheet covered with a thin sheet should be kept over it. The patient, well massaged with oil and covered with cloth, should either lie down or sit over the bed till proper fomentation. This technique is called as ''kupasweda''. [59-60]
=== ''Holaka sweda'' (sudation using a heap of dung) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Thus ends the description of the thirteen types of fire-induced sudation. [61-63]
Thus ends the description of the thirteen types of fire-induced sudation. [61-63]
=== Ten sudation methods without using fire ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
A well oleated person should be subjected to sudation and on proper sweating, should take a wholesome diet. After fomentation, the patient should abstain from exercise that day. [67]
A well oleated person should be subjected to sudation and on proper sweating, should take a wholesome diet. After fomentation, the patient should abstain from exercise that day. [67]
=== Summary ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Thus ends the fourteenth chapter on sudation in the [[Sutra Sthana]] of treatise written by Agnivesha and redacted by Charak.[14]
Thus ends the fourteenth chapter on sudation in the [[Sutra Sthana]] of treatise written by Agnivesha and redacted by Charak.[14]
=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles ===
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
*Sudation is a procedure applied to remove stiffness, heaviness and cold. It induces sweating by causing vasodilatation. It is indicated after oleation in most diseases.
*Sudation is a procedure applied to remove stiffness, heaviness and cold. It induces sweating by causing vasodilatation. It is indicated after oleation in most diseases.
*''Swedana'' is contraindicated in conditions where bleeding, circulatory failure, dehydration, hypotension and neuropathy are likely to occur. ''Swedana'' is absolutely contraindicated in patients with generalized debility and in comatosed patients.
*''Swedana'' is contraindicated in conditions where bleeding, circulatory failure, dehydration, hypotension and neuropathy are likely to occur. ''Swedana'' is absolutely contraindicated in patients with generalized debility and in comatosed patients.
=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' /Applied Inferences ===
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==
''Swedana'' should only be administered following a proper ''snehana'' (unless indicated otherwise). On application of unctuous substances like ''taila'' on various body parts, ''sweda'' forms an intervening viscous layer between the skin and the immediate environment prior to transdermal drug absorption. Thus the heat lost through sudation, along with large amounts of fluid and a marginal amount of Na+ and Cl- ions through radiation / conduction / convection / evaporation (which could potentially impair thermoregulation or cause hypothermia) does not happen too rapidly. Also, the procedure of ''swedana'' promotes the transdermal absorption of the ''sneha'' by inducing peripheral vasodilatation. However, environmental humidity and the duration of ''swedana'' procedure has to be strictly monitored, as exposure to small rise in temperature for a prolonged time can have a greater impact (more evaporation) than exposure to high temperature for a short time in a humid atmosphere<ref name="ref1">Cabanae, M., (2006), Journal of Applied Physiology, 100, Adjustable set point, 1338 – 1346.</ref>. Hence ''yathavath prayojithaihi'' has been written expressly to denote the optimal exposure to ''swedana''.
''Swedana'' should only be administered following a proper ''snehana'' (unless indicated otherwise). On application of unctuous substances like ''taila'' on various body parts, ''sweda'' forms an intervening viscous layer between the skin and the immediate environment prior to transdermal drug absorption. Thus the heat lost through sudation, along with large amounts of fluid and a marginal amount of Na+ and Cl- ions through radiation / conduction / convection / evaporation (which could potentially impair thermoregulation or cause hypothermia) does not happen too rapidly. Also, the procedure of ''swedana'' promotes the transdermal absorption of the ''sneha'' by inducing peripheral vasodilatation. However, environmental humidity and the duration of ''swedana'' procedure has to be strictly monitored, as exposure to small rise in temperature for a prolonged time can have a greater impact (more evaporation) than exposure to high temperature for a short time in a humid atmosphere<ref name="ref1">Cabanae, M., (2006), Journal of Applied Physiology, 100, Adjustable set point, 1338 – 1346.</ref>. Hence ''yathavath prayojithaihi'' has been written expressly to denote the optimal exposure to ''swedana''.
''Swedana'' accounts for a major part of Ayurvedic [[Panchakarma]] therapy. It is considered an essential preparatory procedure before bio-cleansing. It is normally done after internal or external oleation. ''Swedana'' liquefies and separates the vitiated body humors adhered to the tissues and facilitates their flow to the elementary tract for easy evacuation from the body. In Ayurvedic practise majority of ''swedana'' (sudation) procedures are done in the form of ''kizhi / pindasveda'' (sudation using bolus). The commonly practiced few are detailed below with its preparation, application indication etc. <ref>Manoj Kumar (Editor) et.al, Practical Guide to Panchkarma, Published by Dept. of Kayachikitsa, VPSV [[Ayurveda]] College, Kottakkal. 2006</ref>
''Swedana'' accounts for a major part of Ayurvedic [[Panchakarma]] therapy. It is considered an essential preparatory procedure before bio-cleansing. It is normally done after internal or external oleation. ''Swedana'' liquefies and separates the vitiated body humors adhered to the tissues and facilitates their flow to the elementary tract for easy evacuation from the body. In Ayurvedic practise majority of ''swedana'' (sudation) procedures are done in the form of ''kizhi / pindasveda'' (sudation using bolus). The commonly practiced few are detailed below with its preparation, application indication etc. <ref>Manoj Kumar (Editor) et.al, Practical Guide to Panchkarma, Published by Dept. of Kayachikitsa, VPSV [[Ayurveda]] College, Kottakkal. 2006</ref>
=== ''Kizhi / Pinda / Pottali'' ===
These words mean bolus. Fresh herbs / powders / fruits / cereals etc are used to make bolus of different varieties. This bolus is heated and used to induce sweating. Before coming to the procedural details, the preparation of a ''kizhi'' should be generally understood.
These words mean bolus. Fresh herbs / powders / fruits / cereals etc are used to make bolus of different varieties. This bolus is heated and used to induce sweating. Before coming to the procedural details, the preparation of a ''kizhi'' should be generally understood.
==== Preparation of ''Kizhi'' ====
Take cotton cloth of one square meter size and divide it into four equal square pieces. Place four square pieces of cloth (each four inch) at the center of each cloth. Put equal portion of prepared drug into four pieces. Hold the cloth by the four corners and make the drug into a bolus. Hold tightly at the junction. Leave the larger end of the cloth and fold the other three corners by inserting into the center. Using the large flap of cloth surround the folded ones neatly and tightly so that it is sufficient to hold. Tie the twine at the junction of handle and bolus. Wind this tightly with the free end of the twine and fasten the knot.
Take cotton cloth of one square meter size and divide it into four equal square pieces. Place four square pieces of cloth (each four inch) at the center of each cloth. Put equal portion of prepared drug into four pieces. Hold the cloth by the four corners and make the drug into a bolus. Hold tightly at the junction. Leave the larger end of the cloth and fold the other three corners by inserting into the center. Using the large flap of cloth surround the folded ones neatly and tightly so that it is sufficient to hold. Tie the twine at the junction of handle and bolus. Wind this tightly with the free end of the twine and fasten the knot.
''Kizhi'' once prepared is used upto a maximum of three days.
''Kizhi'' once prepared is used upto a maximum of three days.
==== Preparation of the patient ====
Medicated oil massage is done before ''pindasweda''. Oil is specially applied over the vertex, ears and the feet. The patient is comfortably placed on the ''droni'' (special wooden cot for administering treatment). Normally ''pindasweda'' is done in seven positions. These are sitting, supine, left lateral, again supine, right lateral, again supine and lastly sitting.
Medicated oil massage is done before ''pindasweda''. Oil is specially applied over the vertex, ears and the feet. The patient is comfortably placed on the ''droni'' (special wooden cot for administering treatment). Normally ''pindasweda'' is done in seven positions. These are sitting, supine, left lateral, again supine, right lateral, again supine and lastly sitting.
==== Application of ''kizhi'' ====
''Kizhi'' is heated on a metallic pot with or without using oil or any other liquid media (depends on clinical presentation). The heat is checked by the masseur himself and applied on the body of the patient. The pressure, direction of movement, rubbing etc are controlled by the experienced masseur while applying the ''kizhi'' according to the clinical condition as well as the body part.
''Kizhi'' is heated on a metallic pot with or without using oil or any other liquid media (depends on clinical presentation). The heat is checked by the masseur himself and applied on the body of the patient. The pressure, direction of movement, rubbing etc are controlled by the experienced masseur while applying the ''kizhi'' according to the clinical condition as well as the body part.
==== General Indications of ''swedana'' by ''kizhi'' ====
*As a part of seasonal rejuvenative therapy for healthy persons
*As a part of seasonal rejuvenative therapy for healthy persons
*General debility, fatigue and wasting
*General debility, fatigue and wasting
==== ''Dosha''-specific indications of ''kizhi'' ====
*''Kizhi'' is primarily administered in ''kapha-vata'' or isolated ''vata'' disorders.
*''Kizhi'' is primarily administered in ''kapha-vata'' or isolated ''vata'' disorders.
*Specific types / modifications of ''kizhi'' are administered in ''pitta / rakta'' disorders
*Specific types / modifications of ''kizhi'' are administered in ''pitta / rakta'' disorders
=== ''Prakriti'' & season specific indications of ''kizhi'' ===
*''Kizhi'' can be safely employed in ''kapha'' and ''vata''-predominant ''prakriti''
*''Kizhi'' can be safely employed in ''kapha'' and ''vata''-predominant ''prakriti''
*Major types of ''pinda sweda'' include ''patrapinda sweda, jambheera pinda sweda, choorna pindasweda'' and ''shashtikapinda sweda''
*Major types of ''pinda sweda'' include ''patrapinda sweda, jambheera pinda sweda, choorna pindasweda'' and ''shashtikapinda sweda''
==== ''Patrapottali sweda'' (sudation using bolus made of herbal leaves) ====
''Patrapotala sweda'' is a ''pindasweda'', which is a variety of ''ushma sweda'' (wet heat). It is one of the major sudation processes practiced in [[Ayurveda]].
''Patrapotala sweda'' is a ''pindasweda'', which is a variety of ''ushma sweda'' (wet heat). It is one of the major sudation processes practiced in [[Ayurveda]].
==== Materials required ====
Leaves of ''eranda'' (Ricinus communis), ''arka'' (Calotropis procera), ''sindhuvara'' (Vitex negundo), ''vataghni, amleeka'' (tamarindus indicus), ''shigru'' (Moringa olifera), ''karanja'' (Pongamia glabra), ''dhattura'' (Datura metel) etc – total 500 gm.
Leaves of ''eranda'' (Ricinus communis), ''arka'' (Calotropis procera), ''sindhuvara'' (Vitex negundo), ''vataghni, amleeka'' (tamarindus indicus), ''shigru'' (Moringa olifera), ''karanja'' (Pongamia glabra), ''dhattura'' (Datura metel) etc – total 500 gm.
|}
|}
==== Preparation of ''pottali'' ====
Take some oil in a frying pan. Place it on mild fire. Then add slices of lemon into it. When it becomes slightly fried, add the ''churna'' and stir it well. Then add grated coconut. When it turns into brown color add ''saindhava'' and stir it well. Then add the leaves (large leaves should be cut into small pieces) one by one. Thicker leaves should be added first then add the thinner one (for example add ''arka'' leaves first and tamarind leaves last) When it becomes well fried, take it out from fire, and divide it.
Take some oil in a frying pan. Place it on mild fire. Then add slices of lemon into it. When it becomes slightly fried, add the ''churna'' and stir it well. Then add grated coconut. When it turns into brown color add ''saindhava'' and stir it well. Then add the leaves (large leaves should be cut into small pieces) one by one. Thicker leaves should be added first then add the thinner one (for example add ''arka'' leaves first and tamarind leaves last) When it becomes well fried, take it out from fire, and divide it.
==== Procedure ====
Heat the ''pottali'' by dipping in the liquid medium. Heat it on a gentle fire and apply it as mentioned earlier in seven postures; 5-10 minutes in each posture. The duration of the procedure depends on the condition of patient. Do gentle massage all over the body and advise the patient to take rest it bed, in a non-windy room, cover the body with a thick blanket. After taking rest for about one hour, take bath in hot water. Water boiled with ''dhatri'' (Indian gooseberry) can be used for washing the head and that with ''vata'' alleviating leaves for body. Then apply ''rasanadi churna'' on vertex. Advice the patient to take hot ''peya'' (rice soup).
Heat the ''pottali'' by dipping in the liquid medium. Heat it on a gentle fire and apply it as mentioned earlier in seven postures; 5-10 minutes in each posture. The duration of the procedure depends on the condition of patient. Do gentle massage all over the body and advise the patient to take rest it bed, in a non-windy room, cover the body with a thick blanket. After taking rest for about one hour, take bath in hot water. Water boiled with ''dhatri'' (Indian gooseberry) can be used for washing the head and that with ''vata'' alleviating leaves for body. Then apply ''rasanadi churna'' on vertex. Advice the patient to take hot ''peya'' (rice soup).
==== Indications ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|}
|}
==== ''Jambeera pinda sweda'' (sudation using bolus made of lemon) ====
''Jambeera pinda sweda'' is a variety of ''ushma sweda'' (moist heat). It is a procedure which is neither too ''ruksha'' (dry) nor too ''snigdha'' (oily).
''Jambeera pinda sweda'' is a variety of ''ushma sweda'' (moist heat). It is a procedure which is neither too ''ruksha'' (dry) nor too ''snigdha'' (oily).
==== Materials required ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|}
|}
==== Preparation of medicine ====
Take half of quantity of above-mentioned drugs. Cut the lemon into 8 small pieces. Crush the garlic. Powder the other drugs and keep apart. First fry lemon and ''saindhava'' in a vessel containing very little oil, placed over mild fire. Add garlic when lemon turns brown color. Following this add powdered drugs and stir it well, till becomes well fried. Care should be taken not to burn the drug.
Take half of quantity of above-mentioned drugs. Cut the lemon into 8 small pieces. Crush the garlic. Powder the other drugs and keep apart. First fry lemon and ''saindhava'' in a vessel containing very little oil, placed over mild fire. Add garlic when lemon turns brown color. Following this add powdered drugs and stir it well, till becomes well fried. Care should be taken not to burn the drug.
Remove from fire and make ''pottali'' as mentioned before.
Remove from fire and make ''pottali'' as mentioned before.
==== Preparation of the patient & Procedure ====
(As mentioned in the general ''sweda'' procedure) After completion of the process apply ''rasnadi churna'' on the vertex of patient. Ask the patient to take rest in a non-windy room with his body covered using a thick blanket for about one hour. After the rest period advise the patient to perform bath using warm water. Wash the head using cooled water medicated with ''amalaki''. Body can be washed with medicated water according to the disease of the patient. ''Peya'' is ideal diet during this process. This helps to replace the water content lost due to the process of ''sweda'' (perspiration).
(As mentioned in the general ''sweda'' procedure) After completion of the process apply ''rasnadi churna'' on the vertex of patient. Ask the patient to take rest in a non-windy room with his body covered using a thick blanket for about one hour. After the rest period advise the patient to perform bath using warm water. Wash the head using cooled water medicated with ''amalaki''. Body can be washed with medicated water according to the disease of the patient. ''Peya'' is ideal diet during this process. This helps to replace the water content lost due to the process of ''sweda'' (perspiration).
==== Indications ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|}
|}
==== Specific care ====
Skin rash is a common complication observed in hairy individuals. Excess friction may be the reason. Castor oil may be used along with neem oil to reduce the friction.
Skin rash is a common complication observed in hairy individuals. Excess friction may be the reason. Castor oil may be used along with neem oil to reduce the friction.
==== ''Churna pinda sweda'' (Sudation using bolus made of herbal powders) ====
''Churna pinda sweda'' is a ''rukshana'' (de-oleation) procedure practiced in ''vata-kapha'' conditions. Generally, it is done without adding oil. Internal oleation is not done as preparatory procedure of ''churna pinda sweda''
''Churna pinda sweda'' is a ''rukshana'' (de-oleation) procedure practiced in ''vata-kapha'' conditions. Generally, it is done without adding oil. Internal oleation is not done as preparatory procedure of ''churna pinda sweda''
==== Material required ====
Fine powders of the following herbs:
Fine powders of the following herbs:
|}
|}
==== Preparation of ''pottali'' ====
Fry the drugs in a frying pan placed over gentle fire. Care should be taken not to burn the drugs. When they become crispy, make four ''pottalis'' as described in the introduction.
Fry the drugs in a frying pan placed over gentle fire. Care should be taken not to burn the drugs. When they become crispy, make four ''pottalis'' as described in the introduction.
==== Procedure ====
Heat the ''pottali'' by dipping in the ''dravadravya''. Heat it on a gentle fire and apply it as mentioned earlier in seven postures. After completion of the procedure do gentle massage all over the body for a few minutes and cover the patient with a blanket and allow him to take rest for about one hour. After the rest instruct him to take bath with hot water for body and water medicated with dry Indian gooseberry for head. Apply ''raasnadi churna'' on head and allow taking light food.
Heat the ''pottali'' by dipping in the ''dravadravya''. Heat it on a gentle fire and apply it as mentioned earlier in seven postures. After completion of the procedure do gentle massage all over the body for a few minutes and cover the patient with a blanket and allow him to take rest for about one hour. After the rest instruct him to take bath with hot water for body and water medicated with dry Indian gooseberry for head. Apply ''raasnadi churna'' on head and allow taking light food.
==== Indications ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|}
|}
==== Special care ====
Each time before the application of the ''kizhi'' temperature should be checked to avoid burning of skin. Cloth for making the ''pottali'' should be strong so that it may not tear during procedure.
Each time before the application of the ''kizhi'' temperature should be checked to avoid burning of skin. Cloth for making the ''pottali'' should be strong so that it may not tear during procedure.
==== ''Shashtika pinda sweda'' (sudation using bolus made of ''shashtika'' rice) ====
It is a variety of ''pindasweda'' in which ''shashtika, shali'' (a special variety of rice with medicinal value which is cropped in just 60 days) processed in ''kwatha'' (decoction) and milk is used for ''swedana''. It is well known in Kerala as ''nhavara kizhi''. As it provides ''swedana'' (sudation), ''snehana'' (oleation) and ''brimhana'' (anabolic quality) simultaneously it is widely used in ''vata'' vitiated conditions. As it possesses inherent cool property and it is also advised moderately vitiated ''pitta''.
It is a variety of ''pindasweda'' in which ''shashtika, shali'' (a special variety of rice with medicinal value which is cropped in just 60 days) processed in ''kwatha'' (decoction) and milk is used for ''swedana''. It is well known in Kerala as ''nhavara kizhi''. As it provides ''swedana'' (sudation), ''snehana'' (oleation) and ''brimhana'' (anabolic quality) simultaneously it is widely used in ''vata'' vitiated conditions. As it possesses inherent cool property and it is also advised moderately vitiated ''pitta''.
==== Materials required ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|}
|}
==== Preparation of medicine ====
Preparation of ''kwatha'' (decoction):
Preparation of ''kwatha'' (decoction):
Take 200 gm of crushed ''balamoola'' in an earthen pot. Add 3 liters of water to it. Put it in mild fire and reduce to half to get 1.5 liter decoction.
Take 200 gm of crushed ''balamoola'' in an earthen pot. Add 3 liters of water to it. Put it in mild fire and reduce to half to get 1.5 liter decoction.
==== Preparation of ''shashtika'' ====
Take 200g ''shashtika'' rice in a vessel. Add 750 ml ''bala'' decoction and 750 ml of milk to it. Keep the vessel mild fire until the rice gets cooked well to a semi-solid consistency.
Take 200g ''shashtika'' rice in a vessel. Add 750 ml ''bala'' decoction and 750 ml of milk to it. Keep the vessel mild fire until the rice gets cooked well to a semi-solid consistency.
==== Preparation of ''pottali'' ====
Divide the cooked rice into four equal parts. Prepare four ''pottali'' as mentioned earlier.
Divide the cooked rice into four equal parts. Prepare four ''pottali'' as mentioned earlier.
==== Procedure ====
Ask the patient to sit in the ''droni'' in leg stretched position. Apply oil on head and body. Do gentle massage for few minutes. Take the remaining 750 ml ''kwatha'' in a wide mouthed vessel. Dip the ''pottali'' in the mixture. Heat the vessel in mild fire. Take heated ''pottali'' form the vessel. Check the temperature and apply it over the body as mentioned earlier. The process is done in seven postures. While doing the process apply pressure on the ''pottali'' so that the contents will come out through the cloth. Soon after completing the procedure wipe-out the remaining ''shashtika'' from the body using the coconut leaves. Warm medicated oil is applied on the body. Cover the patient with a thick blanket and advised rest for one hour.
Ask the patient to sit in the ''droni'' in leg stretched position. Apply oil on head and body. Do gentle massage for few minutes. Take the remaining 750 ml ''kwatha'' in a wide mouthed vessel. Dip the ''pottali'' in the mixture. Heat the vessel in mild fire. Take heated ''pottali'' form the vessel. Check the temperature and apply it over the body as mentioned earlier. The process is done in seven postures. While doing the process apply pressure on the ''pottali'' so that the contents will come out through the cloth. Soon after completing the procedure wipe-out the remaining ''shashtika'' from the body using the coconut leaves. Warm medicated oil is applied on the body. Cover the patient with a thick blanket and advised rest for one hour.
==== Indications ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|}
|}
==== Special care ====
As soon as the process is completed, the remnants of the rice are wiped out to prevent cooling and massage with hot oil is carried out. The patient is covered with a thick blanket so that temperature loss can be prevented.
As soon as the process is completed, the remnants of the rice are wiped out to prevent cooling and massage with hot oil is carried out. The patient is covered with a thick blanket so that temperature loss can be prevented.
==== ''Ksheera dhuma'' (fomentation by steam of medicated milk) ====
''Ksheera dhuma'' is a popular ''nadisweda'' that is therapeutically very effective in the case of facial palsy. ''Ksheera dhuma'' is a modified ''swedana'' procedure. It is found to be effective especially in diseases pertaining to ''udradhavanga'' (upper part of body specifically head and neck region).
''Ksheera dhuma'' is a popular ''nadisweda'' that is therapeutically very effective in the case of facial palsy. ''Ksheera dhuma'' is a modified ''swedana'' procedure. It is found to be effective especially in diseases pertaining to ''udradhavanga'' (upper part of body specifically head and neck region).
==== Materials required ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|}
|}
==== Preparation of medicine ====
Take 100 gm of ''balaamoola'' and add 1.5 liter of water to it. Heat it in a mild fire and reduce to get half-litre ''kashaya''. Take the prepared ''kashaya'' along with half-liter milk in the pressure cooker. Place the cooker over stove and fit one end of the rubber tube to the nozzle of the cooker.
Take 100 gm of ''balaamoola'' and add 1.5 liter of water to it. Heat it in a mild fire and reduce to get half-litre ''kashaya''. Take the prepared ''kashaya'' along with half-liter milk in the pressure cooker. Place the cooker over stove and fit one end of the rubber tube to the nozzle of the cooker.
==== Preparation of the patient ====
After satisfying the natural urges bring the patient to treatment room. Heat the medicated oil and apply over vertex, face, neck and shoulder. Do massage in upward direction for a short while. Take 2-3 petals of lotus and place them over both eyes. Take two cotton pads and dip them in cold water. Put them over the petals. Now tie the eyes using bandage cloth.
After satisfying the natural urges bring the patient to treatment room. Heat the medicated oil and apply over vertex, face, neck and shoulder. Do massage in upward direction for a short while. Take 2-3 petals of lotus and place them over both eyes. Take two cotton pads and dip them in cold water. Put them over the petals. Now tie the eyes using bandage cloth.
==== Procedure ====
Ask the patient to sit comfortably on a stool. Cover the body with blanket. After attaining the vapors, take the free end of rubber tube, direct the vapor toward the oleated areas. Continue till sweat appears on the nose, forehead etc. Care should be taken to prevent scalding. During the procedure ask the patient to open his mouth wide, protrude his tongue and inhale deeply. After process remove the blanket, towel, cotton, and lotus petals and wipe out the excessive ''sweda'' with soft cloth. Apply ''rasnadi churna'' over the vertex of the head. Allow the patient to got to bed and take rest.
Ask the patient to sit comfortably on a stool. Cover the body with blanket. After attaining the vapors, take the free end of rubber tube, direct the vapor toward the oleated areas. Continue till sweat appears on the nose, forehead etc. Care should be taken to prevent scalding. During the procedure ask the patient to open his mouth wide, protrude his tongue and inhale deeply. After process remove the blanket, towel, cotton, and lotus petals and wipe out the excessive ''sweda'' with soft cloth. Apply ''rasnadi churna'' over the vertex of the head. Allow the patient to got to bed and take rest.
==== Indications ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
''Avagaaha'' is a commonly used ''swedana'' which is a variant of ''drava sweda''. Here the patient is made to sit in a tub filled with decoction, ''dhaayaamla'', oil etc. It is found to be very effective in correcting vitiated ''apana vayu''.
''Avagaaha'' is a commonly used ''swedana'' which is a variant of ''drava sweda''. Here the patient is made to sit in a tub filled with decoction, ''dhaayaamla'', oil etc. It is found to be very effective in correcting vitiated ''apana vayu''.
==== Materials required ====
Water as required
Water as required
Take required amount of water. Boil it after adding the above mentioned drugs. Filter it when it is well boiled.
Take required amount of water. Boil it after adding the above mentioned drugs. Filter it when it is well boiled.
==== Preparation of patient ====
Do whole body massage with moderately heated medicated oil.
Do whole body massage with moderately heated medicated oil.
==== Procedure ====
Ask the patient to sit in the tub containing medicated lukewarm water. The level of water should be up to the level of the navel of the patient. Cover the body of the patient with a blanket. Maintain the temperature by replacing the cold water with warm water frequently. The patient made to sit for about 45 minutes. After completion of the process apply ''raasnaadi churna'' on the vertex.
Ask the patient to sit in the tub containing medicated lukewarm water. The level of water should be up to the level of the navel of the patient. Cover the body of the patient with a blanket. Maintain the temperature by replacing the cold water with warm water frequently. The patient made to sit for about 45 minutes. After completion of the process apply ''raasnaadi churna'' on the vertex.
Wipe the body using a dry towel. Allow the patient to take rest in a non windy room with his body covered, for about one hour. Then ask the patient to take bath in lukewarm water. In case of generalized diseases like motor neuron disease, Parkinson’s etc. whole body should be immersed in the medicated water or ''dhaanyaamla''.
Wipe the body using a dry towel. Allow the patient to take rest in a non windy room with his body covered, for about one hour. Then ask the patient to take bath in lukewarm water. In case of generalized diseases like motor neuron disease, Parkinson’s etc. whole body should be immersed in the medicated water or ''dhaanyaamla''.
==== Indications ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Another study reported that infrared radiation application was more effective than hot water fomentation in minimizing the level of pain among patients with osteoarthritis of the knee <ref name="ref3">.
Another study reported that infrared radiation application was more effective than hot water fomentation in minimizing the level of pain among patients with osteoarthritis of the knee <ref name="ref3">.
==== ''Pizhicchil'' ====
''Pizhiccil'' is a process that includes both ''snehana'' and ''swedana''. In this warmed ''taila dhaara'' is done along with simple massage. It can be included under ''drava sweda''.
''Pizhiccil'' is a process that includes both ''snehana'' and ''swedana''. In this warmed ''taila dhaara'' is done along with simple massage. It can be included under ''drava sweda''.
==== Materials required (for 7 days) ====
{| class = "wikitable
{| class = "wikitable
|-
|-
|}
|}
==== Preparation of patient ====
After satisfying natural urges, make the patient sit in the ''droni''. Apply little ''taila'' on the vertex. Do ''karna abhyanga'' and ''pada abhyanga'' with the same oil. Perform ''abhyanga'' all over his body with medicated oil for a few minutes. A band of cloth is tied over forehead.
After satisfying natural urges, make the patient sit in the ''droni''. Apply little ''taila'' on the vertex. Do ''karna abhyanga'' and ''pada abhyanga'' with the same oil. Perform ''abhyanga'' all over his body with medicated oil for a few minutes. A band of cloth is tied over forehead.
==== Preparation of medicine ====
Heat half the quantity of the ''taila'' (2.5 litre) on gentle fire and pour this to another two vessels placed on either sides of the ''droni''. Then check the temperature of oil. Divide the cloth into 4 pieces measuring 1.5 sq.feet each.
Heat half the quantity of the ''taila'' (2.5 litre) on gentle fire and pour this to another two vessels placed on either sides of the ''droni''. Then check the temperature of oil. Divide the cloth into 4 pieces measuring 1.5 sq.feet each.
==== Procedure ====
Duration: 45 – 90 minutes for 7 – 14 days.
Duration: 45 – 90 minutes for 7 – 14 days.
Temperature of ''taila'' should be checked each time, to avoid burning of skin.
Temperature of ''taila'' should be checked each time, to avoid burning of skin.
==== Complications ====
If height of ''dhara'' is increased or decreased or if done with more speed or for long time many complications can occur. They include burning sensation, rashes on body, giddiness, weakness of body, joint pain, vomiting, fever etc.
If height of ''dhara'' is increased or decreased or if done with more speed or for long time many complications can occur. They include burning sensation, rashes on body, giddiness, weakness of body, joint pain, vomiting, fever etc.
==== Indications ====
Neurological problems, ankylosing spondilitis, rheumatoid arthritis, chorea etc.
Neurological problems, ankylosing spondilitis, rheumatoid arthritis, chorea etc.
==== ''Dhanyamla dhara'' ====
''Dhanyamla dhara'' is another type of ''parisheka''. The word ''dhanyamla'' means that which is fermented from ''dhanya''. In this procedure ''dhara'' is performed using ''dhanyamla''. This procedure is a type of ''rukshana karma'' also it comes under ''dravasweda''.
''Dhanyamla dhara'' is another type of ''parisheka''. The word ''dhanyamla'' means that which is fermented from ''dhanya''. In this procedure ''dhara'' is performed using ''dhanyamla''. This procedure is a type of ''rukshana karma'' also it comes under ''dravasweda''.
==== Materials required ====
{| class = "wikitable"
{| class = "wikitable"
|}
|}
==== Preparation of patient ====
As common procedure of ''dhara''.
As common procedure of ''dhara''.
==== Procedure ====
As common procedure of ''dhara''.
As common procedure of ''dhara''.
==== Indications ====
''Vatashonita, amavata, sarvangadaha''.
''Vatashonita, amavata, sarvangadaha''.
==== Practical tips ====
Cover body with a thick blanket to maintain body temperature.
Cover body with a thick blanket to maintain body temperature.
After proper ''swedana'' person is equally exhausted as after doing moderate to severe exercise (increased sweating, fatigue etc). Hence if a person indulges in ''vyayama'' after ''swedana'' it results in ''atiswedana'' or ''ativyayama''.
After proper ''swedana'' person is equally exhausted as after doing moderate to severe exercise (increased sweating, fatigue etc). Hence if a person indulges in ''vyayama'' after ''swedana'' it results in ''atiswedana'' or ''ativyayama''.
== References ==
<div id="BackToTop" class="noprint" style="background-color:#DDEFDD; position:fixed;
<div id="BackToTop" class="noprint" style="background-color:#DDEFDD; position:fixed;