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{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Symplocos racemosa Roxb., Lodhra, Symplocos tree, Lodh tree, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Symplocos racemosa Roxb., commonly known as Lodhra
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
Symplocos racemosa Roxb.
Symplocos racemosa Roxb.
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 6: Line 16:
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Symplocos racemosa Roxb
|data2 = Symplocos racemosa Roxb
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Symplocaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2021
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==  
Symplocos racemosa Roxb., commonly known as Lodhra (Sanskrit: लोध्र), is an evergreen tree belonging to the family [[Symplocaceae]]. It is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, including India, Nepal, and Myanmar. The stem bark of ''Symplocos racemosa'' has been extensively utilized in [[Ayurveda]] and traditional systems of medicine for various gynecological, inflammatory, and infectious conditions.<ref name="Bhutani1989">{{cite journal |last1=Bhutani |first1=K. K. |last2=Kapoor |first2=R. |last3=Anand |first3=D. K. |title=Ayurvedic drugs for gynecological disorders: Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Symplocos racemosa |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=281–289 |year=1989 |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(89)90035-7}}</ref><ref name="DeSilva2016">{{cite journal |last1=De Silva |first1=K. T. |last2=Abeysundara |first2=A. T. |title=A comprehensive analysis on Symplocos racemosa Roxb.: Traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=181 |pages=236–251 |year=2016 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.032}}</ref>
 
== Taxonomy and Botanical Description ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Botanical & Taxonomic Summary
! Category !! Description / Classification
|-
| '''Botanical Name''' || ''Symplocos racemosa'' Roxb.
|-
| '''Family''' || [[Symplocaceae]]
|-
| '''Common Names''' || Lodhra, Savara Lodhra (Sanskrit/Hindi), Lodh Tree (English)
|-
| '''Plant Part Used''' || Stem Bark (''Symploci Cortex'')
|-
| '''Habit & Distribution''' || Evergreen tree growing 10–15 m tall; native to tropical and subtropical regions of India, particularly across the Himalayas, Assam, and Chota Nagpur.
|}
 
==Therapeutic uses==
Sotha(oedema), atisara(diarrhoea), netraroga(eye disease),raktapitta(bleeding disorder), pradara<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:53.</ref>


Symplocos tree/ Lodh tree
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Tilvaka(it produces smoothness to the organs of the body), Brihatpatra, Tiritaka, Lodhra, Tirita(cure many disease), Shavara, Galava, Malav, Shavar lodhra, Savaraka, Sthulavalkala, Shabara


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu==
Kramuka, sthulavalkal , jirna patra,  bruhatpatra<ref>Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi  varga, verse no.-215</ref>


Tilvaka, Brihatpatra, Tiritaka, Lodhra, Tirita, Shavara, Galava, Malav, Shavar lodhra, Savaraka, Sthulavalkala, Shabara
==Varieties==
===Bhavaprakasa nighantu ===
Mentioned 2 types
# Lodhra
# Pattika lodhra
===Dhanvantari nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref>Pro. Dr. Zarkhande oza , dr.Umapati Mishra , dhanvanatari Nighantu. Edition 2016, Chaukhambha surbharti prakashana, chandanadi varga verse no. 156,158</ref>
# Lodhra
# Kramuka
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[Guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Grahi
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
Line 31: Line 94:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 || Sutra sthana  1/116
| 1
| 1. Shodhana  (Twak) vriksha
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/116
 
| Shodhana  (Twak) vriksha(Virechana)
(Virechana)
|-
| 2
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5
| Churna  pradeha
|-
| 3
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(5)
| Sandhaniya  mahakashaya(promoting union/binding)
|-
| 4
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(46)
| Shonitasthapana  mahakashaya(hemostatics)
|-
| 5
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(31)
| Purishsangrahaniya  mahakashaya(faecal astringents)
|-
| 6
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/22
| Dhuma varti  dravya
|-
| 7
| Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]]  8/144
| Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
|-
| 8
| Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/44
| Naadi kalpana
|-
| 9
| Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/50
| Balak paricharya
|-
| 10
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/6
| Shodhanartha
|-
| 11
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/3
| Lodhra Synonyms
|-
| 12
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/35
| Yoga
|-
|-
| 2 ||Sutra sthana 3/5
| 13
| 2. Churna  pradeha
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
| As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|-
| 3 || Sutra sthana  4/9(5)
| 14
| Sandhaniya  mahakashay
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/45
| In Yavagu prayoga
|-
|-
|4
| 15
|Sutra sthana  4/9(46)
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/66
|Shonitasthapana  mahakashaya
| As a Raktapitta nashaka kwath dravya
|-
|-
|5
| 16
|Sutra sthana  4/9(31)
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/67
|Purishsangrahaniya  mahakashay
| Used along with Atarushakadi kwath
|-
|-
|6
| 17
|Sutra sthana  5/22
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/73
|Dhuma varti  dravya
| As an ingredient of Ushiradi churna
|-
|-
|7
| 18
|Vimana Sthana 8/144
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81
|Kashaya-skandha
| As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|-
|-
|8
| 19
|Ch.Sha.8/44
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/89
|Naadi kalpana
| As a ghrita prayoga
|-
|-
|9
| 20
|Ch.Sha.8/50
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/99
|Balak paricharya
| Used in Nasagata raktapitta.(bleeding disorder)
|-
|-
|10
| 21
|[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/6
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/104
|Shodhanartha
| Used as Pradeha-Parisechana-Avagaha dravya
|-
|-
|11
| 22
|[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/3
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27
|Lodhra Synonyms
| Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha(diabetes)
|-
|-
|12
| 23
|[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/35
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Yoga
| Used for making decoction in Pittaj  prameha(diabetes)
|-
|-
|13
| 24
|Cha.sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/31
 
| Used for making decoction in Pittaj  prameha(diabetes)
Chi.3/267
|As an ingredient of
 
Agurvadi taila.
|-
|-
|14
| 25
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38
 
| Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrita in Vata-kaphaj prameha(diabetes)
Chi.4/45
 
 
|In Yavagu prayoga.
|-
|-
|15
| 26
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
 
| Ingredient  in Madhvasava
Chi.4/66
|As a Raktapitta nashaka kwath dravya.
|-
|-
|16
| 27
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/93
 
| Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kushtha(skin disease) 
Chi.4/67
|Used along with Atarushakadi kwath.
|-
|-
|
| 28
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/95
 
| Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kushtha (skin disease)
Chi.4/73
|As an ingredient of Ushiradi churna.
|-
|-
|
| 29
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/129
 
| Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth ,Pana, Snana
Chi.4/81
|As an ingredient of
 
Priyangvadi peya.
|-
|-
|
| 30
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/131
 
| Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogath in Pittaj  Kushth(skin disease)
Chi.4/89
|As a ghrita prayoga.
|-
|-
|
| 31
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/139
 
| As an ingredient of Abhayarishta
Chi.4/99
|Used in Nasagata raktapitta.
|-
|-
|
| 32
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/159
 
| As an ingredient of Kanakarishta
Chi.4/104
|Used as Pradeha-Parisechana-Avagaha dravya.
|-
|-
|
| 33
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/27
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/193
|'''Used for making decoction in ''Kaphaj prameh'''''
| Used in rakta arsha(hemorrhoids)
|-
|-
|
| 34
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/30
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/197
|'''Used for making decoction in ''Pittaj  prameh'''''
| Used in rakta arsha(hemorrhoids)
|-
|-
|
| 35
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/31
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230
|'''Used for making decoction in ''Pittaj  prameh'''''
| As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrita
|-
|-
|
| 36
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/38
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/79
|'''''Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit'' in ''Vata-kaphaj prameh'''''
| Used for virechana  in vataja grahani
|-
|-
|
| 37
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/41
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/158
|'''Ingredient in ''Madhvasav'''''
| As an ingredient of Mulasava
|-
|-
|
| 38
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/93
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/105
|'''''Bahyaprayogarth Lepa'' in ''Kushth '''''
| As an ingredient of Gaud Arishta
|-
|-
|
| 39
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/95
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53
|'''''Bahyaprayogarth Lepa'' in ''Kushth '''''
| As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaja atisara(diarrhoea)
|-
|-
|
| 40
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/129
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/90
|'''''Abhyantar'' and ''Bahyaprayogarth'''''
| As a pratisarana dravya
 
'''''Pana, Snan'''''
|-
|-
|
| 41
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/131
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/109
|'''''Abhyantar'' and ''Bahyaprayogath'' in ''Pittaj  Kushth'''''
| As a yoga dravya
|-
|-
|
| 42
|Cha Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/55
 
| For kashaya pana
Chikitsa
 
Sthan
 
14/139
 
 
|As an ingredient of abhayarista
 
 
 
 
 
|-
|-
|
| 43
|Cha Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/57
 
| For kashaya pana
Chikitsa
 
Sthan
 
14/159
|As an ingredient of kanakarista
|-
|-
|
| 44
|Cha Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76
 
| As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa(external application)
Chikitsa
 
Sthan
 
14/193
|Used in rakta arsha
|-
|-
|
| 45
|Cha Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/77
 
| As an ingredient of Naladadi pralepa(external application)
Chikitsa
 
Sthan
 
14/197
|Used in rakta arsha
|-
|-
|
| 46
|Cha Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/97
 
| Avachurnana prayoga for vrana-ropana(healing of wound)
Chikitsa
 
Sthan
 
14/230
|As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrit
|-
|-
|
| 47
|Cha.Sa
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/36
 
| For lepa prayoga(external application)
 
 
15/79
|Used for virechana  in vataja grahani
|-
|-
|
| 48
|
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/43
 
| Management of pitta dominant trishna
 
a
 
15/158
|As an  ingredient of Mulasava
|-
|-
|
| 49
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 16/105
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/55
|As an ingredient of Gaud Arishta
| As an ingredient of Mrita Sanjivani agada
|-
|-
|
| 50
|Cha.sa.chi.19/53,
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/57
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara.
| As an ingredient of Mrita Sanjivani agada
|-
|-
|
| 51
|Cha.sa.chi.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/246
 
| As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
19/90,
|As a pratisarana dravya
|-
|-
|
| 52
|Cha.sa.chi.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/159
 
| Used as lepa in  Madhyajanita daha (burning due to alcoholism)
19/109
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|-
|
| 53
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/66
 
| Used for avachurnana
Chi.21/55
|For kashaya  pana.
|-
|-
|
| 54
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
 
| As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
Chi.21/57
|For kashaya  pana.
|-
|-
|
| 55
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
 
| Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana
Chi.21/76
|As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa.
|-
|-
|
| 56
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/113
 
| Used for tvak janana
Chi.21/77
|As an ingredient  of Naladadi pralepa.
|-
|-
|
| 57
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/101
 
| Used in Hrudshoola.(cardiac pain)
Chi.21/97
|Avachurnana  prayoga for vrana-ropana.
|-
|-
|
| 58
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/191
 
| As an ingredient of Tejohvadi churna
Chi.22/36
|For lepa prayoga.
|-
|-
|
| 59
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
 
| As an ingredient of Kalak churna
Chi.22/43
|
|-
|-
|
| 60
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/206
 
| As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
Chi.23/55
|As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada.
|-
|-
|
| 61
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217
 
| Used for Kavala in  Arochaka(anorexia)
Chi.23/57
|As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada.
|-
|-
|
| 62
|Cha.Sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/233
 
| Used for Vidalaka in  Vataja netraroga(eye disease)
Chi.23/246
|As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita.
|-
|-
|
| 63
|Cha.sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270
 
| As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
chi.24/159
|Used as lepa in  Madhyajanita daha.
|-
|-
|
| 64
|Cha.sa.        
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/30
 
| As an ingredient  of Urustambha nashak Yoga
Chi.25/66
|Used for avchurnana.
|-
|-
|
| 65
|Cha.sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/84
 
| Tilvaka siddha ghrita is used in vata vyadhi, when  other doshas are also involved
Chi.25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila.
|-
|-
|
| 66
|Cha.sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/111
 
| As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila
Chi.25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya &  prasadana.
|-
|-
|
| 67
|Cha.sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/79
 
| As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila
Chi.25/113
|Used for tvak janana.
|-
|-
|
| 68
|Cha.sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/91
 
| As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
Chi.26/101
|Used in Hrudshoola.
|-
|-
|
| 69
|Cha.sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/98
 
| Used in the treatment of Pittaja pradara
Chi.26/191
|As an ingredient of
 
Tejohvadi churna.
|-
|-
|
| 70
|Cha.sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/118
 
| Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara
Chi.26/195
|As an ingredient of
 
Kalak churna.
|-
|-
|
| 71
|Cha.sa.
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/119
 
| Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara
Chi.26/206
|As an ingredient of
 
Khadiradi gutika.
|-
|-
|
|}
|Cha.sa.


Chi.26/217
==Dose==
|Used for Kavala in Arochaka.
* 3-5 gm of drug in powder form
|-
* 20-30 gm of drug in decoction<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:53.</ref>
|
|Cha.sa.


Chi.26/233
==Important formulation==
|Used for Vidalaka in  Vataja netraroga.
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:53.</ref>
|-
* Lodhrasava
|
* Pushyanuga churna
|Cha.sa.
* Bruhata gangadhara churna


Chi.26/270
 
|As an ingredient of
== Current availability==


Mahaneela Ghrita.
Available
|-
|
|Cha.Sa.


Chi.27/30
== Current researches ==
|As an ingredient  of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|-
|
|Cha.Sa.


Chi.28/84
== Phytochemistry ==
|Tilvaka siddha ghrita is used in vata vyadhi, when  other doshas are also involved.
Phytochemical investigations of ''Symplocos racemosa'' stem bark have identified several bioactive secondary metabolites:<ref name="Bhutani1989"/><ref name="DeSilva2016"/>
|-
|
|Cha.Sa.


chi.29/111
* '''Alkaloids:''' Beta-carboline alkaloids including loturine, collutrine, and loturidine.
|As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila.
* '''Glycosides:''' Phenolic glycosides such as symplocoside, symposide, and benzoyl-salicin derivatives.
|-
* '''Triterpenoids and Steroids:''' [[Betulinic acid]], [[oleanolic acid]], acetyloleanolic acid, [[lupeol]], and [[beta-Sitosterol|β-sitosterol]].
|
* '''Flavonoids and Phenolics:''' [[Quercetin]], [[ellagic acid]], and condensed [[tannin]]s (proanthocyanidins).
|Cha.Sa.


Chi.30/79
== Therapeutic Efficacy and Pharmacological Activities ==
|As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila.
|-
|
|Cha.Sa.


Chi.30/91
=== Gynecological and Reproductive Disorders ===
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
''Symplocos racemosa'' is renowned in traditional and experimental pharmacology for its gonadotropic-like modulatory actions and styptic properties:<ref name="Bhutani1989"/><ref name="Swarnakar2018">{{cite journal |last1=Swarnakar |first1=S. |last2=Maiti |first2=S. |last3=Ghosh |first3=A. |title=Evaluating the anti-androgenic and ovarian modulatory actions of Symplocos racemosa bark extract in PCOS models |journal=International Journal of Green Pharmacy |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=S341–S348 |year=2018}}</ref>
|-
|
|Cha.Sa.


Chi.30/98
* '''[[Menorrhagia]] and Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB):''' High tannin content imparts potent astringent properties, causing local vasoconstriction and protein precipitation, which reduces excessive capillary permeability and menses.<ref name="Bhutani1989"/>
|Used in the treatment of Pittaja pradara.
* '''[[Polycystic ovary syndrome|Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)]]:''' Ethanolic extracts restore serum levels of [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] (FSH) and [[luteinizing hormone]] (LH), while reducing circulating free testosterones and decreasing ovarian cyst formation.<ref name="Swarnakar2018"/>
|-
* '''Uterine Tonicity:''' Alkaloids such as loturine act on uterine smooth muscle, helping normalize basal vascular tone and alleviating hyper-contractility associated with dysmenorrhea.<ref name="Bhutani1989"/>
|
|Cha.Sa.


Chi.30/118
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
|Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara.
The bark extracts demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizing efficacy:<ref name="Sunil2011">{{cite journal |last1=Sunil |first1=C. |last2=Ignacimuthu |first2=S. |title=In vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Symplocos racemosa Roxb |journal=Pharmacognosy Research |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=225–231 |year=2011 |doi=10.4103/0974-8490.89748}}</ref>
|-
* '''Enzyme Inhibition:''' Suppresses downstream synthesis of pro-inflammatory [[prostaglandin]]s (<math>PGE_2</math>) and [[leukotriene]]s (<math>LTB_4</math>) through inhibition of [[cyclooxygenase-2]] (COX-2), [[5-lipoxygenase]] (5-LOX), and [[xanthine oxidase]].<ref name="Sunil2011"/>
|
* '''Protein Denaturation Protection:''' In vitro assays show dose-dependent inhibition of heat-induced protein denaturation with an <math>IC_{50}</math> of approximately 30–40 μg/mL.<ref name="Sunil2011"/>
|Cha.Sa.


Chi.30/119
=== Antimicrobial and Periodontal Applications ===
|Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara.
* '''Antibacterial Activity:''' Demonstrates notable zones of inhibition against ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', and periodontal pathogens like ''[[Porphyromonas gingivalis]]''.<ref name="DeSilva2016"/>
|-
* '''Periodontal Hydrogel Formulations:''' Incorporation into localized hydrogel systems reduces oral inflammatory cascades and microbial plaque accumulation.<ref name="DeSilva2016"/>
|}


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
* '''Radical Scavenging:''' High total phenolic content drives DPPH and ABTS free-radical scavenging, suppressing lipid peroxidation.<ref name="Rao2011">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=Ch. V. |last2=Verma |first2=A. R. |last3=Vijayakumar |first3=M. |last4=Rastogi |first4=S. |title=Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Symplocos racemosa bark extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=1025–1030 |year=2011 |doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2011.05.003}}</ref><ref name="Sunil2011"/>
* '''Hepatic Restoration:''' In [[carbon tetrachloride]] (<math>CCl_4</math>)-induced hepatotoxicity models, ethanol bark extracts restore serum AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, and intracellular antioxidants (GSH, SOD, CAT) toward baseline ranges.<ref name="Rao2011"/>


== Preclinical and Clinical Research Summary ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|+ Biological Activities of ''Symplocos racemosa''
! Biological Activity !! Study Type !! Experimental Model !! Key Findings !! Reference
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
| '''Reproductive Function / PCOS''' || ''In vivo'' || Female Sprague-Dawley Rats (PCOS model) || Normalized LH/FSH ratios, reduced ovarian weight, restored estrus cyclicity. || <ref name="Swarnakar2018"/>
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[Guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
| '''Anti-Inflammatory''' || ''In vitro'' || Protein Denaturation & HRBC Membrane Stabilization || Significant dose-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation (<math>IC_{50} \approx 30\text{--}40\,\mu\text{g/mL}</math>). || <ref name="Sunil2011"/>
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
| '''Anti-Angiogenic / Cytotoxic''' || ''In vitro'' || Thymidine Phosphorylase Assay || Symplocosides inhibited angiogenesis via thymidine phosphorylase block. || <ref name="DeSilva2016"/>
|-
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Grahi
| '''Hepatoprotective''' || ''In vivo'' || <math>CCl_4</math>-induced Liver Injury in Wistar Rats || Significant dose-dependent normalization of hepatic enzyme kinetics. || <ref name="Rao2011"/>
|}
|}
 
== Current availability==


Available
== Dosage, Safety, and Formulations ==
; Safety & Toxicity
''Symplocos racemosa'' bark extract exhibits a low toxicity profile in acute oral toxicity assays (<math>LD_{50} > 2000\,\text{mg/kg}</math> body weight in rodent models). High tannin concentrations may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort or constipation at elevated doses.<ref name="DeSilva2016"/>
 
; Common Preparations
* '''Standard Powder (Churna):''' 1–3 g/day in divided doses.
* '''Decoction (Kwath):''' 20–30 g boiled in water reduced to 30–50 mL.
* '''Classical Formulations:''' ''Lodhrasava'', ''Pushyanuga Churna'', ''Chandanasava''.
 
== References ==
<references />


== Current researches ==
== See also ==


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Symplocos%20racemosa IMPPAT database]  


This article is under development
[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Revision as of 05:41, 4 August 2026


Symplocos racemosa Roxb.

Lodhra
Section/Chapter Herb database/Lodhra
Botanical name(s) Symplocos racemosa Roxb
Family Symplocaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Symplocos racemosa Roxb., commonly known as Lodhra (Sanskrit: लोध्र), is an evergreen tree belonging to the family Symplocaceae. It is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, including India, Nepal, and Myanmar. The stem bark of Symplocos racemosa has been extensively utilized in Ayurveda and traditional systems of medicine for various gynecological, inflammatory, and infectious conditions.[1][2]

Taxonomy and Botanical Description

Botanical & Taxonomic Summary
Category Description / Classification
Botanical Name Symplocos racemosa Roxb.
Family Symplocaceae
Common Names Lodhra, Savara Lodhra (Sanskrit/Hindi), Lodh Tree (English)
Plant Part Used Stem Bark (Symploci Cortex)
Habit & Distribution Evergreen tree growing 10–15 m tall; native to tropical and subtropical regions of India, particularly across the Himalayas, Assam, and Chota Nagpur.

Therapeutic uses

Sotha(oedema), atisara(diarrhoea), netraroga(eye disease),raktapitta(bleeding disorder), pradara[3]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Tilvaka(it produces smoothness to the organs of the body), Brihatpatra, Tiritaka, Lodhra, Tirita(cure many disease), Shavara, Galava, Malav, Shavar lodhra, Savaraka, Sthulavalkala, Shabara

Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu

Kramuka, sthulavalkal , jirna patra, bruhatpatra[4]

Varieties

Bhavaprakasa nighantu

Mentioned 2 types

  1. Lodhra
  2. Pattika lodhra

Dhanvantari nighantu

Mentioned 2 types[5]

  1. Lodhra
  2. Kramuka

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
2 Potency (veerya) Cold (sheeta)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (Guna) Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify Kapha and Pitta
6 Extra ordinary effect (prabhava) Grahi

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/116 Shodhana (Twak) vriksha(Virechana)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 3/5 Churna pradeha
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(5) Sandhaniya mahakashaya(promoting union/binding)
4 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(46) Shonitasthapana mahakashaya(hemostatics)
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(31) Purishsangrahaniya mahakashaya(faecal astringents)
6 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/22 Dhuma varti dravya
7 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/144 Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
8 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/44 Naadi kalpana
9 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/50 Balak paricharya
10 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 1/6 Shodhanartha
11 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 9/3 Lodhra Synonyms
12 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 12/35 Yoga
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/45 In Yavagu prayoga
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/66 As a Raktapitta nashaka kwath dravya
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/67 Used along with Atarushakadi kwath
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/73 As an ingredient of Ushiradi churna
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/81 As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/89 As a ghrita prayoga
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/99 Used in Nasagata raktapitta.(bleeding disorder)
21 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/104 Used as Pradeha-Parisechana-Avagaha dravya
22 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/27 Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha(diabetes)
23 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/30 Used for making decoction in Pittaj prameha(diabetes)
24 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/31 Used for making decoction in Pittaj prameha(diabetes)
25 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/38 Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrita in Vata-kaphaj prameha(diabetes)
26 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/41 Ingredient in Madhvasava
27 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/93 Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kushtha(skin disease) 
28 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/95 Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kushtha (skin disease)
29 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/129 Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth ,Pana, Snana
30 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/131 Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogath in Pittaj Kushth(skin disease)
31 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/139 As an ingredient of Abhayarishta
32 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/159 As an ingredient of Kanakarishta
33 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/193 Used in rakta arsha(hemorrhoids)
34 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/197 Used in rakta arsha(hemorrhoids)
35 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/230 As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrita
36 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/79 Used for virechana in vataja grahani
37 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/158 As an ingredient of Mulasava
38 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/105 As an ingredient of Gaud Arishta
39 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/53 As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaja atisara(diarrhoea)
40 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/90 As a pratisarana dravya
41 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/109 As a yoga dravya
42 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/55 For kashaya pana
43 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/57 For kashaya pana
44 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/76 As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa(external application)
45 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/77 As an ingredient of Naladadi pralepa(external application)
46 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/97 Avachurnana prayoga for vrana-ropana(healing of wound)
47 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 22/36 For lepa prayoga(external application)
48 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 22/43 Management of pitta dominant trishna
49 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/55 As an ingredient of Mrita Sanjivani agada
50 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/57 As an ingredient of Mrita Sanjivani agada
51 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/246 As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
52 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/159 Used as lepa in Madhyajanita daha (burning due to alcoholism)
53 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/66 Used for avachurnana
54 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/90 As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
55 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/110 Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana
56 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/113 Used for tvak janana
57 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/101 Used in Hrudshoola.(cardiac pain)
58 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/191 As an ingredient of Tejohvadi churna
59 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/195 As an ingredient of Kalak churna
60 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/206 As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
61 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/217 Used for Kavala in Arochaka(anorexia)
62 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/233 Used for Vidalaka in Vataja netraroga(eye disease)
63 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/270 As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
64 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/30 As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
65 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/84 Tilvaka siddha ghrita is used in vata vyadhi, when other doshas are also involved
66 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/111 As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila
67 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/79 As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila
68 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/91 As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
69 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/98 Used in the treatment of Pittaja pradara
70 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/118 Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara
71 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/119 Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara

Dose

  • 3-5 gm of drug in powder form
  • 20-30 gm of drug in decoction[6]

Important formulation

As per A.P.I.[7]

  • Lodhrasava
  • Pushyanuga churna
  • Bruhata gangadhara churna


Current availability

Available

Current researches

Phytochemistry

Phytochemical investigations of Symplocos racemosa stem bark have identified several bioactive secondary metabolites:[1][2]

  • Alkaloids: Beta-carboline alkaloids including loturine, collutrine, and loturidine.
  • Glycosides: Phenolic glycosides such as symplocoside, symposide, and benzoyl-salicin derivatives.
  • Triterpenoids and Steroids: Betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, acetyloleanolic acid, lupeol, and β-sitosterol.
  • Flavonoids and Phenolics: Quercetin, ellagic acid, and condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins).

Therapeutic Efficacy and Pharmacological Activities

Gynecological and Reproductive Disorders

Symplocos racemosa is renowned in traditional and experimental pharmacology for its gonadotropic-like modulatory actions and styptic properties:[1][8]

  • Menorrhagia and Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB): High tannin content imparts potent astringent properties, causing local vasoconstriction and protein precipitation, which reduces excessive capillary permeability and menses.[1]
  • Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): Ethanolic extracts restore serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), while reducing circulating free testosterones and decreasing ovarian cyst formation.[8]
  • Uterine Tonicity: Alkaloids such as loturine act on uterine smooth muscle, helping normalize basal vascular tone and alleviating hyper-contractility associated with dysmenorrhea.[1]

Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity

The bark extracts demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizing efficacy:[9]

  • Enzyme Inhibition: Suppresses downstream synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (<math>PGE_2</math>) and leukotrienes (<math>LTB_4</math>) through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and xanthine oxidase.[9]
  • Protein Denaturation Protection: In vitro assays show dose-dependent inhibition of heat-induced protein denaturation with an <math>IC_{50}</math> of approximately 30–40 μg/mL.[9]

Antimicrobial and Periodontal Applications

Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity

  • Radical Scavenging: High total phenolic content drives DPPH and ABTS free-radical scavenging, suppressing lipid peroxidation.[10][9]
  • Hepatic Restoration: In carbon tetrachloride (<math>CCl_4</math>)-induced hepatotoxicity models, ethanol bark extracts restore serum AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, and intracellular antioxidants (GSH, SOD, CAT) toward baseline ranges.[10]

Preclinical and Clinical Research Summary

Biological Activities of Symplocos racemosa
Biological Activity Study Type Experimental Model Key Findings Reference
Reproductive Function / PCOS In vivo Female Sprague-Dawley Rats (PCOS model) Normalized LH/FSH ratios, reduced ovarian weight, restored estrus cyclicity. [8]
Anti-Inflammatory In vitro Protein Denaturation & HRBC Membrane Stabilization Significant dose-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation (<math>IC_{50} \approx 30\text{--}40\,\mu\text{g/mL}</math>). [9]
Anti-Angiogenic / Cytotoxic In vitro Thymidine Phosphorylase Assay Symplocosides inhibited angiogenesis via thymidine phosphorylase block. [2]
Hepatoprotective In vivo <math>CCl_4</math>-induced Liver Injury in Wistar Rats Significant dose-dependent normalization of hepatic enzyme kinetics. [10]

Dosage, Safety, and Formulations

Safety & Toxicity

Symplocos racemosa bark extract exhibits a low toxicity profile in acute oral toxicity assays (<math>LD_{50} > 2000\,\text{mg/kg}</math> body weight in rodent models). High tannin concentrations may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort or constipation at elevated doses.[2]

Common Preparations
  • Standard Powder (Churna): 1–3 g/day in divided doses.
  • Decoction (Kwath): 20–30 g boiled in water reduced to 30–50 mL.
  • Classical Formulations: Lodhrasava, Pushyanuga Churna, Chandanasava.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Bhutani, K. K.; Kapoor, R.; Anand, D. K. (1989). "Ayurvedic drugs for gynecological disorders: Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Symplocos racemosa". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 25 (3): 281–289. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(89)90035-7. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 De Silva, K. T.; Abeysundara, A. T. (2016). "A comprehensive analysis on Symplocos racemosa Roxb.: Traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 181: 236–251. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.032. 
  3. ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:53.
  4. ↑ Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, haritakyadi varga, verse no.-215
  5. ↑ Pro. Dr. Zarkhande oza , dr.Umapati Mishra , dhanvanatari Nighantu. Edition 2016, Chaukhambha surbharti prakashana, chandanadi varga verse no. 156,158
  6. ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:53.
  7. ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:53.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Swarnakar, S.; Maiti, S.; Ghosh, A. (2018). "Evaluating the anti-androgenic and ovarian modulatory actions of Symplocos racemosa bark extract in PCOS models". International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 12 (2): S341–S348. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Sunil, C.; Ignacimuthu, S. (2011). "In vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Symplocos racemosa Roxb". Pharmacognosy Research. 3 (4): 225–231. doi:10.4103/0974-8490.89748. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Rao, Ch. V.; Verma, A. R.; Vijayakumar, M.; Rastogi, S. (2011). "Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Symplocos racemosa bark extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage". Phytomedicine. 18 (12): 1025–1030. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2011.05.003. 

See also

IMPPAT database

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