Charak Samhita

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Terminalia bellirica
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Bibhitaki
|title = Bibhitaki
Line 5: Line 5:
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Terminalia bellirica
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2023
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==  
==English name ==  


--
Beleric myrobalan
 
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica] (Gaertn.) Roxb., known traditionally as '''Bibhitaka''' (or Baheda), is a large deciduous tree native to the forests of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. Belonging to the family [[Combretaceae]], it is one of the three foundational fruits constituting the classic [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] formulation [[Triphala]] (alongside [[Terminalia chebula]] and [[Phyllanthus emblica]]).
 
In traditional medicine systems ([[Ayurveda]], [[Unani medicine|Unani]], and [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]]), Bibhitaka is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, [[asthma]]), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
 
==Therapeutic Uses in Ayurveda==
 
Vomiting (chhardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==


Bibhitaki, Aksha, Karshaphala, Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala
Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful for sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)
 
==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
Strilinga, bhutavasa, kaliyugalaya<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 35  p.9.</ref>
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Rough (ruksha), Light (laghu)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Tridoshahara (subside all three dosha) but pacify Kapha especially
|-
|}
 
== References in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 31: Line 68:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 || Sutra sthana 4/9(24)
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
|Virechanopag mahakashay
|Virechanopaga(helping purgation)  mahakashaya
|-
|-
|2
|2
|Ch Vi 6/21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|-
|3
|3
|Ch.Vi.8/136
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Virechana  Dravyani
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|-
|4
|4
|Vimana Sthana 8/144
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144
|Kashaya-skandha
|Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
|-
|-
|5
|5
|Ch.Sha.8/29
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha vyapad  chikitsa
|Garbha vyapad  chikitsa
|-
|-
|6
|6
|[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Vamanartha
|Vamanartha(for emesis)
|-
|-
|7
|7
|[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15
|Awaleha Yoga
|Awaleha Yoga
|-
|-
|8
|8
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana1/1/75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/75
|In  formulation of amalaka rasayana
|In  formulation of amalaka rasayana
|-
|-
|9
|9
|Cha.Sa.Chi.3/201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara.
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara(fever)
|-
|-
|10
|10
|Cha.Sa.Chi.3/205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala inVatsakadi kashaya.
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|-
|11
|11
|Cha.Sa.Chi.3/206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya.
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|-
|12
|12
|Cha.Sa.Chi.3/208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka Vatanulomana.
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka Vatanulomana
|-
|-
|13
|13
|Cha.Sa.Chi.3/222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|14
|14
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita.
|Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita
|-
|-
|15
|15
|Cha.Sa.Chi.3/258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila.
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
|-
|16
|16
|Cha.Sa.Chi.3/299
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara.
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
|-
|-
|17
|17
|Cha. Sa. Chi.5/65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi  ghrit
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi  ghrita
|-
|-
|18
|18
|Cha. Sa. Chi.5/106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya  Ghrit
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya  Ghrita
|-
|-
|19
|19
|Cha. Sa. Chi.5/115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya  Ghrit for Pittaj Gulma
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya  Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|-
|20
|20
|Cha. Sa. Chi.5/123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/123
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrit for Pittaj Gulma
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|-
|21
|21
|Cha. Sa. Chi.5/149
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|-
|22
|22
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|Prameh nashak Santarpan yog
|Prameh nashak Santarpan yoga
|-
|-
|23
|23
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameh nashak yog
|Sarva Prameh(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|-
|24
|24
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj  prameh
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj  prameh(diabetes)
|-
|-
|25
|25
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/35
|As Kapha-Pittaj  prameh nashak yog
|As Kapha-Pittaja  prameha(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|-
|26
|26
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient  in Phalatrikadi Kvath
|Ingredient  in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|-
|27
|27
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient  in Madhvasav
|Ingredient  in Madhvasav
|-
|-
|28
|28
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|For  drinking water Boiled with it
|For  drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|-
|29
|29
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As Virechan dravya
|As Virechana dravya(purgation)
|-
|-
|30
|30
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi  Kwath
|Ingredient in Patoladi  Kwatha
|-
|-
|31
|31
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi  Churna
|Ingredient in Mustadi  Churna
|-
|-
|32
|32
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi  Churna
|Ingredient in Triphaladi  Churna
|-
|-
|33
|33
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|-
|34
|34
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|-
|35
|35
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasav
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|-
|36
|36
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushth
|Pathya diet in Kushtha(skin disease)
|-
|-
|37
|37
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak  snan and Lepa, Abhyantara and
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak  snan and Lepa, Abhyantara and
Bahya-shodhanarth
Bahya-shodhanarth
|-
|-
|38
|38
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna  Yog
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna  Yoga
|-
|-
|39
|39
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushth
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
|-
|40
|40
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth, Pana, Snan, Lepa
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth(external), Pana(drink), Snana(bath), Lepa
|-
|-
|41
|41
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta  nashak Ghrit
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta  nashak Ghrita
|-
|-
|42
|42
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala  Ghrita
|-
|-
|43
|43
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/144
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Mahatikta  Ghrita
|-
|-
|44
|44
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/153
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir  Ghrita
|-
|-
|45
|45
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 8/100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|-
|46
|46
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanaka Ghrit
|Ingredient in Kalyanaka Ghrita
|-
|-
|47
|47
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrit
|Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|-
|48
|48
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi  Agad
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi  Agada
|-
|-
|49
|49
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya  Ghrita
|-
|-
|50
|50
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|-
|51
|51
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|-
|52
|52
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 11/72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham  Sarpimodak
|Ingredient in Pancham  Sarpimodak
|-
|-
|53
|53
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj  Svayathu
|In treatment of Kaphaj  Svayathu
|-
|-
|54
|54
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|-
|55
|55
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|-
|-
|56
|56
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|-
|57
|57
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|Ingredient in Shilajatu  prayog
|Ingredient in Shilajatu  prayoga
|-
|-
|58
|58
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj  Shvayathu
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj  Shvayathu
|-
|-
|59
|59
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya  in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|As an Unmardan dravya  in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|-
|60
|60
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
 
13/115
13/115
|As an  ingredient of nagaradi ghrit
|As an  ingredient of nagaradi ghrita


|-
|-
|61
|61
|Cha. Sa.Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
Sthana13/119
|As an  ingredient of patoladi churna
|As an  ingredient of patoladi churna
|-
|-
|62
|62
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
 
|As an  ingredient of Narayan churna
Sthana13/125
|As an  ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|-
|63
|63
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
 
|As an  ingredient of Hapushdya churna
Sthana13/133
|As an  ingredient of hapushdya churna
|-
|-
|64
|64
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
 
|As anupana of  Hapushdya churna
Sthana13/135
|As anupan of  hapushdya churna
|-
|-
|65
|65
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
 
Sthana13/149
|Kwath mixed  with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|Kwath mixed  with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|-
|66
|66
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
 
Sthana13/158
|In  formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|In  formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|-
|67
|67
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
 
Sthana 13/163
|In  formulation of kshara vatika
|In  formulation of kshara vatika
|-
|-
|68
|68
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45
 
Sthana 14/45


|Used in  swedana kriya
|Used in  swedana kriya
Line 324: Line 345:
|-
|-
|69
|69
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
 
Sthana 14/66
|Use triphala  kwath with trivrut churna
|Use triphala  kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|-
|70
|70
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
 
|As an  ingredient of dantyarishta
Sthana 14/144
|As an  ingredient of dantyarista
|-
|-
|71
|71
|
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
Cha.sa.chi.15/87


|As an  ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit
|As an  ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita


|-
|-
|72
|72
|
|
Cha.sa.chi.15/160
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an  ingredient of Pindasava
|As an  ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|-
|73
|73
|
|
Cha.sa.chi.15/177
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an  ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|As an  ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|-
|74
|74
|
|
Cha.sa.chi.15/188
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in  preparation of Pancham Kshara
|Used in  preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|-
|75
|75
|Cha.sa.chi.18/92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient  of twakadi leha.
|As an ingredient  of twakadi leha
|-
|-
|76
|76
|Cha.Sa.Chi.21/56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/56


|For kashaya  pana.
|For kashaya  pana
|-
|-
|77
|77
|Cha.Sa.Chi.21/124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/124
|For pradeha  prayoga in granthi visarpa.
|For pradeha  prayoga in granthi visarpa(herpes)
|-
|-
|78
|78
|Cha.Sa.Chi.21/125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/125
|As an ingredient  of Baladi lepa.
|As an ingredient  of Baladi lepa
|-
|-
|79
|79
|Cha.sa.Chi.25/84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya.
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|-
|80
|80
|Cha.sa.Chi.25/90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila.
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|-
|81
|81
|Cha.sa.Chi.25/110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya &  prasadana.
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya &  prasadana
|-
|-
|82
|82
|Cha.sa.Chi.25/115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/115
|Used for Krushnikarana.
|Used for Krushnikarana
|-
|-
|83
|83
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of  Trutyadi churna.
|As an ingredient of  Trutyadi churna
|-
|-
|84
|84
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita.
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|85
|85
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|As an ingredient of Mayur Ghrita.
|As an ingredient of Mayura Ghrita
|-
|-
|86
|86
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
|As an ingredient of Mahamayur Ghrita.
|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
|-
|87
|87
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna.
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
|-
|-
|88
|88
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna.
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|-
|89
|89
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna.
|Used for mukhadhavna
|-
|-
|90
|90
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika.
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|-
|91
|91
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in  Kaphaja netraroga.
|Used for aaschotana in  Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|-
|92
|92
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti.
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|-
|93
|93
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti.
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
|-
|-
|94
|94
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti.
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
|-
|-
|95
|95
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/270,  273
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270,  273
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita.
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
|-
|96
|96
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/281
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
|Used in palitya
|Used in palitya(greying of hair)
|-
|-
|97
|97
|Cha.Sa.chi.29/85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana  karma.
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana  karma
|-
|-
|98
|98
|Cha.Sa.chi.29/86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta.
|Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
|-
|99
|99
|Cha.Sa.chi.29/152
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola.
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|-
|}
|}


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
==Dose==
* Churna – 3 – 6 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
 
==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Lavangadi Vati
 
== Current availability==
 
Available
* India –
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajastha, Gujarat, Maharashtra
 
* Out of India –
Nepal, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, China,Malaysia
 
 
== Current researches ==
 
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
 
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Terminalia bellirica'' is attributed to its rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, predominantly concentrated in its fruit rind.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Tannins:''' High concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. These compounds drive its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial profiles.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, rutin, and quercetin.
* '''Saponins & Sterols:''' Beta-Sitosterol, belleric acid, and bellericoside.
* '''Fixed Oils:''' The seed kernels contain essential fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid|linoleic and oleic acids.
 
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
 
=== Metabolic Regulation & Anti-Diabetic Activity ===
Bibhitaka exhibits significant efficacy in managing metabolic syndrome, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.
* '''Mechanism:''' Phytochemicals like gallic and ellagic acids inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (&alpha;-glucosidase and &alpha;-amylase), reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes. Furthermore, it enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating [[PPAR-gamma]] receptors.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts of ''T. bellirica'' have been shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models, showing comparable efficacy to standard oral hypoglycemic agents.<ref name="Sabu2009"/>
 
=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Effects ===
 
Traditionally used to alleviate chronic cough and bronchitis, modern pharmacology validates its role as a bronchodilator and antitussive.
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract exerts an anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) effect, blocking calcium channels to relax smooth airway muscles.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research highlights that the crude extract of ''T. bellirica'' mediates bronchodilatory activity via dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and calcium influx, validating its traditional use in asthma.<ref name="Khan2008"/>
 
=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
The fruit rind provides potent defense against oxidative stress and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity(liver injury).
* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges free radicals (O<sub>2</sub><sup>&bull;&minus;</sup>, OH<sup>&bull;</sup>) and restores endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), while reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and ''in vivo'' models have shown that ''T. bellirica'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum liver enzymes (Alanine transaminase(ALT), Aspartate transaminase(AST)) induced by hepatotoxins like carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) or paracetamol(acetaminophen).<ref name="Shinde2012"/>
 
=== Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy ===
Bibhitaka possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt bacterial cell walls and precipitate microbial proteins, inhibiting the formation of dental plaques and biofilm matrices.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates confirmed that ''T. bellirica'' extracts exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref name="Aqil2007"/>
 
=== Hyperuricemia and Gout Management ===
Clinical research has focused on Bibhitaka's ability to lower uric acid levels.
* '''Mechanism:''' It acts as a natural inhibitor of '''xanthine oxidase''', the enzyme responsible for converting purines into uric acid.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that a standardized extract of ''T. bellirica'' significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in human subjects with hyperuricemia, displaying a dose-dependent efficacy comparable to the drug febuxostat without the associated side effects.<ref name="Usharani2016"/>
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal models indicate that ''Terminalia bellirica'' possesses a high safety profile, with the Median Lethal Dose ([[LD50]]) of the aqueous extract exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Contraindications:''' Due to its mild laxative and astringent properties, excessive doses may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been fully established; use should be supervised by a medical professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Crude Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.


{| class="wikitable"
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
|+ Properties
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia bellirica''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
| '''Hyperuricemia (Gout)'''
|-
| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Astringent (kashaya)
| Xanthine oxidase inhibition
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Rough (ruksha), Light (laghu)
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulagic acid, Flavonoids
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, PPAR-gamma activation
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Tridoshahara (subside all three dosha) but pacify Kapha especially
| '''Asthma & Bronchitis'''
| Saponins, Tannins
| Calcium channel blocker, Bronchodilator
|-
|-
| '''Hepatic Damage'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free radical scavenging, SOD/CAT restoration
|}
|}


== Current availability==  
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Sabu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sabu |first1=M. C. |last2=Kuttan |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00054-9}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Khan2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=A. U. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |year=2008 |title=Pharmacological justification for the medicinal use of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.006 |pmid=18242042}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Shinde2012">{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=A. |last2=et al. |year=2012 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of ''Terminalia bellirica'' Roxb. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |pmid=22540166}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Aqil2007">{{cite journal |last1=Aqil |first1=F. |last2=Ahmad |first2=I. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1017–1024 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2199 |pmid=17600863}}</ref>


Available
<ref name="Usharani2016">{{cite journal |last1=Usharani |first1=P. |last2=et al. |year=2016 |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in secondary hyperuricemia |journal=Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications |volume=8 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.2147/CPAA.S100521 |pmid=27354832 |pmc=4912116}}</ref>
}}


== Current researches ==


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
This article is under development ..
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