Musta
| Section/Chapter | Herb database/Musta |
|---|---|
| Botanical name(s) | Cyperus rotundus L |
| Family | Cyperaceae |
| Availability | Available |
| Team Dravyaguna | |
| Year of publication | 2026 |
| Publisher | Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre |
| DOI | Awaited |
Cyperus rotundus, commonly known as musta (मुस्ता), mustaka, or nut grass, is a perennial sedge native to Africa, southern and central Europe, and southern Asia. While widely categorized as an invasive agricultural weed, the rhizomes and tubers of C. rotundus have been utilized for centuries in traditional medicine systems, including Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).[1][2]
In traditional medicine, it is primarily indicated for gastrointestinal disorders, fevers, inflammatory conditions, and gynecological irregularities.[1] Modern pharmacological research has investigated these traditional claims, identifying a wide array of bioactive compounds and validating its efficacy in gastrointestinal stability, inflammation management, gastroprotection, and specific dermatological applications.[2][3]
Therapeutic uses
Agnimandya,Ajeerna(indigestion), trushna(thirst), Jwara(fever), sangrahani , shwasa(dyspnea), kasa(cough), mutrakruccha(dysuria), stanyavikara(breast milk disease), sutikaroga, atisara(diarrhea), amavata(rhematoid arthitis), krumiroga(worms).[4]
Synonyms in Charak Samhitas
Musta, Ghana, Mustaka, Gundra, Bhadramusta, Nagaramusta, Krodakaseruka, Vanya, Varidanadakam(musta grows near water resources), Kuruvinda, Nalad
Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu- gundra
Varieties
Raja Nighantu
Mentioned 2 types[5]
- Musta
- Nagaramusta
Ayurvedic pharmacological properties
| Sr.no. | Pharmacological criteria | Properties |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Taste (rasa) | Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya) |
| 2 | Potency (veerya) | Cold (sheeta) |
| 3 | Post digestion effect (vipaka) | Pungent (katu) |
| 4 | Qualities (guna) | Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha) |
| 5 | Actions (karma) | Pacify Kapha and Pitta |
Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions
| Sr.no. | Reference in Charak Samhita | Activity |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 3/5 | Siddhatama churna pradeha |
| 2 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(3) | Lekhaniya(emaciating) mahakashaya |
| 3 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(11) | Truptighna (anti-satiety) mahakashaya |
| 4 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(14) | Kandughna(anti-pruritic/itching) mahakashaya |
| 5 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(18) | Stanyashodhana (galacto-purifiers) mahakashaya |
| 6 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(29) | Trishna nigrahana (reducing thirst)mahakashaya |
| 7 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/22 | Dhuma varti dravya(therapeutic inhalation for prevention of disease) |
| 8 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/64 | 2.Anu taila dravya |
| 9 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/22 | Management of obesity |
| 10 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 23/10 | Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa(Treatment of Over-nutrition disease) |
| 11 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 23/12 | Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa(Treatment of Over-nutrition disease) |
| 12 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/40 | Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions) |
| 13 | Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/135 | Vamana dravyani(medicines used in therapeutic emesis) |
| 14 | Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/32 | Garbha shalya chikitsa |
| 15 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/16 | Preparations of Trivrut |
| 16 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/46 | Vyoshadi Modaka |
| 17 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/52 | preparation of Trivrittadi Modak |
| 18 | Cha.SaKalpa Sthana 7/57 | Sharadkalina Trivrut Yoga |
| 19 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/61 | Sarvaritu Trivrut Yoga |
| 20 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 1/1/58 | In formulation of dwitiya Brahma rasayana |
| 21 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/145 | When patient is suffering with Pipasa in Jwara as an ingredient of Shadanga paniya, used as shruta sheeta jala |
| 22 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/197,198 | Used as kwath(decoction) or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwara,aruchi and mukhavairasya |
| 23 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/201,202 | Used as Satat, anyedyushka and chaturthaka jwara |
| 24 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/205 | As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya |
| 25 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/206 | As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya |
| 26 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/207 | Used in Vibaddha Dosha (adhered to dhatus) |
| 27 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/210 | As an ingredient of Bruhtyadi kashaya for Sannipata jwara |
| 28 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/219 | As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita |
| 29 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/223 | As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita for Jeerna jwara |
| 30 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/224 | As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita |
| 31 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/243 | Used as Kalka in formulation of Patoladi niruha basti |
| 32 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/246 | Used as kalka in formulation of Aargvadhadi niruha basti |
| 33 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/248 | Used as Kalka niruha basti |
| 34 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/258 | As an ingredient of Chandanadya taila |
| 35 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/343 | Used in Punaravrtaka jwara as an ingredient of Kirattiktadi kwatha |
| 36 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/31 | When patient is suffering with trusha(excessive thirst) as an ingredient of hriberadi paniya |
| 37 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/45 | In Yavagu Prayoga (Medicated gruels ) |
| 38 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/60 | As a vamana(emesis) dravya |
| 39 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/71 | As an ingredient of lehya yoga |
| 40 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/74 | As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna |
| 41 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/78 | Raktapitta-shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta |
| 42 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/81 | As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya |
| 43 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/119 | Ingredient in Trayamanadya Ghrit for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps) |
| 44 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/26 | Sarva Prameha nashak yoga |
| 45 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/27 | Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes) |
| 46 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/30 | Used for making decoction in Pittaja prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes) |
| 47 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/32 | Used for making decoction in Pittaja prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes) |
| 48 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/3 | Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaja prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes) |
| 49 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/40 | Ingredient in Phalatrikadi Kvath |
| 50 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/46 | As Asthapan Basti dravya(enema) |
| 51 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/65 | Ingredient in Mustadi Churna |
| 52 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/77 | Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta |
| 53 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/91 | Ingredient in Sidhdharthak snana and Lepa
Abhyantar and Bahya-shodhanarth |
| 54 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/102 | Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushtha(skin disease) |
| 55 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/113 | Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Tail |
| 56 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/142 | Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrit |
| 57 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/144 | Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita |
| 58 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/137 | As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanarth |
| 59 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/46 | Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti |
| 60 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/48 | Ingredient in Mustadi varti |
| 61 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/16 | As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshina(ematiation) |
| 62 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/23 | In treatment of Vataj Shvayathu(oedema) |
| 63 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/41 | Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna |
| 64 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/43 | Ingredient in Kshara Gudika |
| 65 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/65 | For Lepa(external application), Abhyangadi Bahyaprayogarth |
| 66 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/71 | As a Lepa(external application) dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu |
| 67 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/159 | In formulation of pipplyadi lavana |
| 68 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/98 | Kalka of this drug is used for aampachan( with usnodaka) |
| 69 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/99 | Churna of this drug with combination of vaca,ativisa, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala |
| 70 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/126 | As an ingredient of Chandanadhya ghrita |
| 71 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/129 | As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna |
| 72 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/132 | This drug is used in treatment of pittaja grahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna |
| 73 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/138 | As an ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa) |
| 74 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/158 | As an ingredient of Mulasava |
| 75 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/188 | Used in preparation of Panchama Kshara |
| 76 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/60 | As an ingredient of Vishaladi Phanta |
| 77 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/47 | As an ingredient of Katukadya Ghrita |
| 78 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/70 | As an ingredient of Navayasa Loha |
| 79 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/73 | As an ingredient of Mandura Vataka |
| 80 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/94 | As an ingredient of Punarnava Mandura |
| 81 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/103 | As an ingredient of Mandura Vataka |
| 82 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/119 | As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Ghrita |
| 83 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/87 | As an ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka |
| 84 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/123 | As an ingredient of shatyadi churna |
| 85 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/51 | As an ingredient of dusparshadi leha |
| 86 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/69 | As an ingredient of manahshiladi dhuma |
| 87 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/87 | As an ingredient of leha in pittaja kasa |
| 88 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/92 | As an ingredient of twakadi leha |
| 89 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/112 | As an ingredient of katphaladi kwatha |
| 90 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/114 | As an ingredient of pathadi kalka |
| 91 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/118 | As a yoga dravya. |
| 92 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/118 | As a yoga dravya. |
| 93 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/120 | As a yoga dravya. |
| 94 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/121 | As a yoga dravya. |
| 95 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/163 | As an ingredient of kashmaryadi ghrita |
| 96 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/176 | As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha |
| 97 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/120 | As a yoga dravya. |
| 98 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/20 | As a pramathya dravya |
| 99 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/22 | As a ama pachaka dravya |
| 100 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/50 | As a pana dravya |
| 101 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/52 | As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara |
| 102 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/104 | As a kwatha dravya |
| 103 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/38 | As an ingredient of Kaphaja chhardihara yoga |
| 104 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/54 | For kashaya pana |
| 105 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/88 | For pradeha(external application) prayoga in Kaphaja visarpa |
| 106 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/130 | Used in granthi visarpa.(acute spreading erysepalas) |
| 107 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/74 | As an ingredient of Kaliyadi pralepa |
| 108 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/77 | As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada |
| 109 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/77 | As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada |
| 110 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/145 | Used as swarasa where pittaja madatyaya is associated with sarakta kasa, Parshvashoola, Stanashoola, Daaha & Hradayotkleda |
| 111 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/150 | Used as sheeta kashaya in Trushna |
| 112 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/166 | Used for doshapachana in kaphaja madatyaya |
| 113 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/190 | As an ingredient of Tejohvadi churna |
| 114 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/198 | As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna |
| 115 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/201 | As an ingredient of Katukadi kashaya |
| 116 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/208 | As an ingredient ofKhadiradi gutika |
| 117 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/226 | As an ingredient of Kshara taila |
| 118 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/235 | Used in Kaphaja netra roga |
| 119 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/239 | Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aashchotana karma |
| 120 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/113 | As an ingredient of Mustadi upanaha |
| 121 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/151 | As an ingredient of Bala taila |
| 122 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/161 | As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila |
| 123 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/51 | Used as Yoosha. |
| 124 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/136 | Used as Upanaha dravya in Vataja vatarakta |
Dose
- 3-6 gm powder
- 20-30 ml kwatha[6]
Important formulation
As per A.P.I.[7]
- Mustakarista
- Mustakadi kwatha
- Ashokarishta
- Mustakadi churna
- Mustakadi lehya
- Dhanyapanchaka kwatha
- Piyusavalli rasa
- Mahalakshadi taila
- Sadangapaniya
Current availability
Available
Current researches
Phytochemistry
Phytochemical evaluations have isolated more than 550 distinct secondary metabolites from the rhizomes of C. rotundus.[2] The primary bioactive fractions driving its therapeutic efficacy include:
- Sesquiterpenes and essential oils: The characteristic woody aroma and primary anti-inflammatory activities are attributed to volatile compounds, including cyperene, cyperotundone, rotundone, alpha-cyperone, and patchoulenone.[1][2]
- Phenolics and flavonoids: The plant contains significant reserves of polyphenols, flavonol glycosides, and specific stilbenes, such as scirpusin A and B, which contribute to its antioxidant profile.[3]
- Other constituents: The tubers also yield monoterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phytosterols, such as beta-sitosterol.[2][3]
Medical research and efficacy
Gastrointestinal effects
In Ayurvedic pharmacology, C. rotundus is classified as a digestive stimulant (Deepana) and carminative (Pachana). Modern in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that the plant exhibits antidiarrheal and antimicrobial properties through non-bactericidal mechanisms.[8] Research demonstrates that a crude decoction of the tubers significantly inhibits the proliferation of the protozoan Giardia lamblia.[8] Furthermore, the extract reduces the adherence and invasive capabilities of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri to intestinal epithelial cells, while concurrently neutralizing enterotoxin-induced cytotoxicity.[8]
Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activity
Preclinical models have validated the traditional use of C. rotundus in treating painful and febrile inflammatory states. In animal models of carrageenan-induced paw edema, ethanolic extracts of the rhizomes demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity comparable to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin.[3] Additionally, alcoholic extracts have shown significant antipyretic action in yeast-induced pyrexia models, achieving body temperature reductions statistically similar to aspirin.[3] These effects are primarily mediated by the essential oil and sesquiterpenoid fractions interacting with nociceptive and inflammatory pathways.[2]
Gastroprotective mechanisms
Unlike synthetic NSAIDs, which frequently compromise gastric mucosal integrity, C. rotundus has demonstrated gastroprotective qualities.[9] In vivo evaluations using 70% methanolic extracts showed a dose-dependent prevention of aspirin-induced gastric ulceration.[9] The mechanism is associated with a significant upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes—specifically superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)—alongside a marked reduction in tissue lipid peroxidation.[9]
Dermatological applications
Clinical trials have explored the anti-androgenic potential of C. rotundus essential oil for topical applications in dermatology.
- Hair reduction: Due to the anti-androgenic activity of its constituent flavonoids, topical application of the essential oil has been investigated as a method for reducing unwanted body hair.[10] In a randomized controlled trial comparing the oil against Alexandrite laser epilation and placebos, the topical C. rotundus oil achieved hair reduction results statistically equivalent to laser treatment for dark hair, while significantly outperforming laser therapy on white hair without adverse effects.[10]
- Post-laser recovery: Additional clinical evidence indicates that the topical application of C. rotundus essential oil effectively mitigates post-laser skin irritation and erythema (redness), demonstrating a healing profile comparable to 1% hydrocortisone cream.[11]
Toxicology and safety
Toxicological evaluations indicate that C. rotundus possesses a favorable safety profile when prepared in standard therapeutic dosages.[1] Acute and chronic toxicity studies in animal models have shown no evidence of genotoxicity or significant systemic organ toxicity, corroborating its long history of clinical use in traditional medicine.[1][2]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Peerzada, A. M.; Ali, H. H.; Naeem, M. (2015). "Cyperus rotundus L.: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 174: 540–560. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.012.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Xue, B.-X.; He, R.-S.; Lai, J.-X. (2023). "Phytochemistry, data mining, pharmacology, toxicology and the analytical methods of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae): a comprehensive review". Phytochemistry Reviews. 22 (5): 1353–1398. doi:10.1007/s11101-023-09870-3.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Kamala, A.; Middha, S. K.; Karigar, C. S. (2018). "Plants in traditional medicine with special reference to Cyperus rotundus L.: a review". 3 Biotech. 8 (5): 257. PMC 5924404 Freely accessible. PMID 29740536. doi:10.1007/s13205-018-1328-6.
- ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 5:55
- ↑ Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga 140,143
- ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 5:55
- ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 5:55
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Birdi, T. J.; Daswani, P. G.; Brijesh, S.; Tetali, P. (2011). "Studies on the activity of Cyperus rotundus Linn. tubers against infectious diarrhea". Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 43 (3): 340–344. PMC 3113391 Freely accessible. PMID 21713042. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.81502.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Thomas, D.; Govindhan, S.; Baiju, E. C. C. (2015). "Cyperus rotundus L. prevents non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric mucosal damage by inhibiting oxidative stress". Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. 26 (5): 485–490. PMID 25803212. doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2014-0093.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Mohammed, G. F. A. E.-K. (2014). "Topical Cyperus rotundus Oil: A new therapeutic modality with comparable efficacy to Alexandrite laser photo-epilation". Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 34 (2): 298–305. PMID 24488741. doi:10.1177/1090820x13518801.
- ↑ Mohammed, G. F. (2021). "The effectiveness of Cyperus rotundus essential oil in reducing the side effects of laser hair removal". Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 21 (4): 1501–1505. PMID 34310860 Check
|pmid=value (help). doi:10.1111/jocd.14301.
External links
IMPPAT database https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Cyperus%20rotundus