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Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilaria_agallocha Aquilaria agallocha]
 
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Aguru, Aquilaria agallocha, Eaglewood, Agarwood, Aloeswood, Shwasahara, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Anu taila, Chyavanprasa, Essential oil
|description=Monograph on Aguru (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, phytochemical constituents, and evidence-based therapeutic efficacy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Aguru - Aquilaria agallocha
|type=article
}}
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Aguru
|title =  
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Aguru
|data1 = Herb database/aguru
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.
|data2 = Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. (syn. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Thymelacaceae
|data3 = Thymelaeaceae
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = 2025
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==  
'''Aguru''' (Latin: ''Aquilaria agallocha'' Roxb., syn. ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.; family: Thymelaeaceae) is a large evergreen tree native to the northeastern regions of India, Bhutan, and parts of Southeast Asia. In [[Ayurveda]], the invaluable aromatic heartwood (Agarwood) is historically formed as a pathological defense response following fungal infection, revered for its penetrating, warming potency and powerful therapeutic efficacy in managing respiratory distress, skin disorders, and neurological imbalances.<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
 
Eagle wood


==Therapeutic uses==
== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
Akshiroga (eye disease), swasa(dyspnea), karna roga(ear disease), kustha(skin disease), visa(poison)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 04 :02</ref>
* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Aquilaria agallocha'' Roxb. (syn. ''Aquilaria malaccensis'' Lam.)
* '''Family:''' Thymelaeaceae
* '''English Names:''' Eaglewood, Agarwood, Aloeswood
* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' ''Aguru'', ''Pravara'', ''Loha'', ''Rajarha'', ''Yogaja'', ''Vashik'', ''Krumija''
* '''Hindi:''' Agaru, Agar
* '''Bengali:''' Agor, Agar
* '''Assamese:''' Sasi, Agaru


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
Aguru, Pravar(agaru is potent drug), Loha, Rajarha, Yogaja(the aromatic heartwood is formed by infestation), Vashik, Krumija(originated from fungus infestation)
* '''Synonyms in Charak Samhita:'''
** ''Aguru'' &ndash; Classical designation.
** ''Pravara'' &ndash; Denotes its status as a potent and superior drug.
** ''Loha'' &ndash; Refers to the heavy, dense resinous heartwood that sinks in water.
** ''Rajarha'' &ndash; Valued and fit for royalty due to its exquisite fragrance.
** ''Yogaja'' &ndash; Formulated or generated through internal changes/infestation.
** ''Vashik'' &ndash; Possessing soothing and controlling attributes.
** ''Krumija'' / ''Krumijagdha'' &ndash; Aromatic resin formed as a result of fungal infestation.
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21, 22 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
** ''Anaaryaka'' &ndash; Plant commonly growing in the hilly regions of the northeastern parts of India.


==Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu==
== Varieties ==
Krumijagdha(the aromatic part is formed by fungus infestation) , anaaryaka (the plant grows commonly in the hilly region of north-eastern part of india)<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21,22</ref>
=== Raja Nighantu ===
 
Five varieties are mentioned:<ref name="RajaNighantu">{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Indradev |title=Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari |year=2006 |publisher=Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy |location=Varanasi |pages=Chandanadi varga verse no- 85, 87, 89, 91, 92}}</ref>
==Varieties==  
===Raja nighantu===
Five varieties are mentioned.<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, chandanadi varga verse no- 85,87,89,91,92</ref>
# Swadu
# Swadu
# Krushnagaru
# Krushnagaru
Line 41: Line 62:
# Daahaagaru
# Daahaagaru
# Maangalyaagaru
# Maangalyaagaru


== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Aguru possesses a hot potency and pungent-bitter taste profile, making it highly effective in pacifying Kapha and Vata doshas:<ref name="API" />


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
 
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties  
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
| 1 || '''Taste (''[[Rasa]]'')''' || Bitter (''Tikta''), Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
| 2 || '''Potency (''[[Veerya]]'')''' || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
| 3 || '''Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'')''' || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| 4 || '''Qualities (''[[Guna]]'')''' || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharpness (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharpness (tikshna)  
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|-
|-
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Kapha and Vata (''Kapha-Vatahara'')
|}
|}


== References in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Aguru is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
 
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(37)
| Shwasahara mahakashaya(relieving respiratory distress)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)
| Sheetaprashaman mahakashaya(pacifying cold)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21
|Dhuma varti  dravya (ingredient of therapeutic inhalation for prevention of disease)
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26
|Vairechanika dhuma varti(ingredient of inhalation of smoke with unctuous substances for reducing dryness)
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/63
|Anu taila  dravya
|-
|-
|6
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(37) || Shwasahara mahakashaya (relieving respiratory distress)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/16
|Vihara in  Hemanta Rutu
|-
|-
|7
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying cold)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/25
|Vihara in  Vasanta Rutu
|-
|-
|8
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya (ingredient of therapeutic inhalation for disease prevention)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
|-
|9
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanika dhuma varti (ingredient of smoke inhalation with unctuous substances)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49
|Veerya varnan
|-
|-
|10
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/63 || Anu taila dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143
|Tiktaskandha(group of bitter drugs)
|-
|-
|11
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/16 || Vihara in Hemanta Rutu
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree  paricharya
|-
|-
|12
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/25 || Vihara in Vasanta Rutu
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in ''Kaphaj  prameh''(diabetes)
|-
|-
|13
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36
|Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
|-
|14
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49 || Veerya varnan
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/91
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila.
|-
|-
|15
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182
|Used in Kaphaja sira  shoola for dhoomavarti.
|-
|-
|16
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || Prajata stree paricharya / Apara patana (post-delivery management)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188
|As an ingredient of  Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma.
|-
|-
|17
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28 || Used for decoction in ''Kaphaj prameh'' (diabetes)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika.
|-
|-
|18
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36 || Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270
|As an ingredient of  Mahaneela taila.
|-
|-
|19
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For ''Lepa, Abhyangadi Bahyaprayogarth'' (external applications)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41
|As an ingredient  of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
|-
|20
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70 || As a ''Lepa dravya'' in ''Kaphaj Shvayathu'' (swelling)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/54
|As an ingredient  of Vatsakadi Pralepa(external application)
|-
|-
|21
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/148 || As an ingredient of Madhookasava
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23
|Vamanarth(for emesis)
|-
|-
|22
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163 || As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58
|In  formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|-
|-
|23
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/80 || Used for shodhanottara dhumpana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/28
|As a mood enhancing
|-
|-
|24
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123 || As an ingredient of satyadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36
|Ingredient in ''Punarnavadhyarisht''
|-
|-
|25
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77 || As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65
|For ''Lepa, Abhyangadi  Bahyaprayogarth''
|-
|-
|26
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231 || Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|As a ''Lepa dravya'' in ''Kaphaj  Shvayathu''(swelling)
|-
|-
|27
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/91 || As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/148
|As an ingredient of Madhookasava
|-
|-
|28
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163
|As an  ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
|-
|29
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma (gargling)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/80
|Used for shodhanottara dhumpana
|-
|-
|30
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of satyadi churna.
|-
|-
|31
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77
|As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada.
|-
|-
|32
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41 || As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231
|Used in the treatment of animals suffering with  poison.
|-
|-
|33
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/54 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi Pralepa (external application)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/91
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila.
|-
|-
|34
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182
|Used in Kaphaja sira  shoola for dhoomavarti.
|-
|-
|35
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma(mouth gargaling).
|-
|-
|36
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/179 || Agurvadi taila is useful in Vata vyadhi
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|-
|37
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/92 || As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila.
|-
|-
|38
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/107 || As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41
|As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
|-
|39
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanarth (for emesis)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/54
|As an ingredient  of Vatsakadi Pralepa
|-
|-
|40
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58 || In formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150
|As an ingredient of Bala taila.
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/179
|Agurvadi taila is useful in Vata vyadhi.
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/92
|As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila.
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/107
|As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila.
|-
|-
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/28 || As a mood enhancer
|}
|}


==Dose==
== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
* 1-3 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 04 :02</ref>
Aguru is traditionally indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
* ''Akshiroga'' (Eye diseases)
* ''Swasa'' (Dyspnea / Respiratory distress)
* ''Karna roga'' (Ear diseases)
* ''Kustha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
* ''Visa'' (Toxic conditions / Poisoning)


==Important formulation==
== Dosage & Administration ==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 04 :02</ref>
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 1 – 3 g daily in divided doses.<ref name="API" />
* Madhukasava
* Mrudvikasava
* Karpuradyarka
* Chyavanprasa avaleha
* Anu taila
* Chandanadi taila
* Khadiradi gutika
* Swasahara kashaya churna
* Guduchyadi taila


== Classical Formulations ==
* ''Madhukasava''
* ''Mrudvikasava''
* ''Karpuradyarka''
* ''Chyavanprasa avaleha''
* ''Anu taila''
* ''Chandanadi taila''
* ''Khadiradi gutika''
* ''Swasahara kashaya churna''
* ''Guduchyadi taila''


== Current availability==  
== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
Modern phytochemical profiling of ''Aquilaria agallocha'' resinous heartwood reveals a dense matrix of active constituents:
* '''Sesquiterpenes:''' Alpha-guaiene, beta-elemene, agarospirol, valencene, and jinkoh-eremol.
* '''Chromones:''' 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives and flindersia-type chromones imparting stability and aroma.
* '''Phenolic Compounds & Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, genkwanin, and diverse benzophenone derivatives exhibiting strong antioxidant properties.


Available  
=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===
India – himalayan region , assama, manipur.
* '''Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy:''' Sesquiterpenes and chromones inhibit lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways, suppressing inflammatory mediators.<ref name="ResearchAPI">{{cite journal |title=Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria agallocha |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |year=2021}}</ref>
* '''Neuroprotective & Anxiolytic Actions:''' Volatile sesquiterpenes cross the blood-brain barrier, interacting positively with GABAergic receptor systems to moderate central nervous system excitability.<ref name="ResearchAPI" />
* '''Antimicrobial & Antioxidant Properties:''' Phenolic fractions and oxygenated sesquiterpenes disrupt microbial membrane integrity while scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), validating its efficacy against skin pathogens.<ref name="ResearchAPI" />
 
== Current Availability ==
* Available in India, particularly in the Himalayan region, Assam, and Manipur.
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=02 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=Krushnachandra |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse no.- 21, 22 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="RajaNighantu">{{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Indradev |title=Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari |year=2006 |publisher=Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy |location=Varanasi |pages=Chandanadi varga verse no- 85, 87, 89, 91, 92}}</ref>
<ref name="ResearchAPI">{{cite journal |title=Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria agallocha |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |year=2021}}</ref>
}}


== Current researches ==
[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Aquilaria%20agallocha


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
''This article is under development ..''
"""


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with open("Aguru_Monograph.wikitext", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
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Latest revision as of 06:03, 10 September 2026

Aquilaria agallocha


Section/Chapter Herb database/aguru
Botanical name(s) Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. (syn. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)
Family Thymelaeaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Aguru (Latin: Aquilaria agallocha Roxb., syn. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.; family: Thymelaeaceae) is a large evergreen tree native to the northeastern regions of India, Bhutan, and parts of Southeast Asia. In Ayurveda, the invaluable aromatic heartwood (Agarwood) is historically formed as a pathological defense response following fungal infection, revered for its penetrating, warming potency and powerful therapeutic efficacy in managing respiratory distress, skin disorders, and neurological imbalances.[1]

Botanical & Vernacular Names

  • Botanical Name: Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. (syn. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.)
  • Family: Thymelaeaceae
  • English Names: Eaglewood, Agarwood, Aloeswood
  • Sanskrit / Classical Names: Aguru, Pravara, Loha, Rajarha, Yogaja, Vashik, Krumija
  • Hindi: Agaru, Agar
  • Bengali: Agor, Agar
  • Assamese: Sasi, Agaru

Synonyms in Classical Texts

  • Synonyms in Charak Samhita:
    • Aguru – Classical designation.
    • Pravara – Denotes its status as a potent and superior drug.
    • Loha – Refers to the heavy, dense resinous heartwood that sinks in water.
    • Rajarha – Valued and fit for royalty due to its exquisite fragrance.
    • Yogaja – Formulated or generated through internal changes/infestation.
    • Vashik – Possessing soothing and controlling attributes.
    • Krumija / Krumijagdha – Aromatic resin formed as a result of fungal infestation.
  • Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:[2]
    • Anaaryaka – Plant commonly growing in the hilly regions of the northeastern parts of India.

Varieties

Raja Nighantu

Five varieties are mentioned:[3]

  1. Swadu
  2. Krushnagaru
  3. Kaasthagaru
  4. Daahaagaru
  5. Maangalyaagaru

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (Rasa Panchaka), Aguru possesses a hot potency and pungent-bitter taste profile, making it highly effective in pacifying Kapha and Vata doshas:[1]

Sr. No. Pharmacological Criteria Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
1 Taste (Rasa) Bitter (Tikta), Pungent (Katu)
2 Potency (Veerya) Hot (Ushna)
3 Post-digestion Effect (Vipaka) Pungent (Katu)
4 Qualities (Guna) Light (Laghu), Rough (Ruksha), Sharpness (Tikshna)
5 Dosha Action (Karma) Pacifies Kapha and Vata (Kapha-Vatahara)

References in Charak Samhita and its Actions

Aguru is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the Charaka Samhita:

Sr. No. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(37) Shwasahara mahakashaya (relieving respiratory distress)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(42) Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying cold)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/21 Dhuma varti dravya (ingredient of therapeutic inhalation for disease prevention)
4 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/26 Vairechanika dhuma varti (ingredient of smoke inhalation with unctuous substances)
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/63 Anu taila dravya
6 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 6/16 Vihara in Hemanta Rutu
7 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 6/25 Vihara in Vasanta Rutu
8 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/40 Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs)
9 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 26/49 Veerya varnan
10 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/143 Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
11 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/41 Prajata stree paricharya / Apara patana (post-delivery management)
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/28 Used for decoction in Kaphaj prameh (diabetes)
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/36 Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/65 For Lepa, Abhyangadi Bahyaprayogarth (external applications)
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/70 As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu (swelling)
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/148 As an ingredient of Madhookasava
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/163 As an ingredient of Madhvarista
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/80 Used for shodhanottara dhumpana
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/123 As an ingredient of satyadi churna
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/77 As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
21 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/231 Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
22 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/91 As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
23 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/182 Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
24 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/188 As an ingredient of Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma (gargling)
25 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/209 As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
26 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/270 As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
27 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/41 As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
28 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/54 As an ingredient of Vatsakadi Pralepa (external application)
29 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/150 As an ingredient of Bala taila
30 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/168 As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
31 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/179 Agurvadi taila is useful in Vata vyadhi
32 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/92 As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
33 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/107 As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
34 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 1/23 Vamanarth (for emesis)
35 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 1/1/58 In formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
36 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 2/3/28 As a mood enhancer

Therapeutic Indications (Classical)

Aguru is traditionally indicated in the clinical management of:[1]

  • Akshiroga (Eye diseases)
  • Swasa (Dyspnea / Respiratory distress)
  • Karna roga (Ear diseases)
  • Kustha (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
  • Visa (Toxic conditions / Poisoning)

Dosage & Administration

  • Powder (Churna): 1 – 3 g daily in divided doses.[1]

Classical Formulations

  • Madhukasava
  • Mrudvikasava
  • Karpuradyarka
  • Chyavanprasa avaleha
  • Anu taila
  • Chandanadi taila
  • Khadiradi gutika
  • Swasahara kashaya churna
  • Guduchyadi taila

Current Researches

Phytochemical Composition

Modern phytochemical profiling of Aquilaria agallocha resinous heartwood reveals a dense matrix of active constituents:

  • Sesquiterpenes: Alpha-guaiene, beta-elemene, agarospirol, valencene, and jinkoh-eremol.
  • Chromones: 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives and flindersia-type chromones imparting stability and aroma.
  • Phenolic Compounds & Flavonoids: Luteolin, genkwanin, and diverse benzophenone derivatives exhibiting strong antioxidant properties.

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

  • Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy: Sesquiterpenes and chromones inhibit lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways, suppressing inflammatory mediators.[4]
  • Neuroprotective & Anxiolytic Actions: Volatile sesquiterpenes cross the blood-brain barrier, interacting positively with GABAergic receptor systems to moderate central nervous system excitability.[4]
  • Antimicrobial & Antioxidant Properties: Phenolic fractions and oxygenated sesquiterpenes disrupt microbial membrane integrity while scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), validating its efficacy against skin pathogens.[4]

Current Availability

  • Available in India, particularly in the Himalayan region, Assam, and Manipur.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. 4 (Part I ed.). Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India. 1986. p. 02. 
  2. ↑ Chunekar, Krushnachandra (2020). Bhavaprakash Nighantu (Reprint ed.). Chaukhambha Bharati Academy. pp. Karpuradi varga, verse no.– 21, 22. 
  3. ↑ Tripathi, Indradev (2006). Raja Nighantu of Pandit Narhari. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy. pp. Chandanadi varga verse no– 85, 87, 89, 91, 92. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical constituents of Aquilaria agallocha". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2021. 

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