Talk:Kashmarya
| Section/Chapter | Herb database/Kashmarya |
|---|---|
| Botanical name(s) | Gmelina arborea L. |
| Family | Verbenaceae |
| Availability | Available |
| Contributors | Team Dravyaguna |
| Year of publication | 2026 |
| Publisher | Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre |
| DOI | -- |
Gmelina arborea L. (commonly known as Kashmarya, Gambhari, Candhar tree, comb teak, or Kashmiri tree) is a deciduous tree native to South and Southeast Asia. It is widely recognized in Ayurveda for its extensive therapeutic applications, particularly in pacifying Vata and Pitta doshas, supporting rejuvenative therapies (Rasayana), and treating inflammatory and toxic conditions.
English name
Candhar tree, comb teak, Kashmiri tree
Therapeutic Uses
Sotha (swelling), daha (burning sensation), jwara (fever), trushna (thirst), arsha (hemorrhoids)[1]
Other Varieties / Other Botanical names
- Gmelina asiatica L.
- Premna arborea Roxb.
Botanical Profile & Traditional Context
In traditional medicine, Kashmarya is classified as a Rasayana (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance Vata and Pitta doshas. Its historical indications include inflammatory conditions, burning sensations, bleeding disorders, and urinary ailments.
Synonyms in Charak Samhita
Kashmarya, Gambhari, Bhadraparni (leaves of gambhari are beautiful), Shriparni (beautiful leaves), Madhuparnika.
Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu
Kashmiri, hira, pitarohini (bark is yellow in colour), krushnavrunta (leaf has got blackish petiole)[2]
Ayurvedic pharmacological properties
| Sr.no. | Pharmacological criteria | Properties |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Taste (rasa) | Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura) |
| 2 | Potency (veerya) | Hot (ushna) |
| 3 | Post digestion effect (vipaka) | Pungent (katu) |
| 4 | Qualities (guna) | Heavy (guru) |
| 5 | Actions (karma) | Pacify vata, pitta and kapha |
Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions
| Sr.no. | Reference in Charak Samhita | Activity |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/11 | Asthapana |
| 2 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(24) | Virechanopagmahakashaya (helping purgation) |
| 3 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(38) | Shwayathuharamahakashaya (relieving oedema) |
| 4 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(41) | Dahaprashamanamahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation) |
| 5 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/24 | Management of obesity |
| 6 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/40 | Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions) |
| 7 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/135 | Phala Varga (class of fruits) |
| 8 | Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/29 | Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa |
| 9 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/20 | Preparations of Trivritta |
| 10 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/30 | Preparations of Trivritta Awaleha |
| 11 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/206 | As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya |
| 12 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/253 | As an ingredient of Chandanadi snehabasti (unctuous enema) |
| 13 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/258 | As an ingredient of Chandanadi taila |
| 14 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 | As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila |
| 15 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/39 | As pathya ahara (wholesome diet) |
| 16 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/67 | To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita |
| 17 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/149 | Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha |
| 18 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/52 | Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita |
| 19 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/18 | Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita |
| 20 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/29 | Ingredient in Vata-pittaj Apasmar nashak Ghrita |
| 21 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/44 | Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi Ghrita |
| 22 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/32 | Ingredient in AshtashatorishtA |
| 23 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/50 | Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh |
| 24 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/67 | As a Snan dravya for Bahyaprayogarth (external application) |
| 25 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/65 | In treatment of vatodara for anuvasan basti |
| 26 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/113 | As an ingredient of panchkolaghrita |
| 27 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/117 | As an ingredient of yavadi ghrita |
| 28 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/109 | In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka) |
| 29 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/144 | As an ingredient of dantyarista |
| 30 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/202 | Dadhisara yoga is used in raktarsha |
| 31 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/82 | As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita |
| 32 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/88 | As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna |
| 33 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/156 | As an ingredient of Mulasava |
| 34 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/102 | Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa |
| 35 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/105 | Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa. |
| 36 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/140 | As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita |
| 37 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/151 | Use as a mrudu sodhana |
| 38 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/39 | As a ghrita dravya |
| 39 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/83 | Use for vaman in treatment of pittaja kasa |
| 40 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/163 | As an ingredient of kasmaryadi ghrita |
| 41 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/197 | Used in the treatment of Mandali sarpa damsha |
| 42 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/129 | Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula |
| 43 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/87 | As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita |
| 44 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/168 | As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita |
| 45 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/272 | As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila |
| 46 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/96 | Used in the treatment of Garbhashaya–gata vata |
| 47 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/120 | As an ingredient of Dashamuladi ghrita |
| 48 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/59 | Bhavana dravya of Parushaka Ghrita |
| 49 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/64 | As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita |
| 50 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/76 | As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila |
| 51 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/85 | As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma |
| 52 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/97,98 | As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila |
| 53 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/105 | As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila |
| 54 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/112 | As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila |
| 55 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/115 | As an ingredient of Shatapaka madhuka taila |
| 56 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/52 | As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni |
| 57 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/100 | Used in the treatment of Raktaja yoni, Arajaska, Putraghni |
Dose
- 20-30 gm of drug for decoction[1]
Important formulation
As per A.P.I.[1]
- Dashamularishta
- Dashamulaharitaki
- Dashamula ghrita
Current availability
Available
- India – hilly regions of south India, Himalayan regions
Current researches
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Gmelina%20arborea
Phytochemical Composition
Modern phytochemical evaluations of Gmelina arborea reveal a rich spectrum of bioactive secondary metabolites distributed across its roots, stem bark, leaves, and fruits:
- Iridoid and Secoiridoid Glycosides: Gmelinoside, arboreoside, and catalpol derivatives.
- Lignans and Neolignans: Gmelinol, sesamin, paulownin, and epipaulownin.
- Flavonoids and Phenolic Compounds: Apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, and gallic acid derivatives contributing strong antioxidant properties.
- Terpenoids and Sterols: Alpha-amyrin, beta-sitosterol, and stigmast-4-en-3-one.
Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Efficacy
Gmelina arborea exhibits significant protective effects on hepatic tissues against toxin-induced oxidative damage.
- Mechanism: Active constituents enhance the expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione) while suppressing lipid peroxidation and lowering elevated serum marker enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, ALP).
- Scientific Evidence: Experimental studies demonstrate that administration of plant extracts markedly preserves structural integrity and functional capability of hepatocytes subjected to hepatotoxins[3].
Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties
Traditional claims regarding its efficacy in managing inflammatory conditions and swelling (Sotha) are strongly supported by modern pharmacological models.
- Mechanism: Extracts inhibit key pro-inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins and histamine, and suppress the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways.
- Scientific Evidence: In vivo evaluations using carrageenan-induced paw edema and acute pain models showed significant dose-dependent reductions in inflammation and nociceptive response following administration of G. arborea extracts[4].
Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Actions
Stem bark and leaf preparations are traditionally applied for ulcer management and tissue repair.
- Mechanism: Tannins and flavonoids facilitate wound contraction, promote collagen deposition, and exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial action against common dermatological and wound-infecting pathogens.
- Scientific Evidence: Excision and incision wound models treated with root and bark extracts demonstrated accelerated epithelization periods and enhanced tensile strength compared to untreated controls[5].
Antidiabetic and Renoprotective Potential
Aligning with its classical use in managing metabolic imbalances, modern findings indicate favorable blood glucose regulation.
- Mechanism: Plant constituents improve peripheral glucose utilization, inhibit key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, and mitigate oxidative stress within renal glomeruli.
- Scientific Evidence: Administration in experimental diabetic models resulted in significant amelioration of hyperglycemia and attenuation of diabetes-associated renal dysfunction parameters[6].
Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage
- Acute Toxicity: Toxicological evaluations indicate a favorable safety profile with high oral LD50 thresholds in animal models.
- Precautions: Use with clinical supervision during pregnancy or lactation, ensuring appropriate dose scaling.
- Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
- Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g of raw drug material for decoction preparation[1].
Summary of Therapeutic Profile
| Indication | Active Biomolecules | Primary Pharmacological Action |
|---|---|---|
| Hepatotoxicity & Oxidative Stress | Lignans, Flavonoids | Antioxidant enzyme potentiation, Lipid peroxidation inhibition |
| Inflammation & Edema (Sotha) | Iridoid glycosides, Phenolics | COX inhibition, Pro-inflammatory mediator suppression |
| Wound Healing & Ulcers | Tannins, Terpenoids | Collagen deposition acceleration, Antimicrobial action |
| Metabolic Imbalances & Diabetes | Glycosides, Sterols | Enzyme modulation, Blood glucose regulation |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24
- ↑ Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15
- ↑ Agrawal, S. S.; Naqvi, S.; Gupta, S. (2007). "Hepatoprotective activity of Gmelina arborea against paracetamol-induced damage in albino rats". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 112 (2): 323–327.
- ↑ Billore, K. V.; Yadav, B. G.; Prajapati, P. K. (1995). "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Gmelina arborea root extracts". Ancient Science of Life. 15 (1): 28–33.
- ↑ Goel, V. K.; Garg, S. C. (2002). "Wound healing potential of Gmelina arborea bark extract in rats". Fitoterapia. 73 (6): 512–515.
- ↑ Elango, V.; Kumar, B.; Edison, S. J. (2009). "Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Gmelina arborea fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats". International Journal of Pharmacology. 5 (3): 194–198.