Charak Samhita

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Ocimum sanctum L.
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|title=Charak Samhita
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|keywords= Tulasi, Tulsi, Tulasa, Surasa, Ocimum sanctum L., Holy basil, anti stress herbs, medicinal uses, research on herbs, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum L.) is one of the most commonly used and widely available herbs with significant therapeutic efficacy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum Ocimum sanctum L.]
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Surasa
|title = Surasa
Line 5: Line 14:
|data1 = Herb database/Surasa
|data1 = Herb database/Surasa
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Ocimum sanctum L.
|data2 = Ocimum sanctum L.(syn. Ocimum tenuiflorum L.)
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Lamiaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2023
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name==
Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum L.) is one of the most commonly used and widely available herbs with significant therapeutic efficacy.
--
 
== Botanical Profile & Phytochemistry ==
 
=== Taxonomic Classification ===
* '''Family:''' Lamiaceae
* '''Species:''' ''Ocimum sanctum'' L.(syn. ''Ocimum tenuiflorum'' L.)
* '''Common Names:''' Tulsi, Holy Basil, Surasa
 
==Therapeutic uses==
Aruchi,Swasa(dyspnea), kasa(cough), krumiroga(worm), kustha(skin disease), pratishyaya(rhinitis), parshwashoola(flank pain)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2 :73</ref>


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Surasa, Tulsi, Kutherak, Phaninjhak, Arjaka(Tulsi bheda)  
Surasa, Tulsi, Kutherak, Phaninjhak, Arjaka(Tulsi bheda)  
==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Gramya(Common plant grown in all villages), Sulabha(can be seen every where), bahumanjari(tulasi has got many spikes), Apetaraxasi(tulasi brings back normalcy by alleviating many disease), gauri , bhutagni, devadundubhi(the spikes of tulasi resemble a trumpet)<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, pushpa varga, verse no.-62</ref>
==Varieties==
===Bhavaprakasa nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref>Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, pushpa varga, verse no.-63</ref>
# Sweta tulasi
# Krishna tulasi
{| class="wikitable"
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Properties
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|1
|Taste  ([[rasa]])
|Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
|2
|Potency  ([[veerya]])
|Hot (ushna)
|-
|3
|Post  digestion effect ([[vipaka]])
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|4
|Qualities  ([[guna]])
|Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
|5
|Actions  ([[karma]])
|Pacify Kapha and Vata
|-
|6
|Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]])
|Destroys microbes/germs (krimighna)
|}


==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
Line 30: Line 94:
|-
|-
|1
|1
|Sutra sthana 2/4
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/4
|Sirovirechana (Errhine  therapy)
|Sirovirechana (Errhine  therapy)
|-
|-
|2
|2
|Sutra sthana  4/9(37)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(37)
|Shwasahara mahakashaya
|Shwasahara mahakashaya
|-
|-
|3
|3
|Ch.N.2/4
|Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4
|Nidana of Raktapitta
|Nidana of Raktapitta
|-
|-
|4
|4
|Ch Vi 6/17
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi  Chikitsa
|Abhyantar Krimi  Chikitsa
|-
|-
|5
|5
|Ch Vi 6/21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi  Chikitsa
|Abhyantar Krimi  Chikitsa
|-
|-
|6
|6
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/267
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|-
|7
|7
|Cha.sa.Chi. 5/70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/70
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya  ghrita
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya  ghrita
|-
|-
|8
|8
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/112
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Taila
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Taila
|-
|-
|9
|9
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 8/101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/101
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|}
|}
==Dose==
* 2-3 gm of the drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2 :73</ref>
==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2 :73</ref>
* Manasamitra vataka
* Tribhuvana kirti 
* Mukta Panchamruta rasa
* Mahajwarankusa rasa
==Current availability ==
Available
India- All over india
==Current researches ==
=== Primary Phytoconstituents ===
* '''Phenylpropanoids:''' Eugenol (up to 70–80% in volatile oil), methyleugenol, rosmarinic acid.
* '''Triterpenes:''' Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Apigenin, luteolin, orientin, vicenin.
* '''Sesquiterpenes:''' &beta;-caryophyllene.
== Pharmacological Mechanism & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Adaptogenic and Antistress Activity ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, suppresses acute elevation of plasma cortisol, and modulates central neurotransmitters (dopamine and serotonin).
* '''Evidence:''' Clinical trials using standardized extracts demonstrate reductions in self-reported stress, cognitive fatigue, and stress-induced sleep disturbances.<ref name="Cohen2014">{{cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Marc Maurice |title=Tulsi - Ocimum sanctum: A herb for all reasons |journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine |year=2014 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=251–259 |doi=10.4103/0975-9476.146554 |pmid=25624696 |pmc=4296439}}</ref>
=== Immunomodulatory and Anti-inflammatory Effects ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-&alpha;, IL-6, IL-1&beta;) through inhibition of the NF-&kappa;B pathway. Ursolic acid and eugenol selectively inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity.
* '''Evidence:''' Human clinical studies show significant increases in natural killer (NK) cells and T-helper (CD4<sup>+</sup>) lymphocytes following leaf extract administration.<ref name="Cohen2014" />
=== Antidiabetic and Metabolic Regulation ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Enhances insulin secretion from pancreatic &beta;-cells, increases peripheral glucose uptake, and inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis.
* '''Evidence:''' Clinical studies show a statistically significant reduction in fasting blood glucose (FBG) and postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.<ref name="Cohen2014" />
=== Antimicrobial and Biofilm Inhibition ===
* '''Mechanisms:''' Disrupts bacterial plasma membrane integrity and inhibits quorum sensing due to high eugenol content.
* '''Evidence:''' Broad-spectrum antibacterial action demonstrated against ''Streptococcus mutans'', ''Staphylococcus aureus'', and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref name="Cohen2014" />
== Key Bioactive Compounds ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Primary Bioactive Compounds of ''Ocimum sanctum''
|-
! Chemical Class !! Major Compound !! Biological Activity !! Primary Mechanism
|-
| '''Phenolic/Monoterpene''' || Eugenol || Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic || COX-2 inhibition, free-radical scavenging
|-
| '''Pentacyclic Triterpene''' || Ursolic Acid || Anti-inflammatory, Antitumor || Downregulation of NF-&kappa;B, induction of apoptosis
|-
| '''Flavonoid Glycoside''' || Orientin / Vicenin || Radioprotective, Antioxidant || Lipid peroxidation suppression, DNA repair acceleration
|-
| '''Polyphenol''' || Rosmarinic Acid || Immunomodulatory, Antiviral || Complement activation inhibition, ROS neutralization
|}
== Clinical Evidence Summary ==


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
|+ Summary of Clinical Outcomes
{| class="wikitable"
|+Properties
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
! Target Condition !! Study Type !! Dosage & Duration !! Key Clinical Outcome !! Reference
|Taste  (rasa)
|Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
|-
|2
| '''Generalized Anxiety / Stress''' || Double-Blind RCT || 300–1200 mg/day extract (6–8 weeks) || Decreased stress scores, improved attention and sleep || Cohen (2014)<ref name="Cohen2014" />
|Potency  (veerya)
|Hot (ushna)
|-
|3
|Post  digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
|4
| '''Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus''' || Crossover Clinical Trial || 2.5 g leaf powder daily (4 weeks) || Significant reduction in FBG (17.6%) and PPBG (7.3%) || Cohen (2014)<ref name="Cohen2014" />
|Qualities  (guna)
|Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
|-
|5
| '''Immune Response Modulation''' || Open-label Phase I Trial || 300 mg ethanolic extract daily (4 weeks) || Significant elevation in IFN-&gamma;, IL-4, CD4<sup>+</sup> count || Cohen (2014)<ref name="Cohen2014" />
|Actions  (karma)
|Pacify Kapha and Vata
|-
|-
|6
| '''Metabolic Syndrome / Lipids''' || Double-Blind RCT || 1000 mg/day extract (8 weeks) || Reduced total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides || Cohen (2014)<ref name="Cohen2014" />
|Extra ordinary effect (prabhava)
|Destroys microbes/germs (krimighna)
|}
|}


==Current availability ==
== Toxicology and Safety ==
Available
 
==Current researches ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Preclinical studies indicate an LD<sub>50</sub> > 4000 mg/kg body weight for aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts, establishing a wide therapeutic index.<ref name="Cohen2014" />
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Highly tolerated in clinical trials. Mild transient gastrointestinal distress reported rarely.
* '''Drug Interactions:''' May exert additive effects when co-administered with hypoglycemic agents or anticoagulants (due to mild antiplatelet activity). Use caution in patients on antiplatelet therapy.
 
== References ==
<references />
 
== External links==
 
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/basicsearch/phytochemical IMPPAT database]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
  This article is under development ..
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