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|title=Charak Samhita
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Kashmarya, Gmelina arborea L., Candhar tree, comb teak, cashmiri tree* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|keywords= *Kashmarya, Gmelina arborea L., Candhar tree, comb teak, cashmiri tree* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Kashmarya (Gmelina arborea L.) is traditionally classified as a premier balya (tonic), dahaprashamana (cooling), and rasayana herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing general debility, burning sensations, bleeding disorders, and nervous system ailments.
|description= Kashmarya (Gmelina arborea L.) is a classical Ayurvedic herb (Gambhari) used for swelling, burning sensation, fever, thirst and haemorrhoids; experimental studies report hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, wound-healing, antiulcer and antidiabetic activities.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|image_alt=charak samhita
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
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|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Verbenaceae
|data3 = Verbenaceae (now placed in Lamiaceae in current plant classification)
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
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}}


'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]''' (commonly known as Kashmarya, Gambhari, Candhar tree, comb teak, or Kashmiri tree) is a deciduous tree native to South and Southeast Asia. It is widely recognized in [[Ayurveda]] for its extensive therapeutic applications, particularly in pacifying Vata and Pitta doshas, supporting rejuvenative therapies ([[Rasayana]]), and treating inflammatory and toxic conditions.
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelina_arborea Gmelina arborea L.]''' (commonly known as Kashmarya, Gambhari, Candhar tree, comb teak, or Kashmiri tree) is a deciduous tree native to South and Southeast Asia. In [[Ayurveda]] it is a member of the ''Brihat Panchamula'' group and is used in swelling, burning sensation, fever, thirst and haemorrhoids.


==English name ==  
==English name ==  
Line 42: Line 41:
* Gmelina asiatica L.
* Gmelina asiatica L.
* Premna arborea Roxb.
* Premna arborea Roxb.
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional medicine, Kashmarya is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance Vata and Pitta doshas. Its historical indications include inflammatory conditions, burning sensations, bleeding disorders, and urinary ailments.


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
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| 22
| 22
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
| Ingredient in AshtashatorishtA
| Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
|-
|-
| 23
| 23
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https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Gmelina%20arborea
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Gmelina%20arborea


== Phytochemical Composition ==
== Phytoconstituents ==
Modern phytochemical evaluations of ''Gmelina arborea'' reveal a rich spectrum of bioactive secondary metabolites distributed across its roots, stem bark, leaves, and fruits:
Phytochemical studies report several classes of compounds from different parts of ''Gmelina arborea''. Only constituents supported by a checked primary reference are listed below (one reference per class).
* '''Iridoid and Secoiridoid Glycosides:''' Gmelinoside, arboreoside, and catalpol derivatives.
 
* '''Lignans and Neolignans:''' Gmelinol, sesamin, paulownin, and epipaulownin.
{| class="wikitable"
* '''Flavonoids and Phenolic Compounds:''' Apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, and gallic acid derivatives contributing strong antioxidant properties.
|+ Phytoconstituents of ''Gmelina arborea''
* '''Terpenoids and Sterols:''' Alpha-amyrin, beta-sitosterol, and stigmast-4-en-3-one.
! Class !! Reported constituents !! Plant part !! Reference
|-
| Acylated iridoid glycosides || Gmelinosides A–L || Not confirmed in source checked || <ref name="Hosny1998">Hosny M, Rosazza JP. Gmelinosides A-L, twelve acylated iridoid glycosides from Gmelina arborea. J Nat Prod. 1998;61(6):734–742. doi:10.1021/np970447u</ref>
|-
| Lignans, neolignans and phenolics || Gmelinol, (+)-balanophonin, tyrosol, a phenylethanoid glycoside, 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol || Bark || <ref name="Falah2008">Falah S, Katayama T, Suzuki T. Chemical constituents from Gmelina arborea bark and their antioxidant activity. J Wood Sci. 2008;54(6):483–489.</ref>
|-
| Coumarin glycoside || Apiose-containing coumarin glycoside || Root || <ref name="Satya1985">Satyanarayana P, Subrahmanyam P, Kasai R, Tanaka O. An apiose-containing coumarin glycoside from Gmelina arborea root. Phytochemistry. 1985;24(8):1862–1863.</ref>
|}


== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
All findings below are from animal or ''in vitro'' experiments; no controlled human clinical trial was identified during reference checking.
=== Hepatoprotective Activity ===
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stem bark were tested in rats given paracetamol (hepatic injury) or cisplatin (renal injury). The extracts significantly lowered serum SGOT and SGPT activities and serum creatinine and urea levels, indicating a protective effect on liver and kidney in these models.<ref name="Anthony2012">Anthony OE, Francis MA, Philippe EM. Phytochemical screening, and assessment of ameliorating effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Gmelina arborea on drug induced hepatic and renal insufficiency in rats. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012;25(2):457–461.</ref>
=== Antioxidant Activity ===
Bark and fruit extracts protected liver cells from oxidative stress in an ''in vitro'' liver-slice culture model.<ref name="Sinha2006">Sinha S, Dixit P, Bhargava S, Devasagayam TP, Ghaskadbi S. Bark and fruit extracts of Gmelina arborea protect liver cells from oxidative stress. Pharm Biol. 2006;44(4):237–243.</ref>


=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Efficacy ===
=== Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
''Gmelina arborea'' exhibits significant protective effects on hepatic tissues against toxin-induced oxidative damage.
Aqueous and methanol extracts of the stem bark (500 mg/kg) showed maximum inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema of 30.15% and 31.21% respectively. In mice, both extracts prolonged hot-plate latency, and the aqueous extract inhibited acetic-acid-induced writhing by 84.3% (methanol extract 77.9%) at 500 mg/kg. The authors suggest inhibition of prostaglandins and other autacoids as a possible mechanism; this was not directly tested.<ref name="Kulkarni2013">Kulkarni YA, Panjabi R, Patel V, Tawade A, Gokhale A. Effect of Gmelina arborea Roxb in experimentally induced inflammation and nociception. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2013;4(3):152–157. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.118697</ref>
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents enhance the expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione) while suppressing lipid peroxidation and lowering elevated serum marker enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, ALP).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies demonstrate that administration of plant extracts markedly preserves structural integrity and functional capability of hepatocytes subjected to hepatotoxins<ref name="Agrawal2007"/>.


=== Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties ===
=== Wound Healing ===
Traditional claims regarding its efficacy in managing inflammatory conditions and swelling (Sotha) are strongly supported by modern pharmacological models.
An alcoholic extract of the dried leaf powder (200 mg/kg) was studied in incision, excision and dead-space wound models in rats. It increased wound contraction rate, skin and granuloma breaking strength, hydroxyproline content and dry granuloma weight, and shortened the epithelization period, consistent with increased collagen deposition.<ref name="Shirwaikar2003">Shirwaikar A, Ghosh S, Padma GM Rao. Effect of Gmelina arborea Roxb. leaves on wound healing in rats. J Nat Remedies. 2003;3(1):45–48. doi:10.18311/jnr/2003/362</ref>
* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts inhibit key pro-inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins and histamine, and suppress the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo evaluations using carrageenan-induced paw edema and acute pain models showed significant dose-dependent reductions in inflammation and nociceptive response following administration of ''G. arborea'' extracts<ref name="Billore1995"/>.


=== Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Actions ===
=== Antiulcer Activity ===
Stem bark and leaf preparations are traditionally applied for ulcer management and tissue repair.
Leaves of ''Gmelina arborea'' have been evaluated for anti-ulcer activity in experimentally induced ulcer in Wistar rats.<ref name="Giri2009">Giri M, Divakar K, Goli D, Dighe SB. Anti ulcer activity of leaves of Gmelina arborea plant in experimentally induced ulcer in Wistar rats. Pharmacologyonline. 2009;1:102–110.</ref>
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins and flavonoids facilitate wound contraction, promote collagen deposition, and exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial action against common dermatological and wound-infecting pathogens.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Excision and incision wound models treated with root and bark extracts demonstrated accelerated epithelization periods and enhanced tensile strength compared to untreated controls<ref name="Goel2002"/>.


=== Antidiabetic and Renoprotective Potential ===
=== Antidiabetic Activity ===
Aligning with its classical use in managing metabolic imbalances, modern findings indicate favorable blood glucose regulation.
Aqueous bark extract (1.00 g/kg, 30 days) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats lowered fasting blood glucose by 37%, reduced HbA1c and fructosamine, raised serum insulin (57%) and C-peptide (39%), improved serum lipids, and histology and immunohistochemistry showed β-cell regeneration in the pancreas.<ref name="Attanayake2016">Attanayake AP, Jayatilaka KAPW, Pathirana C, Mudduwa LKB. ''Gmelina arborea'' Roxb. (Family: Verbenaceae) extract upregulates the β-cell regeneration in STZ induced diabetic rats. 2016 (published 6 Jan 2016), article 4513871. doi:10.1155/2016/4513871. PMCID: PMC4736759</ref>
* '''Mechanism:''' Plant constituents improve peripheral glucose utilization, inhibit key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, and mitigate oxidative stress within renal glomeruli.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Administration in experimental diabetic models resulted in significant amelioration of hyperglycemia and attenuation of diabetes-associated renal dysfunction parameters<ref name="Elango2009"/>.


== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Toxicological evaluations indicate a favorable safety profile with high oral LD50 thresholds in animal models.
* '''Acute and repeated-dose toxicity:''' Methanol extract of stem bark given orally to mice (300–5000 mg/kg) caused no mortality or significant clinical signs. In a 28-day study in rats (300, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day) there were no significant changes in body and organ weights, haematology, clinical chemistry or histology; the reported NOAEL was 5000 mg/kg.<ref name="Kulkarni2012">Kulkarni YA, Veeranjaneyulu A. Toxicological evaluation of the methanol extract of Gmelina arborea Roxb. bark in mice and rats. Toxicol Int. 2012;19(2):125–131. doi:10.4103/0971-6580.97203</ref>
* '''Precautions:''' Use with clinical supervision during pregnancy or lactation, ensuring appropriate dose scaling.
* '''Precautions:''' Reproductive and human safety data were not found in the sources checked; use under clinical supervision, particularly in pregnancy and lactation.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
* '''Classical dose:''' 20–30 g of crude drug for decoction (see Dose above).
** ''Kwatha (Decoction):'' 20–30 g of raw drug material for decoction preparation<ref name="API1986"/>.


== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Gmelina arborea''
|+ Experimental evidence for ''Gmelina arborea'' (see sections above for references)
! Indication
! Indication / Model !! Part and extract !! Principal finding
! Active Biomolecules
|-
! Primary Pharmacological Action
| '''Paracetamol / cisplatin-induced hepatic and renal injury (rat)''' || Stem bark, aqueous and ethanolic || Lower SGOT, SGPT, creatinine, urea
|-
| '''Oxidative stress in liver cells (''in vitro'')''' || Bark and fruit || Protection of liver cells
|-
|-
| '''Hepatotoxicity & Oxidative Stress'''
| '''Inflammation and pain (Sotha) (rat, mouse)''' || Stem bark, aqueous and methanol || Reduced paw oedema, hot-plate and writhing responses
| Lignans, Flavonoids
| Antioxidant enzyme potentiation, Lipid peroxidation inhibition
|-
|-
| '''Inflammation & Edema (Sotha)'''
| '''Wound healing (rat)''' || Leaf, alcoholic || Faster contraction and epithelization, higher breaking strength
| Iridoid glycosides, Phenolics
| COX inhibition, Pro-inflammatory mediator suppression
|-
|-
| '''Wound Healing & Ulcers'''
| '''Ulcer (rat)''' || Leaf || Anti-ulcer activity reported
| Tannins, Terpenoids
| Collagen deposition acceleration, Antimicrobial action
|-
|-
| '''Metabolic Imbalances & Diabetes'''
| '''Diabetes (STZ rat)''' || Bark, aqueous || Lower glucose, higher insulin, β-cell regeneration
| Glycosides, Sterols
| Enzyme modulation, Blood glucose regulation
|}
|}


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<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24</ref>
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2020">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15</ref>
<ref name="Agrawal2007">{{cite journal |last1=Agrawal |first1=S. S. |last2=Naqvi |first2=S. |last3=Gupta |first3=S. |year=2007 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of Gmelina arborea against paracetamol-induced damage in albino rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=323–327}}</ref>
<ref name="Billore1995">{{cite journal |last1=Billore |first1=K. V. |last2=Yadav |first2=B. G. |last3=Prajapati |first3=P. K. |year=1995 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Gmelina arborea root extracts |journal=Ancient Science of Life |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=28–33}}</ref>
<ref name="Goel2002">{{cite journal |last1=Goel |first1=V. K. |last2=Garg |first2=S. C. |year=2002 |title=Wound healing potential of Gmelina arborea bark extract in rats |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=512–515}}</ref>
<ref name="Elango2009">{{cite journal |last1=Elango |first1=V. |last2=Kumar |first2=B. |last3=Edison |first3=S. J. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Gmelina arborea fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Pharmacology |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=194–198}}</ref>
}}
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Latest revision as of 06:05, 8 October 2026

Gmelina arborea L.

Kashmarya
Section/Chapter Herb database/Kashmarya
Botanical name(s) Gmelina arborea L.
Family Verbenaceae (now placed in Lamiaceae in current plant classification)
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Gmelina arborea L. (commonly known as Kashmarya, Gambhari, Candhar tree, comb teak, or Kashmiri tree) is a deciduous tree native to South and Southeast Asia. In Ayurveda it is a member of the Brihat Panchamula group and is used in swelling, burning sensation, fever, thirst and haemorrhoids.

English name

Candhar tree, comb teak, Kashmiri tree

Therapeutic Uses

Sotha (swelling), daha (burning sensation), jwara (fever), trushna (thirst), arsha (hemorrhoids)[1]

Other Varieties / Other Botanical names

  • Gmelina asiatica L.
  • Premna arborea Roxb.

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Kashmarya, Gambhari, Bhadraparni (leaves of gambhari are beautiful), Shriparni (beautiful leaves), Madhuparnika.

Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu

Kashmiri, hira, pitarohini (bark is yellow in colour), krushnavrunta (leaf has got blackish petiole)[2]

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Heavy (guru)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify vata, pitta and kapha

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/11 Asthapana
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(24) Virechanopagmahakashaya (helping purgation)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(38) Shwayathuharamahakashaya (relieving oedema)
4 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(41) Dahaprashamanamahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/24 Management of obesity
6 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/40 Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
7 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/135 Phala Varga (class of fruits)
8 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/29 Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa
9 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/20 Preparations of Trivritta
10 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/30 Preparations of Trivritta Awaleha
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/206 As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/253 As an ingredient of Chandanadi snehabasti (unctuous enema)
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/258 As an ingredient of Chandanadi taila
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/39 As pathya ahara (wholesome diet)
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/67 To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/149 Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/52 Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/18 Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/29 Ingredient in Vata-pittaj Apasmar nashak Ghrita
21 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/44 Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi Ghrita
22 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/32 Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
23 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/50 Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
24 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/67 As a Snan dravya for Bahyaprayogarth (external application)
25 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/65 In treatment of vatodara for anuvasan basti
26 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/113 As an ingredient of panchkolaghrita
27 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/117 As an ingredient of yavadi ghrita
28 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/109 In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
29 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/144 As an ingredient of dantyarista
30 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/202 Dadhisara yoga is used in raktarsha
31 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/82 As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
32 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/88 As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
33 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/156 As an ingredient of Mulasava
34 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/102 Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
35 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/105 Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa.
36 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/140 As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
37 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/151 Use as a mrudu sodhana
38 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/39 As a ghrita dravya
39 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/83 Use for vaman in treatment of pittaja kasa
40 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/163 As an ingredient of kasmaryadi ghrita
41 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/197 Used in the treatment of Mandali sarpa damsha
42 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/129 Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula
43 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/87 As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
44 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/168 As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
45 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/272 As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
46 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/96 Used in the treatment of Garbhashaya–gata vata
47 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/120 As an ingredient of Dashamuladi ghrita
48 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/59 Bhavana dravya of Parushaka Ghrita
49 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/64 As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
50 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/76 As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
51 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/85 As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
52 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/97,98 As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
53 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/105 As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
54 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/112 As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila
55 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/115 As an ingredient of Shatapaka madhuka taila
56 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/52 As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
57 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/100 Used in the treatment of Raktaja yoni, Arajaska, Putraghni

Dose

  • 20-30 gm of drug for decoction[1]

Important formulation

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Dashamularishta
  • Dashamulaharitaki
  • Dashamula ghrita

Current availability

Available

  • India – hilly regions of south India, Himalayan regions

Current researches

https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Gmelina%20arborea

Phytoconstituents

Phytochemical studies report several classes of compounds from different parts of Gmelina arborea. Only constituents supported by a checked primary reference are listed below (one reference per class).

Phytoconstituents of Gmelina arborea
Class Reported constituents Plant part Reference
Acylated iridoid glycosides Gmelinosides A–L Not confirmed in source checked [3]
Lignans, neolignans and phenolics Gmelinol, (+)-balanophonin, tyrosol, a phenylethanoid glycoside, 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol Bark [4]
Coumarin glycoside Apiose-containing coumarin glycoside Root [5]

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

All findings below are from animal or in vitro experiments; no controlled human clinical trial was identified during reference checking.

Hepatoprotective Activity

Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stem bark were tested in rats given paracetamol (hepatic injury) or cisplatin (renal injury). The extracts significantly lowered serum SGOT and SGPT activities and serum creatinine and urea levels, indicating a protective effect on liver and kidney in these models.[6]

Antioxidant Activity

Bark and fruit extracts protected liver cells from oxidative stress in an in vitro liver-slice culture model.[7]

Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity

Aqueous and methanol extracts of the stem bark (500 mg/kg) showed maximum inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema of 30.15% and 31.21% respectively. In mice, both extracts prolonged hot-plate latency, and the aqueous extract inhibited acetic-acid-induced writhing by 84.3% (methanol extract 77.9%) at 500 mg/kg. The authors suggest inhibition of prostaglandins and other autacoids as a possible mechanism; this was not directly tested.[8]

Wound Healing

An alcoholic extract of the dried leaf powder (200 mg/kg) was studied in incision, excision and dead-space wound models in rats. It increased wound contraction rate, skin and granuloma breaking strength, hydroxyproline content and dry granuloma weight, and shortened the epithelization period, consistent with increased collagen deposition.[9]

Antiulcer Activity

Leaves of Gmelina arborea have been evaluated for anti-ulcer activity in experimentally induced ulcer in Wistar rats.[10]

Antidiabetic Activity

Aqueous bark extract (1.00 g/kg, 30 days) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats lowered fasting blood glucose by 37%, reduced HbA1c and fructosamine, raised serum insulin (57%) and C-peptide (39%), improved serum lipids, and histology and immunohistochemistry showed β-cell regeneration in the pancreas.[11]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Acute and repeated-dose toxicity: Methanol extract of stem bark given orally to mice (300–5000 mg/kg) caused no mortality or significant clinical signs. In a 28-day study in rats (300, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day) there were no significant changes in body and organ weights, haematology, clinical chemistry or histology; the reported NOAEL was 5000 mg/kg.[12]
  • Precautions: Reproductive and human safety data were not found in the sources checked; use under clinical supervision, particularly in pregnancy and lactation.
  • Classical dose: 20–30 g of crude drug for decoction (see Dose above).

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Experimental evidence for Gmelina arborea (see sections above for references)
Indication / Model Part and extract Principal finding
Paracetamol / cisplatin-induced hepatic and renal injury (rat) Stem bark, aqueous and ethanolic Lower SGOT, SGPT, creatinine, urea
Oxidative stress in liver cells (in vitro) Bark and fruit Protection of liver cells
Inflammation and pain (Sotha) (rat, mouse) Stem bark, aqueous and methanol Reduced paw oedema, hot-plate and writhing responses
Wound healing (rat) Leaf, alcoholic Faster contraction and epithelization, higher breaking strength
Ulcer (rat) Leaf Anti-ulcer activity reported
Diabetes (STZ rat) Bark, aqueous Lower glucose, higher insulin, β-cell regeneration

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24
  2. ↑ Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15
  3. ↑ Hosny M, Rosazza JP. Gmelinosides A-L, twelve acylated iridoid glycosides from Gmelina arborea. J Nat Prod. 1998;61(6):734–742. doi:10.1021/np970447u
  4. ↑ Falah S, Katayama T, Suzuki T. Chemical constituents from Gmelina arborea bark and their antioxidant activity. J Wood Sci. 2008;54(6):483–489.
  5. ↑ Satyanarayana P, Subrahmanyam P, Kasai R, Tanaka O. An apiose-containing coumarin glycoside from Gmelina arborea root. Phytochemistry. 1985;24(8):1862–1863.
  6. ↑ Anthony OE, Francis MA, Philippe EM. Phytochemical screening, and assessment of ameliorating effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Gmelina arborea on drug induced hepatic and renal insufficiency in rats. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012;25(2):457–461.
  7. ↑ Sinha S, Dixit P, Bhargava S, Devasagayam TP, Ghaskadbi S. Bark and fruit extracts of Gmelina arborea protect liver cells from oxidative stress. Pharm Biol. 2006;44(4):237–243.
  8. ↑ Kulkarni YA, Panjabi R, Patel V, Tawade A, Gokhale A. Effect of Gmelina arborea Roxb in experimentally induced inflammation and nociception. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2013;4(3):152–157. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.118697
  9. ↑ Shirwaikar A, Ghosh S, Padma GM Rao. Effect of Gmelina arborea Roxb. leaves on wound healing in rats. J Nat Remedies. 2003;3(1):45–48. doi:10.18311/jnr/2003/362
  10. ↑ Giri M, Divakar K, Goli D, Dighe SB. Anti ulcer activity of leaves of Gmelina arborea plant in experimentally induced ulcer in Wistar rats. Pharmacologyonline. 2009;1:102–110.
  11. ↑ Attanayake AP, Jayatilaka KAPW, Pathirana C, Mudduwa LKB. Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Family: Verbenaceae) extract upregulates the β-cell regeneration in STZ induced diabetic rats. 2016 (published 6 Jan 2016), article 4513871. doi:10.1155/2016/4513871. PMCID: PMC4736759
  12. ↑ Kulkarni YA, Veeranjaneyulu A. Toxicological evaluation of the methanol extract of Gmelina arborea Roxb. bark in mice and rats. Toxicol Int. 2012;19(2):125–131. doi:10.4103/0971-6580.97203
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