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Commiphora mukul (Hook ex Stock) Engl
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Commiphora mukul (Hook ex Stock) Engl Indian Bedellium
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Guggulu
|title = Guggulu
Line 6: Line 17:
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Commiphora mukul (Hook ex Stock) Engl
|data2 = Commiphora mukul (Hook ex Stock) Engl
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Burseraceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2021
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 =  Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==
'''Guggulu''' (also known as '''Guggul''' or '''Gum Guggulu''') is an [[oleo-gum-resin]] exuded from the trunk of ''[[Commiphora wightii]]'' (syn. ''Commiphora mukul''), a flowering plant belonging to the family [[Burseraceae]]. Renowned in [[Ayurvedic medicine]] for over three millennia, Guggulu is traditionally prescribed for conditions characterized by lipid accumulation, chronic inflammation, metabolic sluggishness, and joint degeneration. In modern phytomedicine, its active steroidal compounds, known as [[guggulsterone]]s, have been investigated for their [[hypolipidemic agent|hypolipidemic]], anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, and [[thyroid gland|thyroid-stimulating]] properties.


Indian Bedellium
==Therapeutic Uses==
Amavata (Rheumatoid arthritis), Kushtha (Obstinate skin diseases), Prameha (Obstinate Urinary disorders including Diabetes mellitus), Vatavyadhi, Granthi (Tumors/warts), Sopha (Inflammation), Gandamala (Goitre), Medoroga (Obesity, and lowers cholesterol)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry
of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:28</ref>
 
==Other botanical names/varieties==
*Commiphora acuminata Mattick
*Commiphora africana (A.Rich.) Engl.
*Commiphora Chiov.
*Commiphora alaticaulis J.B.Gillett & Vollesen
*Commiphora anacardiifolia Dinter & Engl.
*Commiphora andranovoryensis Phillipson, Raharim., A.Weeks & Gostel
*Commiphora angolensis Engl.
*Commiphora angustifoliolata Mendes
*Commiphora ankaranensis (J.-F.Leroy) Cheek & Rakot.
*Commiphora antunesii Engl.
*Commiphora aprevalii Guillaumin
*Commiphora arafy H.Perrier
*Commiphora arenaria Thulin
*Commiphora baluensis Engl.
*Commiphora benguelensis Swanepoel
*Commiphora berardellii Chiov.
*Commiphora berryi (Arn.) Engl.
*Commiphora boranensis Vollesen
*Commiphora brevicalyx H.Perrier
*Commiphora buruxa Swanepoel
*Commiphora caerulea Burtt
*Commiphora campestris Engl.
*Commiphora capensis (Sond.) Engl.
*Commiphora capuronii Bard.-Vauc.
*Commiphora caudata (Wight & Arn.) Engl
*Commiphora cervifolia Van der Walt
*Commiphora chaetocarpa J.B.Gillett
*Commiphora chevalieri Engl.
*Commiphora chiovendana J.B.Gillett ex Thulin
*Commiphora ciliata Vollesen
*Commiphora coleopsis H.Perrier
*Commiphora confusa Vollesen
*Commiphora corrugata J.B.Gillett & Vollesen
*Commiphora crenatoserrata Engl.
*Commiphora cuneifolia Baker
*Commiphora cyclophylla Chiov.
* Commiphora dalzielii Hutch.
* Commiphora dinteri Engl.
* Commiphora discolor Mendes
* Commiphora drake-brockmanii Sprague
* Commiphora dulcis Engl.
* Commiphora edulis (Klotzsch) Engl.
* Commiphora elliptica Phillipson, Raharim., A.Weeks & Gostel
* Commiphora eminii Engl.
* Commiphora engleri Guillaumin
* Commiphora enneaphylla Chiov.
* Commiphora erlangeriana Engl.
* Commiphora erosa Vollesen
* Commiphora falcata Capuron
* Commiphora foliacea Sprague
* Commiphora franciscana Capuron
* Commiphora fraxinifolia Baker
* Commiphora fraxinoides (Hiern) K.Schum.
* Commiphora fulvotomentosa Engl.
* Commiphora gardoensis J.B.Gillett ex Thulin
* Commiphora gariepensis Swanepoel
* Commiphora giessii Van der Walt
* Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C.Chr
* Commiphora glandulosa Schinz
* Commiphora glaucescens Engl.
* Commiphora gorinii Chiov.
* Commiphora gracilifrondosa Dinter ex Van der Walt
* Commiphora grandifolia Engl.
* Commiphora grosswelleri Engl.
* Commiphora guerichiania Engl.
* Commiphora guidottii Chiov. ex Guid.
* Commiphora guillauminii H.Perrier
* Commiphora gurreh Engl.
* Commiphora hartmannii Engl.
* Commiphora harveyi (Engl.) Engl.
* Commiphora hereroensis Schinz
* Commiphora hildebrandtii Engl.
* Commiphora hodai Sprague
* Commiphora hornbyi Burtt
* Commiphora horrida Chiov.
* Commiphora humbertii H.Perrier
* Commiphora kaokoensis Swanepoel
* Commiphora karibensis Wild
* Commiphora kataf (Forssk.) Engl.
* Commiphora kerstingii Engl.
* Commiphora kraeuseliana Heine
* Commiphora kua (R.Br. ex Royle) Vollesen
* Commiphora kucharii Thulin
* Commiphora kuneneana Swanepoel
* Commiphora lacerata Thulin
* Commiphora lamii H.Perrier
* Commiphora lasiodisca H.Perrier
* Commiphora laxecymigera H.Perrier
* Commiphora leandriana H.Perrier
* Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B.Gillett,
* Commiphora lobatospathulata J.B.Gillett ex Thulin
* Commiphora longibracteata Engl.
* Commiphora madagascariensis Jacq.
* Commiphora mafaidoha H.Perrier
* Commiphora mahafaliensis Capuron
* Commiphora marchandii Engl.
* Commiphora marlothii Engl.
* Commiphora merkeri Engl.
* Commiphora merkii Engl.
* Commiphora mildbraedii Engl.
* Commiphora mollis (Oliv.) Engl.
* Commiphora mombassensis Engl.
* Commiphora monoica Vollesen
* Commiphora monstruosa (H.Perrier) Capuron
* Commiphora morondavensis Phillipson, Raharim., A.Weeks & Gostel
* Commiphora mossambicensis (Oliv.) Engl.
* Commiphora mossamedensis Mendes
* Commiphora mulelame (Hiern) K.Schum.
* Commiphora multifoliolata J.B.Gillett ex Thulin
* Commiphora multijuga (Hiern) K.Schum.
* Commiphora murraywatsonii J.B.Gillett ex Thulin
* Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl.
* Commiphora namaensis Schinz
* Commiphora namibensis Swanepoel
* Commiphora neglecta I.Verd.
* Commiphora oblanceolata Schinz
* Commiphora oblongifolia J.B.Gillett
* Commiphora obovata Chiov.
* Commiphora oddurensis Chiov.
* Commiphora omundomba Swanepoel & A.Weeks
* Commiphora orbicularis Engl.
* Commiphora ornifolia (Balf.f.) J.B.Gillett
* Commiphora otjihipana Swanepoel
* Commiphora ovalifolia J.B.Gillett
* Commiphora paolii Chiov.
* Commiphora parvifolia (Balf.f.) Engl.
* Commiphora pedunculata (Kotschy & Peyr.) Engl.
* Commiphora pervilleana Engl.
* Commiphora planifrons (Balf.f.) Engl.
* Commiphora playfairii (Hook.f. ex Oliv.) Engl.
* Commiphora pruinosa Engl.
* Commiphora pseudopaolii J.B.Gillett
* Commiphora pteleifolia Engl.
* Commiphora pterocarpa H.Perrier
* Commiphora pyracanthoides Engl.
* Commiphora quadricincta Schweinf.
* Commiphora quercifoliola J.B.Gillett ex Thulin
* Commiphora rangeana Engl.
* Commiphora razakamalalae Gostel, Phillipson & A.Weeks
* Commiphora rostrata Engl.
* Commiphora ruquietiana Dinter & Engl.
* Commiphora ruspolii Chiov.
* Commiphora samharensis Schweinf.
* Commiphora sarandensis Burtt
* Commiphora saxicola Engl.
* Commiphora schimperi (O.Bergman) Engl.
* Commiphora schlechteri Engl.
* Commiphora schultzei Engl.
* Commiphora sennii Chiov.
* Commiphora serrata Engl.
* Commiphora serrulata Engl.
* Commiphora setulifera Chiov. ex Guid.
* Commiphora simplicifolia H.Perrier
* Commiphora sinuata H.Perrier
* Commiphora socotrana (Balf.f.) Engl.
* Commiphora spathulata Mattick
* Commiphora spathulifoliolata Engl.
* Commiphora sphaerocarpa Chiov
* Commiphora spinulosa J.B.Gillett ex Thulin
* Commiphora staphyleifolia Chiov.
* Commiphora stellatopubescens J.B.Gillett ex Thulin
* Commiphora stellulata H.Perrier
* Commiphora steynii Swanepoel
* Commiphora stocksiana (Engl.) Engl., known in Pakistan as bayisa gugal
* Commiphora sulcata Chiov.
* Commiphora swynnertonii Burtt
* Commiphora tenuipetiolata Engl.
* Commiphora tetramera Engl.
* Commiphora truncata Engl.
* Commiphora tsimanampetsae Capuron
* Commiphora ugogensis Engl.
* Commiphora ulugurensis Engl.
* Commiphora unilobata J.B.Gillett & Vollesen
* Commiphora viminea Burtt Davy
* Commiphora virgata Engl.
*Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari
*Commiphora wildii Merxm.
*Commiphora woodii Engl.
*Commiphora zanzibarica (Baill.) Engl
 
==Identification Characters==
1. Nava Guggulu
* '''Snigdha''' – Unctuous, oily
* '''Kanchana Sankasha''' – has golden yellow shine
* '''Pakva Jambuphalopama''' – resembles ripe jamun fruit
* '''Sugandhi''' – has a good aroma
* '''Picchila''' – Sticky, Slimy
2. Purana Guggulu
'
* ''Shushka''' – Dry
* '''Durgandha''' – foul smelling
* '''Tyaktaprakruti varna''' – will not have its original colour and nature.
* '''Ulukhala/ Kumbholukhala''' – Gum resin of Guggulu exudes from pot shaped cavities.
* '''Kaushik''' -  Guggulu exudes gum – resin from its cavities.
* '''Mahishaksha''' – Gum – resin of guggulu has reddish black colour like that of Buffalo’s eye.
* '''Kananiryasa''' – Gum resin of guggulu has particles.
* '''Kalaniryasa''' – Gum resin of guggulu is blackish in colour.<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, Verse no. 39 – 40,
Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition,
Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Guggulu, Pura, Moolakaparni, Palankasha, Devadhupa, Mahisaksha,  Jatayu, Kaushik  
Guggulu, Pura, Moolakaparni, Palankasha, Devadhupa, Mahisaksha,  Jatayu, Kaushik  
==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Kustalu, Khalaka, Kliba<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, Verse no. 29, Edited
by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha
Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>
==Types==
===Bhavaprakasha Nighantu===
Mentioned 5 types<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, Verse no. 30, Edited by
Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati
Academy, 2015;</ref>
# Mahishaksha – Black in colour
# Mahanila – Blue in colour
# Kumud – White in colour
# Padma – Brown in colour
# Hiranyaksha – Yellow in colour
Other 2 types – Nava Guggulu and Purana Guggulu
===Raja Nighantu=== 
Mentioned 2 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Chandanadi Varga, Verse no.
107 Chaukhambha Krishnadas academy, Varanasi;</ref>
1.Gandharaja Guggulu / Kana guggulu
2.Bhumija guggulu
==Prashashta Guggulu (Qualities of Genuine Guggulu)==
*  Atapaiste viliyanti – becomes liquefied when exposed to Sun light.
* Ksiptagnou jwalanti – Burns well when put on fire
* Snigdha (Unctuous)
* Mridu (Soft)
* Pichhila (Sticky)
* Vishada (Clean)
* Sugandha (Good smell)
* Pitabha (yellowish-tinged)
* Mrit sikata rahita – Devoid of mud and sand.<ref>Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, Verse no. 1412
Translated by Dr. Guru Prasada Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Delhi;</ref>
==Atimatra Prayoga (Excessive usage) of Guggulu==
* Klaibya (Impotency)
* Asya shosha (Dryness in mouth)
* Timira (Progressive cataract)
* Karsya (Lean)
* Moha (Giddiness)
* Atisara (Diarrhoea)<ref>Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Priya Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 80,
Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi;</ref>
==Contra indications during Guggulu usage==
* Amla & Tikshna – Sour and strong foods.
* Ajirna – Food that causes indigestion
* Vyavaya – sexual intercourse
* Shrama – Sternous exercise
* Atapa – Sunlight
* Madya – Alcoholic preparaions
* Rosha – Psychological upsets like anger<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, Verse no. 45, Edited by
Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati
Academy, 2015;</ref>
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
== Classical Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics ==
In classical [[Ayurveda]], Guggulu holds a supreme position among resinous medicaments (''Niryasa''). Standard Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics classify Guggulu as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  ||Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])||Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Minute (sukshma),Vishada (Clear), Sara (Flowing)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) ||Pacify all three dosha (tridoshahara)
|-
| 6 || Therapeutic actions ||Lekhana(Scraping action on excessive lipids and toxins),Medohara (Reduction of excessive adipose tissue and systemic lipids),Chhedana(Excision/Expectorant action on mucus and cellular debris),Rasayana (Rejuvenative and anti-aging properties when processed correctly)
|}
> '''Note on Purification (Shodhana):''' Raw Guggulu contains extraneous impurities and toxic fraction constituents that can cause gastric distress or skin allergic responses. Prior to therapeutic use, it undergoes ''Shodhana'' (purification) by boiling in decoctions of ''[[Triphala]]'' or [[Guduchi]] (''[[Tinospora cordifolia]]'') until liquid, then strained and dried into ''Shuddha Guggulu''.


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
Line 30: Line 332:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 || Sutra sthana 3/4  
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/4  
| Siddhatama  churna pradeha
| Siddhatama  churna pradeha
|-
|-
| 2 || Sutra sthana.  5/21  
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21  
|Dhuma varti  dravya
|Dhuma varti  dravya
|-
|-
|3
|3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144
|Vimana Sthana 8/144
|Kashaya-skandha
|Kashaya-skandha
|-
|-
|4
|4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/61
|Ch.Sha.8/61
|Kshirajanan  karma
|Kshirajanan  karma
|-
|-
|5
|5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23
|Ch Ka 1/23
|Vamanarth
|Vamanarth
|-
|-
|6
|6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|7
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/307
|Used as Dhoopana dravya in Vishamajwara.
|-
|-
|8
|7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/307
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/27
|Used as Dhoopana dravya in Vishamajwara
|Ingredient in Vachadi Ghrit 
|-
|-
|9
|8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/27
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/34
|Ingredient in Vachadi Ghrita  
|Ingredient in Palankashadi tail
|-
|-
|10
|9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/34
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthan
|Ingredient in Palankashadi  taila
 
|-
13/153
|10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/153
|In treatment  of Udararoga  (with dugdha)  
|In treatment  of Udararoga  (with dugdha)  
|-
|-
|11
|11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/80
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana
 
17/80
|Used for  shodhanottara dhumpana
|Used for  shodhanottara dhumpana
|-
|-
|12
|12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/99
|Cha.Sa.Chi.23/99
|Used as an ingredient of Vishaghna dhuma
|Used as an ingredient of Vishaghna dhuma.
|-
|-
|13
|13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231
|Cha.Sa.Chi.23/231
|Used in the treatment of animals suffering with  poison
|Used in the treatment of animals suffering with  poison.
|-
|-
|14
|14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/53
|Cha.sa.Chi.25/53
|Used for Pakvasopha prabheda.
|Used for Pakvasopha prabheda.
|-
|-
|15
|15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/100
|Cha.sa.Chi.25/100
|Used for vrana avasadana.
|Used for vrana avasadana.
|-
|-
|16
|16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/152
|Used in Kaphaja  Pratishyaya for pradhamana
|Used in Kaphaja  Pratishyaya for pradhamana.
|-
|-
|17
|17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/182
|Used in Kaphaja sira  shoola for dhoomavarti
|Used in Kaphaja sira  shoola for dhoomavarti.
|-
|-
|18
|18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/35
|Ca.Sa.Chi.27/35
|AS an Sahapana  of Murvadi Choorna
|AS an Sahapana  of Murvadi Choorna
|-
|-
|19
|19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/242
|Cha.Sa.Chi.28/242
|As a rasayana prayoga in Avrita vata
|As a rasayana prayoga in Avrita vata.
|-
|-
|20
|20 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/159
|Cha.Sa.chi.29/159
|Used in nitya prayoga as vatarakta nashaka dravya
|Used in nitya prayoga as vatarakta nashaka dravya.
|-
|-
|21
|21 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/121
|Cha.Sa.Chi.30/121
|Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara
|Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara.
|-
|-
|}
|}


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
==Dose==
 
2-4 gms of the drug<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry
of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:28</ref>
 
==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry
of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:28</ref>
 
*  Vatari Guggulu
*  Yogaraja Guggulu
*  Simhanada Guggulu
*  Mahayogaraja Guggulu
*  Kaisora Guggulu
*  Chandraprabha Vati
 
== Current availability==
 
Available
*It is largely found in the dry regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat states of India.
*Other countries – Arid regions of Pakistan, Tropical regions of Africa, Madagascar and Asia, Australia, Indian Ocean and Pacific islands
 
== Current researches ==
 
== Botanical & Phytochemical Profile ==
 
''Commiphora wightii'' is a slow-growing, thorny shrub or small tree native to arid regions of [[India]] (primarily [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]]), [[Pakistan]], and parts of North Africa. The oleo-gum-resin is harvested via incision in the bark, yielding a yellow-brown balsam that hardens upon exposure to air.
 
The chemical constitution of raw Guggulu comprises resin (ca. 61%), gum (ca. 29.3%), volatile oils (0.4–1.45%), and water-insoluble matter. Standardized extracts, often termed ''Gugulipid'', concentrate the active ketonic steroid fraction.
 
=== Primary Bioactive Constituents ===


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|+ Phytochemical Composition of Guggulu Resinous Extract
|-
! Chemical Class !! Key Compounds !! Pharmacological Significance
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
| '''Phytosterols / Ketosteroids''' || ''E''-guggulsterone, ''Z''-guggulsterone, Guggulsterol I–V || Primary active markers; [[Farnesoid X receptor|FXR]] antagonism, hypolipidemic, thyroid activation.
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| '''Monoterpenes & Sesquiterpenes''' || [[Myrcene]], [[limonene]], [[eugenol]], [[caryophyllene]] || Constitute essential oil; contribute to antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity.
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Minute (sukshma)
| '''Diterpenes''' || [[Mukulol]], cembranoids, [[allylcembrol]] || Cytotoxic and microbial inhibitory properties.
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify all three dosha (tridoshahara)
|-
|-
| '''Lignans & Ferulates''' || [[Guggullignan]]s, long-chain aliphatic tetrol ferulates || Antioxidant activity and free-radical scavenging capacity.
|}
|}


== Current availability==  
== Pharmacological Mechanisms & Scientific Evidence ==
 
=== Hypolipidemic & Anti-Atherosclerotic Activity ===
The hypolipidemic capacity of Guggulu is attributed to ''E''- and ''Z''-guggulsterones acting as competitive antagonists at the [[Farnesoid X receptor]] (FXR), a nuclear receptor that regulates [[bile acid]] and cholesterol homeostasis.<ref name="Urizar2002">{{cite journal | last1 = Urizar | first1 = N. L. | last2 = Liverman | first2 = A. B. | last3 = Dodds | first3 = D. T. | last4 = Silva | first4 = F. V. | last5 = Ordentlich | first5 = P. | last6 = Yan | first6 = Y. | last7 = Gonzalez | first7 = F. J. | last8 = Heyman | first8 = R. A. | last9 = Mangelsdorf | first9 = D. J. | last10 = Moore | first10 = D. D. | year = 2002 | title = A natural product that lowers cholesterol as an antagonist ligand for FXR | journal = [[Science]] | volume = 296 | issue = 5573 | pages = 1703–1706 | doi = 10.1126/science.1072891 | pmid = 11988537}}</ref><ref name="Wu2002">{{cite journal | last1 = Wu | first1 = J. | last2 = Xia | first2 = C. | last3 = Meier | first3 = J. | last4 = Li | first4 = S. | last5 = Hu | first5 = X. | last6 = Lala | first6 = D. S. | year = 2002 | title = The hypolipidemic natural product guggulsterone acts as an antagonist of the bile acid receptor | journal = [[Molecular Endocrinology]] | volume = 16 | issue = 7 | pages = 1590–1597 | doi = 10.1210/mend.16.7.0894 | pmid = 12089353}}</ref> By blocking FXR activation, guggulsterone enhances hepatic bile salt export and upregulates hepatic [[LDL receptor]] expression, increasing cellular clearance of [[low-density lipoprotein]] (LDL).
 
Clinical trials conducted in India demonstrated significant reductions in total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C, accompanied by increases or stabilization of [[high-density lipoprotein]] (HDL-C).<ref name="Nityanand1989">{{cite journal | last1 = Nityanand | first1 = S. | last2 = Srivastava | first2 = J. S. | last3 = Asthana | first3 = O. P. | year = 1989 | title = Clinical trials with guggulipid—a new hypolipidemic agent | journal = Journal of the Association of Physicians of India | volume = 37 | issue = 5 | pages = 323–328}}</ref> Additionally, guggulsterone exhibits lipid peroxide-scavenging properties, preventing the oxidative modification of LDL cholesterol—a crucial step in atherogenesis.<ref name="Deng2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Deng | first1 = R. | year = 2007 | title = Therapeutic effects of guggul and its constituent guggulsterone: cardiovascular benefits | journal = [[Cardiovascular Drug Reviews]] | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 375–390 | doi = 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2007.00023.x | pmid = 18078436}}</ref>
 
=== Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Arthritic Efficacy ===
Guggulsterone suppresses activation of the [[NF-kB|nuclear factor-kappa B]] (NF-κB) signaling pathway by downregulating [[IkappaB kinase|IκB kinase]] (IKK), leading to suppression of downstream inflammatory mediators including [[cyclooxygenase-2]] (COX-2), [[tumor necrosis factor|TNF-α]], and [[interleukin-1]] beta (IL-1β).<ref name="Shishodia2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Shishodia | first1 = S. | last2 = Harikumar | first2 = K. B. | last3 = Dass | first3 = S. | last4 = Ramawat | first4 = K. G. | last5 = Aggarwal | first5 = B. B. | year = 2008 | title = The guggul for chronic diseases: ancient medicine, modern targets | journal = Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology | volume = 603 | pages = 308–321 | doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-75681-3_28 | pmid = 17966570}}</ref> This molecular cascade validates the traditional use of Guggulu preparations in treating inflammatory arthropathies such as [[osteoarthritis]] and [[rheumatoid arthritis]] (''Amavata'').
 
=== Metabolic Regulation & Thyroid Stimulation ===
In animal models, administration of Guggulu extract enhanced thyroid function by increasing the activity of [[thyroid peroxidase]] and [[protease]], thereby facilitating the peripheral conversion of [[thyroxine]] ($T_4$) into the active metabolic hormone [[triiodothyronine]] ($T_3$).<ref name="Panda1999">{{cite journal | last1 = Panda | first1 = S. | last2 = Kar | first2 = A. | year = 1999 | title = Gugulu (Commiphora mukul) induces triiodothyronine production: possible involvement of lipid peroxidation | journal = [[Life Sciences]] | volume = 65 | issue = 12 | pages = PL137–PL141 | doi = 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00369-0 | pmid = 10503949}}</ref> This thyroid stimulation increases basal metabolic rate (BMR) and heat production, providing a mechanical explanation for its anti-obesity (''Sthoulyahara'') effects.
 
=== Dermatological & Anti-Acne Actions ===
Guggulsterones exhibit potent anti-seborrheic and antibacterial effects. A randomized comparative clinical trial demonstrated that oral administration of standardized guggulipid (25 mg guggulsterone twice daily) was as effective as oral [[tetracycline]] (500 mg twice daily) in reducing inflammatory lesions in patients with severe nodulocystic [[acne vulgaris]].<ref name="Thappa1994">{{cite journal | last1 = Thappa | first1 = D. M. | last2 = Dogra | first2 = J. | year = 1994 | title = Nodulocystic acne: oral guggulipid versus tetracycline | journal = The Journal of Dermatology | volume = 21 | issue = 10 | pages = 729–731 | doi = 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1994.tb03277.x | pmid = 7798435}}</ref> Notably, patients with oily skin responded significantly better to guggulipid therapy.
 
== Posology & Common Ayurvedic Formulations ==
=== Dosage ===
* '''Purified Resin (Shuddha Guggulu):''' 500 mg to 1 g, twice daily with warm water or milk.
* '''Standardized Extract (Gugulipid):''' 25 mg guggulsterones twice or thrice daily (typically corresponding to 500 mg standardized extract).
 
=== Classical Formulations ===
* '''Yograj Guggulu:''' Formulated for Vata disorders, chronic joint pain, and neuro-musculoskeletal stiffness.
* '''Kaishore Guggulu:''' Indicated for inflammatory joint disease, [[gout]] (''Vatarakta''), skin disorders, and blood purification.
* '''Kanchnar Guggulu:''' Used for lymphatic enlargements, [[thyroid nodule]]s, [[cyst]]s, and glandular swellings.
* '''Triphala Guggulu:''' Target formulation for obesity, chronic inflammatory sinus conditions, and sluggish digestion.
* '''Punarnavadi Guggulu:''' Indicated for edema, fluid retention, hyperuricemia, and renal stiffness.
 
== Safety, Toxicology & Contraindications ==
=== Adverse Reactions ===
While purified Guggulu is generally well tolerated, reported adverse effects include mild [[gastrointestinal]] distress (nausea, diarrhea, eructation), skin rash/dermatitis, and transient elevations in [[liver enzymes]] at high dosages.
 
=== Drug Interactions ===
* '''[[Cytochrome P450 3A4|CYP3A4]] Inducers:''' Guggulsterones can induce CYP3A4 enzymes, potentially accelerating the hepatic metabolism and reducing the serum concentrations of drugs such as [[diltiazem]], [[ketoconazole]], or oral contraceptives.
* '''[[Anticoagulant]]s & Antiplatelets:''' Concomitant administration with [[aspirin]], [[warfarin]], or [[clopidogrel]] may increase bleeding risk due to antiplatelet activity.
* '''Thyroid Hormones:''' May potentiate the action of exogenous thyroid medications (e.g., [[levothyroxine]]).
 
=== Contraindications ===
* '''Pregnancy & Lactation:''' Emmenagogue and uterine-stimulating properties pose a potential risk of abortion.
* '''Bleeding Disorders:''' Contraindicated in patients with active peptic ulceration, [[thrombocytopenia]], or scheduled for surgery.
* '''Hormone-Sensitive Cancers:''' Due to weak affinity for [[estrogen receptor]]s and [[androgen receptor]]s, caution is warranted in breast, ovarian, or prostate malignancies.


Available
== References ==
{{reflist}}


== Current researches ==
== External links ==
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical-detailedpage/IMPHY008908 IMPPAT database]


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
This article is under development ..

Revision as of 07:00, 28 July 2026


Commiphora mukul (Hook ex Stock) Engl Indian Bedellium

Guggulu
Section/Chapter Herb database/Guggulu
Botanical name(s) Commiphora mukul (Hook ex Stock) Engl
Family Burseraceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Guggulu (also known as Guggul or Gum Guggulu) is an oleo-gum-resin exuded from the trunk of Commiphora wightii (syn. Commiphora mukul), a flowering plant belonging to the family Burseraceae. Renowned in Ayurvedic medicine for over three millennia, Guggulu is traditionally prescribed for conditions characterized by lipid accumulation, chronic inflammation, metabolic sluggishness, and joint degeneration. In modern phytomedicine, its active steroidal compounds, known as guggulsterones, have been investigated for their hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, and thyroid-stimulating properties.

Therapeutic Uses

Amavata (Rheumatoid arthritis), Kushtha (Obstinate skin diseases), Prameha (Obstinate Urinary disorders including Diabetes mellitus), Vatavyadhi, Granthi (Tumors/warts), Sopha (Inflammation), Gandamala (Goitre), Medoroga (Obesity, and lowers cholesterol)[1]

Other botanical names/varieties

  • Commiphora acuminata Mattick
  • Commiphora africana (A.Rich.) Engl.
  • Commiphora Chiov.
  • Commiphora alaticaulis J.B.Gillett & Vollesen
  • Commiphora anacardiifolia Dinter & Engl.
  • Commiphora andranovoryensis Phillipson, Raharim., A.Weeks & Gostel
  • Commiphora angolensis Engl.
  • Commiphora angustifoliolata Mendes
  • Commiphora ankaranensis (J.-F.Leroy) Cheek & Rakot.
  • Commiphora antunesii Engl.
  • Commiphora aprevalii Guillaumin
  • Commiphora arafy H.Perrier
  • Commiphora arenaria Thulin
  • Commiphora baluensis Engl.
  • Commiphora benguelensis Swanepoel
  • Commiphora berardellii Chiov.
  • Commiphora berryi (Arn.) Engl.
  • Commiphora boranensis Vollesen
  • Commiphora brevicalyx H.Perrier
  • Commiphora buruxa Swanepoel
  • Commiphora caerulea Burtt
  • Commiphora campestris Engl.
  • Commiphora capensis (Sond.) Engl.
  • Commiphora capuronii Bard.-Vauc.
  • Commiphora caudata (Wight & Arn.) Engl
  • Commiphora cervifolia Van der Walt
  • Commiphora chaetocarpa J.B.Gillett
  • Commiphora chevalieri Engl.
  • Commiphora chiovendana J.B.Gillett ex Thulin
  • Commiphora ciliata Vollesen
  • Commiphora coleopsis H.Perrier
  • Commiphora confusa Vollesen
  • Commiphora corrugata J.B.Gillett & Vollesen
  • Commiphora crenatoserrata Engl.
  • Commiphora cuneifolia Baker
  • Commiphora cyclophylla Chiov.
  • Commiphora dalzielii Hutch.
  • Commiphora dinteri Engl.
  • Commiphora discolor Mendes
  • Commiphora drake-brockmanii Sprague
  • Commiphora dulcis Engl.
  • Commiphora edulis (Klotzsch) Engl.
  • Commiphora elliptica Phillipson, Raharim., A.Weeks & Gostel
  • Commiphora eminii Engl.
  • Commiphora engleri Guillaumin
  • Commiphora enneaphylla Chiov.
  • Commiphora erlangeriana Engl.
  • Commiphora erosa Vollesen
  • Commiphora falcata Capuron
  • Commiphora foliacea Sprague
  • Commiphora franciscana Capuron
  • Commiphora fraxinifolia Baker
  • Commiphora fraxinoides (Hiern) K.Schum.
  • Commiphora fulvotomentosa Engl.
  • Commiphora gardoensis J.B.Gillett ex Thulin
  • Commiphora gariepensis Swanepoel
  • Commiphora giessii Van der Walt
  • Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C.Chr
  • Commiphora glandulosa Schinz
  • Commiphora glaucescens Engl.
  • Commiphora gorinii Chiov.
  • Commiphora gracilifrondosa Dinter ex Van der Walt
  • Commiphora grandifolia Engl.
  • Commiphora grosswelleri Engl.
  • Commiphora guerichiania Engl.
  • Commiphora guidottii Chiov. ex Guid.
  • Commiphora guillauminii H.Perrier
  • Commiphora gurreh Engl.
  • Commiphora hartmannii Engl.
  • Commiphora harveyi (Engl.) Engl.
  • Commiphora hereroensis Schinz
  • Commiphora hildebrandtii Engl.
  • Commiphora hodai Sprague
  • Commiphora hornbyi Burtt
  • Commiphora horrida Chiov.
  • Commiphora humbertii H.Perrier
  • Commiphora kaokoensis Swanepoel
  • Commiphora karibensis Wild
  • Commiphora kataf (Forssk.) Engl.
  • Commiphora kerstingii Engl.
  • Commiphora kraeuseliana Heine
  • Commiphora kua (R.Br. ex Royle) Vollesen
  • Commiphora kucharii Thulin
  • Commiphora kuneneana Swanepoel
  • Commiphora lacerata Thulin
  • Commiphora lamii H.Perrier
  • Commiphora lasiodisca H.Perrier
  • Commiphora laxecymigera H.Perrier
  • Commiphora leandriana H.Perrier
  • Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B.Gillett,
  • Commiphora lobatospathulata J.B.Gillett ex Thulin
  • Commiphora longibracteata Engl.
  • Commiphora madagascariensis Jacq.
  • Commiphora mafaidoha H.Perrier
  • Commiphora mahafaliensis Capuron
  • Commiphora marchandii Engl.
  • Commiphora marlothii Engl.
  • Commiphora merkeri Engl.
  • Commiphora merkii Engl.
  • Commiphora mildbraedii Engl.
  • Commiphora mollis (Oliv.) Engl.
  • Commiphora mombassensis Engl.
  • Commiphora monoica Vollesen
  • Commiphora monstruosa (H.Perrier) Capuron
  • Commiphora morondavensis Phillipson, Raharim., A.Weeks & Gostel
  • Commiphora mossambicensis (Oliv.) Engl.
  • Commiphora mossamedensis Mendes
  • Commiphora mulelame (Hiern) K.Schum.
  • Commiphora multifoliolata J.B.Gillett ex Thulin
  • Commiphora multijuga (Hiern) K.Schum.
  • Commiphora murraywatsonii J.B.Gillett ex Thulin
  • Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl.
  • Commiphora namaensis Schinz
  • Commiphora namibensis Swanepoel
  • Commiphora neglecta I.Verd.
  • Commiphora oblanceolata Schinz
  • Commiphora oblongifolia J.B.Gillett
  • Commiphora obovata Chiov.
  • Commiphora oddurensis Chiov.
  • Commiphora omundomba Swanepoel & A.Weeks
  • Commiphora orbicularis Engl.
  • Commiphora ornifolia (Balf.f.) J.B.Gillett
  • Commiphora otjihipana Swanepoel
  • Commiphora ovalifolia J.B.Gillett
  • Commiphora paolii Chiov.
  • Commiphora parvifolia (Balf.f.) Engl.
  • Commiphora pedunculata (Kotschy & Peyr.) Engl.
  • Commiphora pervilleana Engl.
  • Commiphora planifrons (Balf.f.) Engl.
  • Commiphora playfairii (Hook.f. ex Oliv.) Engl.
  • Commiphora pruinosa Engl.
  • Commiphora pseudopaolii J.B.Gillett
  • Commiphora pteleifolia Engl.
  • Commiphora pterocarpa H.Perrier
  • Commiphora pyracanthoides Engl.
  • Commiphora quadricincta Schweinf.
  • Commiphora quercifoliola J.B.Gillett ex Thulin
  • Commiphora rangeana Engl.
  • Commiphora razakamalalae Gostel, Phillipson & A.Weeks
  • Commiphora rostrata Engl.
  • Commiphora ruquietiana Dinter & Engl.
  • Commiphora ruspolii Chiov.
  • Commiphora samharensis Schweinf.
  • Commiphora sarandensis Burtt
  • Commiphora saxicola Engl.
  • Commiphora schimperi (O.Bergman) Engl.
  • Commiphora schlechteri Engl.
  • Commiphora schultzei Engl.
  • Commiphora sennii Chiov.
  • Commiphora serrata Engl.
  • Commiphora serrulata Engl.
  • Commiphora setulifera Chiov. ex Guid.
  • Commiphora simplicifolia H.Perrier
  • Commiphora sinuata H.Perrier
  • Commiphora socotrana (Balf.f.) Engl.
  • Commiphora spathulata Mattick
  • Commiphora spathulifoliolata Engl.
  • Commiphora sphaerocarpa Chiov
  • Commiphora spinulosa J.B.Gillett ex Thulin
  • Commiphora staphyleifolia Chiov.
  • Commiphora stellatopubescens J.B.Gillett ex Thulin
  • Commiphora stellulata H.Perrier
  • Commiphora steynii Swanepoel
  • Commiphora stocksiana (Engl.) Engl., known in Pakistan as bayisa gugal
  • Commiphora sulcata Chiov.
  • Commiphora swynnertonii Burtt
  • Commiphora tenuipetiolata Engl.
  • Commiphora tetramera Engl.
  • Commiphora truncata Engl.
  • Commiphora tsimanampetsae Capuron
  • Commiphora ugogensis Engl.
  • Commiphora ulugurensis Engl.
  • Commiphora unilobata J.B.Gillett & Vollesen
  • Commiphora viminea Burtt Davy
  • Commiphora virgata Engl.
  • Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari
  • Commiphora wildii Merxm.
  • Commiphora woodii Engl.
  • Commiphora zanzibarica (Baill.) Engl

Identification Characters

1. Nava Guggulu

  • Snigdha – Unctuous, oily
  • Kanchana Sankasha – has golden yellow shine
  • Pakva Jambuphalopama – resembles ripe jamun fruit
  • Sugandhi – has a good aroma
  • Picchila – Sticky, Slimy

2. Purana Guggulu '

  • Shushka' – Dry
  • Durgandha – foul smelling
  • Tyaktaprakruti varna – will not have its original colour and nature.
  • Ulukhala/ Kumbholukhala – Gum resin of Guggulu exudes from pot shaped cavities.
  • Kaushik - Guggulu exudes gum – resin from its cavities.
  • Mahishaksha – Gum – resin of guggulu has reddish black colour like that of Buffalo’s eye.
  • Kananiryasa – Gum resin of guggulu has particles.
  • Kalaniryasa – Gum resin of guggulu is blackish in colour.[2]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Guggulu, Pura, Moolakaparni, Palankasha, Devadhupa, Mahisaksha, Jatayu, Kaushik

Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

Kustalu, Khalaka, Kliba[3]

Types

Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

Mentioned 5 types[4]

  1. Mahishaksha – Black in colour
  2. Mahanila – Blue in colour
  3. Kumud – White in colour
  4. Padma – Brown in colour
  5. Hiranyaksha – Yellow in colour

Other 2 types – Nava Guggulu and Purana Guggulu

Raja Nighantu

Mentioned 2 types[5] 

1.Gandharaja Guggulu / Kana guggulu
2.Bhumija guggulu

Prashashta Guggulu (Qualities of Genuine Guggulu)

  • Atapaiste viliyanti – becomes liquefied when exposed to Sun light.
  • Ksiptagnou jwalanti – Burns well when put on fire
  • Snigdha (Unctuous)
  • Mridu (Soft)
  • Pichhila (Sticky)
  • Vishada (Clean)
  • Sugandha (Good smell)
  • Pitabha (yellowish-tinged)
  • Mrit sikata rahita – Devoid of mud and sand.[6]

Atimatra Prayoga (Excessive usage) of Guggulu

  • Klaibya (Impotency)
  • Asya shosha (Dryness in mouth)
  • Timira (Progressive cataract)
  • Karsya (Lean)
  • Moha (Giddiness)
  • Atisara (Diarrhoea)[7]

Contra indications during Guggulu usage

  • Amla & Tikshna – Sour and strong foods.
  • Ajirna – Food that causes indigestion
  • Vyavaya – sexual intercourse
  • Shrama – Sternous exercise
  • Atapa – Sunlight
  • Madya – Alcoholic preparaions
  • Rosha – Psychological upsets like anger[8]

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Classical Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics

In classical Ayurveda, Guggulu holds a supreme position among resinous medicaments (Niryasa). Standard Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics classify Guggulu as follows:

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Minute (sukshma),Vishada (Clear), Sara (Flowing)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify all three dosha (tridoshahara)
6 Therapeutic actions Lekhana(Scraping action on excessive lipids and toxins),Medohara (Reduction of excessive adipose tissue and systemic lipids),Chhedana(Excision/Expectorant action on mucus and cellular debris),Rasayana (Rejuvenative and anti-aging properties when processed correctly)

> Note on Purification (Shodhana): Raw Guggulu contains extraneous impurities and toxic fraction constituents that can cause gastric distress or skin allergic responses. Prior to therapeutic use, it undergoes Shodhana (purification) by boiling in decoctions of Triphala or Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) until liquid, then strained and dried into Shuddha Guggulu.

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 3/4 Siddhatama churna pradeha
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/21 Dhuma varti dravya
3 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/144 Kashaya-skandha
4 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/61 Kshirajanan karma
5 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 1/23 Vamanarth
6 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
7 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/307 Used as Dhoopana dravya in Vishamajwara
8 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/27 Ingredient in Vachadi Ghrita
9 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/34 Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
10 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/153 In treatment of Udararoga (with dugdha)
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/80 Used for shodhanottara dhumpana
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/99 Used as an ingredient of Vishaghna dhuma
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/231 Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/53 Used for Pakvasopha prabheda.
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/100 Used for vrana avasadana.
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/152 Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/182 Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/35 AS an Sahapana of Murvadi Choorna
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/242 As a rasayana prayoga in Avrita vata
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/159 Used in nitya prayoga as vatarakta nashaka dravya
21 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/121 Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara

Dose

2-4 gms of the drug[9]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[10]

  • Vatari Guggulu
  • Yogaraja Guggulu
  • Simhanada Guggulu
  • Mahayogaraja Guggulu
  • Kaisora Guggulu
  • Chandraprabha Vati

Current availability

Available

  • It is largely found in the dry regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat states of India.
  • Other countries – Arid regions of Pakistan, Tropical regions of Africa, Madagascar and Asia, Australia, Indian Ocean and Pacific islands

Current researches

Botanical & Phytochemical Profile

Commiphora wightii is a slow-growing, thorny shrub or small tree native to arid regions of India (primarily Rajasthan and Gujarat), Pakistan, and parts of North Africa. The oleo-gum-resin is harvested via incision in the bark, yielding a yellow-brown balsam that hardens upon exposure to air.

The chemical constitution of raw Guggulu comprises resin (ca. 61%), gum (ca. 29.3%), volatile oils (0.4–1.45%), and water-insoluble matter. Standardized extracts, often termed Gugulipid, concentrate the active ketonic steroid fraction.

Primary Bioactive Constituents

Phytochemical Composition of Guggulu Resinous Extract
Chemical Class Key Compounds Pharmacological Significance
Phytosterols / Ketosteroids E-guggulsterone, Z-guggulsterone, Guggulsterol I–V Primary active markers; FXR antagonism, hypolipidemic, thyroid activation.
Monoterpenes & Sesquiterpenes Myrcene, limonene, eugenol, caryophyllene Constitute essential oil; contribute to antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity.
Diterpenes Mukulol, cembranoids, allylcembrol Cytotoxic and microbial inhibitory properties.
Lignans & Ferulates Guggullignans, long-chain aliphatic tetrol ferulates Antioxidant activity and free-radical scavenging capacity.

Pharmacological Mechanisms & Scientific Evidence

Hypolipidemic & Anti-Atherosclerotic Activity

The hypolipidemic capacity of Guggulu is attributed to E- and Z-guggulsterones acting as competitive antagonists at the Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor that regulates bile acid and cholesterol homeostasis.[11][12] By blocking FXR activation, guggulsterone enhances hepatic bile salt export and upregulates hepatic LDL receptor expression, increasing cellular clearance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

Clinical trials conducted in India demonstrated significant reductions in total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C, accompanied by increases or stabilization of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C).[13] Additionally, guggulsterone exhibits lipid peroxide-scavenging properties, preventing the oxidative modification of LDL cholesterol—a crucial step in atherogenesis.[14]

Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Arthritic Efficacy

Guggulsterone suppresses activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway by downregulating IκB kinase (IKK), leading to suppression of downstream inflammatory mediators including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF-α, and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β).[15] This molecular cascade validates the traditional use of Guggulu preparations in treating inflammatory arthropathies such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (Amavata).

Metabolic Regulation & Thyroid Stimulation

In animal models, administration of Guggulu extract enhanced thyroid function by increasing the activity of thyroid peroxidase and protease, thereby facilitating the peripheral conversion of thyroxine ($T_4$) into the active metabolic hormone triiodothyronine ($T_3$).[16] This thyroid stimulation increases basal metabolic rate (BMR) and heat production, providing a mechanical explanation for its anti-obesity (Sthoulyahara) effects.

Dermatological & Anti-Acne Actions

Guggulsterones exhibit potent anti-seborrheic and antibacterial effects. A randomized comparative clinical trial demonstrated that oral administration of standardized guggulipid (25 mg guggulsterone twice daily) was as effective as oral tetracycline (500 mg twice daily) in reducing inflammatory lesions in patients with severe nodulocystic acne vulgaris.[17] Notably, patients with oily skin responded significantly better to guggulipid therapy.

Posology & Common Ayurvedic Formulations

Dosage

  • Purified Resin (Shuddha Guggulu): 500 mg to 1 g, twice daily with warm water or milk.
  • Standardized Extract (Gugulipid): 25 mg guggulsterones twice or thrice daily (typically corresponding to 500 mg standardized extract).

Classical Formulations

  • Yograj Guggulu: Formulated for Vata disorders, chronic joint pain, and neuro-musculoskeletal stiffness.
  • Kaishore Guggulu: Indicated for inflammatory joint disease, gout (Vatarakta), skin disorders, and blood purification.
  • Kanchnar Guggulu: Used for lymphatic enlargements, thyroid nodules, cysts, and glandular swellings.
  • Triphala Guggulu: Target formulation for obesity, chronic inflammatory sinus conditions, and sluggish digestion.
  • Punarnavadi Guggulu: Indicated for edema, fluid retention, hyperuricemia, and renal stiffness.

Safety, Toxicology & Contraindications

Adverse Reactions

While purified Guggulu is generally well tolerated, reported adverse effects include mild gastrointestinal distress (nausea, diarrhea, eructation), skin rash/dermatitis, and transient elevations in liver enzymes at high dosages.

Drug Interactions

  • CYP3A4 Inducers: Guggulsterones can induce CYP3A4 enzymes, potentially accelerating the hepatic metabolism and reducing the serum concentrations of drugs such as diltiazem, ketoconazole, or oral contraceptives.
  • Anticoagulants & Antiplatelets: Concomitant administration with aspirin, warfarin, or clopidogrel may increase bleeding risk due to antiplatelet activity.
  • Thyroid Hormones: May potentiate the action of exogenous thyroid medications (e.g., levothyroxine).

Contraindications

  • Pregnancy & Lactation: Emmenagogue and uterine-stimulating properties pose a potential risk of abortion.
  • Bleeding Disorders: Contraindicated in patients with active peptic ulceration, thrombocytopenia, or scheduled for surgery.
  • Hormone-Sensitive Cancers: Due to weak affinity for estrogen receptors and androgen receptors, caution is warranted in breast, ovarian, or prostate malignancies.

References

  1. ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:28
  2. ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, Verse no. 39 – 40, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;
  3. ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, Verse no. 29, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;
  4. ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, Verse no. 30, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;
  5. ↑ Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Chandanadi Varga, Verse no. 107 Chaukhambha Krishnadas academy, Varanasi;
  6. ↑ Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, Verse no. 1412 Translated by Dr. Guru Prasada Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Delhi;
  7. ↑ Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Priya Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 80, Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi;
  8. ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, Verse no. 45, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;
  9. ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:28
  10. ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:28
  11. ↑ Urizar, N. L.; Liverman, A. B.; Dodds, D. T.; Silva, F. V.; Ordentlich, P.; Yan, Y.; Gonzalez, F. J.; Heyman, R. A.; Mangelsdorf, D. J.; Moore, D. D. (2002). "A natural product that lowers cholesterol as an antagonist ligand for FXR". Science. 296 (5573): 1703–1706. PMID 11988537. doi:10.1126/science.1072891. 
  12. ↑ Wu, J.; Xia, C.; Meier, J.; Li, S.; Hu, X.; Lala, D. S. (2002). "The hypolipidemic natural product guggulsterone acts as an antagonist of the bile acid receptor". Molecular Endocrinology. 16 (7): 1590–1597. PMID 12089353. doi:10.1210/mend.16.7.0894. 
  13. ↑ Nityanand, S.; Srivastava, J. S.; Asthana, O. P. (1989). "Clinical trials with guggulipid—a new hypolipidemic agent". Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 37 (5): 323–328. 
  14. ↑ Deng, R. (2007). "Therapeutic effects of guggul and its constituent guggulsterone: cardiovascular benefits". Cardiovascular Drug Reviews. 25 (4): 375–390. PMID 18078436. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3466.2007.00023.x. 
  15. ↑ Shishodia, S.; Harikumar, K. B.; Dass, S.; Ramawat, K. G.; Aggarwal, B. B. (2008). "The guggul for chronic diseases: ancient medicine, modern targets". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 603: 308–321. PMID 17966570. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-75681-3_28. 
  16. ↑ Panda, S.; Kar, A. (1999). "Gugulu (Commiphora mukul) induces triiodothyronine production: possible involvement of lipid peroxidation". Life Sciences. 65 (12): PL137–PL141. PMID 10503949. doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00369-0. 
  17. ↑ Thappa, D. M.; Dogra, J. (1994). "Nodulocystic acne: oral guggulipid versus tetracycline". The Journal of Dermatology. 21 (10): 729–731. PMID 7798435. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.1994.tb03277.x. 

External links

IMPPAT database

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