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Acorus calamus L.
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|title=Charak Samhita
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|keywords= *vacha, Acorus calamus L., Sweet flag* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
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{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Vacha
|title = Vacha
Line 8: Line 17:
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Araceae
|data3 = Araceae
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability  
|data4 = Available  
|data4 = Available  
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = 2024
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==


'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorus_calamus Acorus calamus L.]''', popularly known as '''Vacha''', is a semi-aquatic perennial herbaceous plant native to temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a powerful medhya (nootropic) and nervine tonic, highly valued for improving intellect, memory, speech, and managing cognitive or neurological disorders.
== English name ==
Sweet flag
Sweet flag


==Therapeutic Uses==
== Therapeutic Uses ==
Colic pain (sula), Epilepsy (apasmara), Bronchial asthma (svasa), Cough (kasa), Constipation (vibandha), Insanity (unmade), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Ear discharge (karna Srava), Smrti daurbalya<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>
Colic pain (sula), Epilepsy (apasmara), Bronchial asthma (svasa), Cough (kasa), Constipation (vibandha), Insanity (unmada), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Ear discharge (karna srava), Smrti daurbalya.<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>
 
== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
* Calamus aromaticus Garsault


==Other Varieties/ Other botanical names==
== Raja Nighantu ==
Calamus aromaticus Garsault
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga – 52.</ref>
==Raja nighantu==
Mentioned 2 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga – 52.</ref>
# Vacha – Acorus calamus
# Vacha – Acorus calamus
# Sweta vacha – Iris germanica
# Sweta vacha – Iris germanica


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
 
Vacha, Haimavati, Shadgrantha (rhizome of vacha has more than six nodes on it), Ugragandha (very strong odour), Golomi (rhizome of vacha has hairs over it resembling the hair of cow), Lomasa (rhizome is hairy).
Vacha, Haimavati, Shadgrantha (Rhizome of vacha has more than six nodes on it), Ugragandha (very strong odour), Golomi (rhizome of vacha has hairs over it resembling the hair of cow), Lomasa (rhizome is hairy).
 
==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Shataparvika, Kshudra patri, Mangalya (auspicious drug), Jatilogra<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 102, p.42.</ref>


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Shataparvika, Kshudra patri, Mangalya (auspicious drug), Jatilogra<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 102, p. 42.</ref>


== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties  
|+ Properties
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter(tikta)
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|-
|}
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/9
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/9 || Virechana (Therapeutic purgation)
| Virechana (Therapeutic purgation)
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5 || Churna pradeha (external application)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5
|Churna pradeha(external application)
|-
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3)
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(3) || Lekhaniya (emaciating) mahakashaya
| Lekhaniya (emaciating)mahakashaya
|-
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11) || Truptighna (anti-satiety) mahakashaya
| Truptighna(anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti-hemorrhoids) mahakashaya
|Arshoghna(anti-hemorrhoids) mahakashaya
|-
|-
|6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25)
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25) || Asthapanopag (helping corrective enema) mahakashaya
|Asthapanopag (helping corrective enema) mahakashaya
|-
|-
|7
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana (pacifying cold) mahakashaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)
|Sheetaprashamana(pacifying cold) mahakashaya
|-
|-
|8
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48) || Sandnyasthapana (restoring consciousness) mahakashaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(48)
|Sandnyasthapana (restoring consciousness) mahakashaya
|-
|-
|9
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15 || Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (treatment of disease of over-nutrition)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/15
|Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa(treatment of disease of Over-nutrition)
|-
|-
|10
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143
|Tiktaskandha(group of bitter drugs)
|-
|-
|11
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34 || Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
|-
|12
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/38 || Sukha prasavartha
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/38
|Sukha prasavarth
|-
|-
|13
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/47 || Jatamatra balak paricharya
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/47
|Jatamatra balak paricharya
|-
|-
|14
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/61 || Kshirajanan karma
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/61
|Kshirajanan karma
|-
|-
|15
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14 || Vamanartha (for emesis)
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Vamanartha(for emesis)
|-
|-
|16
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Preparations of Trivrut
|-
|-
|17
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54 || Trivrutadi Modaka
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54
|Trivrutadi Modaka
|-
|-
|18
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/58 || Hemantkalina Trivrut Yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/58
|Hemantkalina Trivrut Yoga
|-
|-
|19
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25 || Body purification before rasayana treatment
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|-
|20
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204 || As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204
|As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|-
|21
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250 || As an ingredient of Jeevantyadi anuvasana basti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jeevantyadi anuvasana basti
|-
|-
|22
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || In formulation of Agurvadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|In formulation of Agurvadi taila
|-
|-
|23
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/307 || In Vishamajwara for Dhoopana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/307
|In Vishamajwara for Dhoopana
|-
|-
|24
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/70 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/70
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|-
|25
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80 || Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|-
|26
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86
|Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
|-
|-
|27
| 27 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/44 || Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrita for Kaphaj Gulma
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/44
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrita for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|-
|28
| 28 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/38
|Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameh(diabetes)
|-
|-
|29
| 29 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68 || Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|-
|30
| 30 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100 || Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushth(skin disease)
|-
|-
|31
| 31 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/103 || Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushtha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/103
|Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushth(skin disease)
|-
|-
|32
| 32 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|-
|33
| 33 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/75 || As a Swedana (fomentation) dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/75
|As a Swedan (fomentation)dravya
|-
|-
|34
| 34 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/45 || Ingredient in Mahapaishachik Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/45
|Ingredient in Mahapaishachik Ghrita
|-
|-
|35
| 35 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/64 || Used as Nasya and Anjana prayogartha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/64
|Used as Nashya and Anjan  prayogarth
|-
|-
|36
| 36 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/69 || Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/69
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|-
|37
| 37 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/25 || Ingredient in Brahmi Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/25
|Ingredient in Brahmi Ghrita
|-
|-
|38
| 38 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/27 || Ingredient in Vachadi Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/27
|Ingredient in Vachadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|39
| 39 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/34 || Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/34
|Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
|-
|-
|40
| 40 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/42 || As a Nasya dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/42
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|-
|41
| 41 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/64 || Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesh nashak yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/64
|Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesh nashak yoga
|-
|-
|42
| 42 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109 || In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/109  
|In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
|-
|-
|43
| 43 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104 || In treatment of pleehodara (takraprayoga)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104
|In treatment of pleehodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|-
|44
| 44 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/124 || As an ingredient of gavakshyadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/124
|As an ingredient of gavakshyadi churna
|-
|-
|45
| 45 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126 || As an ingredient of narayan churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|-
|46
| 46 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134 || As an ingredient of hapushadya churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134
|As an ingredient of hapushdya churna
|-
|-
|47
| 47 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158 || In formulation of pippalyadi lavana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|In formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|-
|48
| 48 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163 || In formulation of Ksharvatika
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|In formulation of Ksharvatika
|-
|-
|49
| 49 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/41 || Used in swedana kriya (fomentation therapy)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/41
 
|Used in swedana kriya(fomentation therapy)
 
|-
|-
|50
| 50 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/53 || As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/53  
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
 
|-
|-
|51
| 51 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131 || Used in anuvasan basti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131
|Used in anuvasan basti
|-
|-
|52
| 52 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99 || Churna of this drug with combination of ativisa, musta, devdaru etc. given in ama and shoola yukta mala
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99
 
|Churna of this drug with combination of ativisa,musta,devdaru etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
 
|-
|-
|53
| 53 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101 || Churna with hingu, ativisa, abhaya used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shoola
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/101
|Churna of  this drug with combination of hingu,ativisa, abhaya etc is used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shoola
|-
|-
|54
| 54 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103 || Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103
|Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|-
|55
| 55 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125
|As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
|-
|56
| 56 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134, 15/137 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134,  
15/137
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna
|-
|-
|57
| 57 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/182 || As an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya Kshara
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/182
|As an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya Kshara
|-
|-
|58
| 58 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189 || Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|-
|59
| 59 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/143 || As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/143
|As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita
|-
|-
|60
| 60 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36 || As a ghrita dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|-
|61
| 61 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/53 || As an ingredient of chitrakadi leha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/53
|As an ingredient of chitrakadi leha
|-
|-
|62
| 62 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112 || As an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112
 
|As an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath
|-
|-
|63
| 63 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161 || As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita
|-
|-
|64
| 64 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20 || As a pramathya dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|As a pramathya dravya
|-
|-
|65
| 65 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22 || As an ama pachak dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a ama pachak dravya
|-
|-
|66
| 66 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27 || As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27
|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|-
|67
| 67 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/45 || As an anuvasana dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/45
|As a anuvasana dravya
|-
|-
|68
| 68 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwath dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105
|
As a kwath dravya  
|-
|-
|69
| 69 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/118 || As piccha basti dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/118
|As piccha basti dravya.
|-
|-
|70
| 70 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70 || As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70
|As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada
|-
|-
|71
| 71 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/80 || As an ingredient of Maha-Gandha hasti agada
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/80
|As an ingredient of Maha -Gandha hasti agada
|-
|-
|72
| 72 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/212 || Used in treatment of Vishvambhara etc. kita poison
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/212
|Used in the treatment of Vishvambhara etc. kita poison
|-
|-
|73
| 73 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/20 || As an ingredient of Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/20
|As an ingredient of Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|-
|-
|74
| 74 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21 || As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21
|As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
|-
|-
|75
| 75 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22 || As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|As an ingredient of 2<sup>nd</sup>  Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|-
|-
|76
| 76 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/61 || As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/61
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
|-
|77
| 77 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85 || As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85
|As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga
|-
|-
|78
| 78 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97 || Used in kaphaja hrudroga (heart disease)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in kaphaja hrudroga(heart disease)
|-
|-
|79
| 79 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138 || Used in Vataja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Nasya karma
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138
|Used in Vataja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Nasya karma
|-
|-
|80
| 80 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152 || Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Pradhamana nasya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya(rhinitis) for Pradhamana nasya
|-
|-
|81
| 81 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153 || As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153
|As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|-
|-
|82
| 82 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|-
|83
| 83 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223 || As an ingredient of Devadarvyadi taila for Karnashoola
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223
|As an ingredient of Devadarvyadi taila for Karnashoola
|-
|-
|84
| 84 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226 || As an ingredient of Kshara taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara taila
|-
|-
|85
| 85 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/31 || As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/31
 
|As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|-
|-
|86
| 86 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36 || As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/36
 
|As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41
|As an ingredient  of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|-
|-
|88
| 87 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/41 || As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/154
|As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
|-
|89
| 88 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/154 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
|-
|90
| 89 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/161 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|-
|-
|91
| 90 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168 || As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/149
|Apply lepa for Vatakaphaja Vatarakta
|-
|-
|92
| 91 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/149 || Apply lepa for Vatakaphaja Vatarakta
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|-
|93
| 92 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152 || As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/54
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
|-
|-
|94
| 93 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/54 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/252
|Used in the treatment of Stanya dosha, for vamana
|-
|-
|95
| 94 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/252 || Used in treatment of Stanya dosha, for vamana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/273
|Used in the treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha
|-
|-
|96
| 95 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/273 || Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277
|Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya
|-
|-
| 96 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277 || Used in treatment of Pichhila stanya
|}
|}


==Dose==
== Dose ==
Churna  
Churna
* 60 – 120 mg (therapeutic dose)
* 60–120 mg (therapeutic dose)
* 1 – 2 gm (for inducing vomiting)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>
* 1–2 g (for inducing vomiting)<ref name="API1986"/>


==Important formulations==
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Vachadi Taila
* Vachadi Taila
* Vacha Lashunadi Taila
* Vacha Lashunadi Taila
Line 475: Line 284:
* Hingu Vachadi Churna
* Hingu Vachadi Churna


== Current availability==  
== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka.
* Out of India: China, Japan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Europe, Germany, Russia, Canada, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Australia, Oceania.
 
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of *Acorus calamus* is derived from its diverse secondary metabolites concentrated in the rhizomes:
* '''Volatile Essential Oils:''' Rich in beta-asarone, alpha-asarone, and sesquiterpenes.
* '''Phenylpropanoids:''' Eugenol and calamenene derivatives.
* '''Bitters and Glucosides:''' Acoretin and tannins.
 
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Nootropic and Neuroprotective Effects ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like asarone readily cross the blood-brain barrier, enhancing cognitive functions, neurotransmitter levels (such as acetylcholine), and offering protection against oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies demonstrate significant memory enhancement, reversal of cognitive deficits, and reduction of neuroinflammation in animal models of amnesia and dementia.<ref name="Mukherjee2007">{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=P. K. |last2=Kumar |first2=V. |last3=Mal |first3=M. |last4=Houghton |first4=P. J. |year=2007 |title=Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants (Review) |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=289–300}}</ref>
 
=== Anticonvulsant and Sedative Actions ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Ethanolic extracts modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor systems and suppress central nervous system hyperexcitability, justifying its historical role in managing epilepsy (*apasmara*).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Laboratory evaluations show prolonged latency periods and reduced severity of chemically induced seizures in rodents.<ref name="Jaya2003">{{cite journal |last1=Jayaraman |first1=R. |last2=Anand |first2=S. |last3=Latha |first3=R. |year=2003 |title=Effect of Acorus calamus on seizure models in mice |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=157–161}}</ref>
 
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Gastroprotective Efficacy ===
* '''Mechanism:''' The volatile oil fraction exhibits strong inhibition over pro-inflammatory mediators and protects gastric mucosal linings against ulcerogenic stimuli.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research validates its ability to reduce paw edema and decrease gastric ulcer indices in experimental ulcer models.<ref name="Vohora1990">{{cite journal |last1=Vohora |first1=S. B. |last2=Shah |first2=S. A. |last3=Dandiya |first3=P. C. |year=1990 |title=Central nervous system and anti-inflammatory studies on Acorus calamus |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=53–62}}</ref>
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to the presence of beta-asarone in certain varieties, high doses or long-term uncontrolled usage of crude wild varieties should be monitored. Pregnant women and young children should use standardized preparations strictly under qualified guidance.


Available
* In India –
Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, West bengal, bihar, Odisha, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
* Out of India
–
China, Japan, Sri lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Europe, Germany, Russia, Canada, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Australia, Oceania


== Current researches ==
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Acorus calamus*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Cognitive Decline & Memory Loss'''
| Alpha-asarone, Beta-asarone
| Nootropic, Acetylcholinesterase inhibition
|-
| '''Epilepsy & Neurological Spasms'''
| Volatile essential oils
| Anticonvulsant, CNS depressant
|-
| '''Digestive Colic & Abdominal Distress'''
| Sesquiterpenes, Phenylpropanoids
| Carminative, Anti-inflammatory
|}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.</ref>
<ref name="Tripathi2006">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga – 52.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 102, p. 42.</ref>
<ref name="Mukherjee2007">{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=P. K. |last2=Kumar |first2=V. |last3=Mal |first3=M. |last4=Houghton |first4=P. J. |year=2007 |title=Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants (Review) |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=289–300}}</ref>
<ref name="Jaya2003">{{cite journal |last1=Jayaraman |first1=R. |last2=Anand |first2=S. |last3=Latha |first3=R. |year=2003 |title=Effect of Acorus calamus on seizure models in mice |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=157–161}}</ref>
<ref name="Vohora1990">{{cite journal |last1=Vohora |first1=S. B. |last2=Shah |first2=S. A. |last3=Dandiya |first3=P. C. |year=1990 |title=Central nervous system and anti-inflammatory studies on Acorus calamus |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=53–62}}</ref>
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
This article is under development ..

Latest revision as of 16:37, 28 September 2026


Vacha
Section/Chapter Herb database/Vacha
Botanical name(s) Acorus calamus L.
Family Araceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited


Acorus calamus L., popularly known as Vacha, is a semi-aquatic perennial herbaceous plant native to temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. It is widely revered in Ayurveda as a powerful medhya (nootropic) and nervine tonic, highly valued for improving intellect, memory, speech, and managing cognitive or neurological disorders.

English name

Sweet flag

Therapeutic Uses

Colic pain (sula), Epilepsy (apasmara), Bronchial asthma (svasa), Cough (kasa), Constipation (vibandha), Insanity (unmada), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Ear discharge (karna srava), Smrti daurbalya.[1]

Other Varieties / Other Botanical names

  • Calamus aromaticus Garsault

Raja Nighantu

Mentioned 2 types[2]

  1. Vacha – Acorus calamus
  2. Sweta vacha – Iris germanica

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Vacha, Haimavati, Shadgrantha (rhizome of vacha has more than six nodes on it), Ugragandha (very strong odour), Golomi (rhizome of vacha has hairs over it resembling the hair of cow), Lomasa (rhizome is hairy).

Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu

Shataparvika, Kshudra patri, Mangalya (auspicious drug), Jatilogra[3]

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify Kapha and Vata

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 2/9 Virechana (Therapeutic purgation)
2 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 3/5 Churna pradeha (external application)
3 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(3) Lekhaniya (emaciating) mahakashaya
4 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(11) Truptighna (anti-satiety) mahakashaya
5 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(12) Arshoghna (anti-hemorrhoids) mahakashaya
6 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(25) Asthapanopag (helping corrective enema) mahakashaya
7 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(42) Sheetaprashamana (pacifying cold) mahakashaya
8 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(48) Sandnyasthapana (restoring consciousness) mahakashaya
9 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 23/15 Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (treatment of disease of over-nutrition)
10 Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/143 Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
11 Cha.Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/34 Garbhasya pratimasik karma
12 Cha.Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/38 Sukha prasavartha
13 Cha.Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/47 Jatamatra balak paricharya
14 Cha.Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/61 Kshirajanan karma
15 Cha.Sa. Kalpa Sthana 1/14 Vamanartha (for emesis)
16 Cha.Sa. Kalpa Sthana 7/16 Preparations of Trivrut
17 Cha.Sa. Kalpa Sthana 7/54 Trivrutadi Modaka
18 Cha.Sa. Kalpa Sthana 7/58 Hemantkalina Trivrut Yoga
19 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/1/25 Body purification before rasayana treatment
20 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/204 As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya
21 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/250 As an ingredient of Jeevantyadi anuvasana basti
22 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 In formulation of Agurvadi taila
23 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/307 In Vishamajwara for Dhoopana
24 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 5/70 Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
25 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 5/80 Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
26 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 5/86 Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
27 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 5/44 Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrita for Kaphaj Gulma
28 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/38 Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha
29 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/68 Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
30 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/100 Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
31 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/103 Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushtha
32 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/113 Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
33 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 8/75 As a Swedana (fomentation) dravya
34 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/45 Ingredient in Mahapaishachik Ghrita
35 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/64 Used as Nasya and Anjana prayogartha
36 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/69 Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
37 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/25 Ingredient in Brahmi Ghrita
38 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/27 Ingredient in Vachadi Ghrita
39 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/34 Ingredient in Palankashadi taila
40 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/42 As a Nasya dravya
41 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/64 Ingredient in Atattvabhinivesh nashak yoga
42 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/109 In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
43 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/104 In treatment of pleehodara (takraprayoga)
44 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/124 As an ingredient of gavakshyadi churna
45 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/126 As an ingredient of narayan churna
46 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/134 As an ingredient of hapushadya churna
47 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/158 In formulation of pippalyadi lavana
48 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/163 In formulation of Ksharvatika
49 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/41 Used in swedana kriya (fomentation therapy)
50 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/53 As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
51 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/131 Used in anuvasan basti
52 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/99 Churna of this drug with combination of ativisa, musta, devdaru etc. given in ama and shoola yukta mala
53 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/101 Churna with hingu, ativisa, abhaya used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shoola
54 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/103 Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
55 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/125 As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
56 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/134, 15/137 As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna
57 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/182 As an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya Kshara
58 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/189 Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
59 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/143 As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita
60 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 18/36 As a ghrita dravya
61 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 18/53 As an ingredient of chitrakadi leha
62 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 18/112 As an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath
63 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 18/161 As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita
64 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 19/20 As a pramathya dravya
65 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 19/22 As an ama pachak dravya
66 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 19/27 As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
67 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 19/45 As an anuvasana dravya
68 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 19/105 As a kwath dravya
69 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 19/118 As piccha basti dravya
70 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 23/70 As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada
71 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 23/80 As an ingredient of Maha-Gandha hasti agada
72 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 23/212 Used in treatment of Vishvambhara etc. kita poison
73 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/20 As an ingredient of Dviruttarahingvadi churna
74 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/21 As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
75 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/22 As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna
76 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/61 As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
77 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/85 As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga
78 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/97 Used in kaphaja hrudroga (heart disease)
79 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/138 Used in Vataja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Nasya karma
80 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/152 Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya (rhinitis) for Pradhamana nasya
81 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/153 As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
82 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/209 As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
83 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/223 As an ingredient of Devadarvyadi taila for Karnashoola
84 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/226 As an ingredient of Kshara taila
85 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/31 As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
86 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/36 As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi yoga
87 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/41 As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi Yoga
88 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 28/154 As an ingredient of Bala taila
89 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 28/161 As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
90 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 28/168 As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
91 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 29/149 Apply lepa for Vatakaphaja Vatarakta
92 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 29/152 As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
93 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/54 As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
94 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/252 Used in treatment of Stanya dosha, for vamana
95 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/273 Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha
96 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/277 Used in treatment of Pichhila stanya

Dose

Churna

  • 60–120 mg (therapeutic dose)
  • 1–2 g (for inducing vomiting)[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Vachadi Taila
  • Vacha Lashunadi Taila
  • Sarasvata Churna
  • Sarasvatarishta
  • Manasamitra Vataka
  • Chandraprabha Vati
  • Khadiradi Vati
  • Hingu Vachadi Churna

Current Availability

Available

  • In India: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka.
  • Out of India: China, Japan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Europe, Germany, Russia, Canada, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Australia, Oceania.

Phytochemical Composition

The therapeutic potential of *Acorus calamus* is derived from its diverse secondary metabolites concentrated in the rhizomes:

  • Volatile Essential Oils: Rich in beta-asarone, alpha-asarone, and sesquiterpenes.
  • Phenylpropanoids: Eugenol and calamenene derivatives.
  • Bitters and Glucosides: Acoretin and tannins.

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Nootropic and Neuroprotective Effects

  • Mechanism: Active constituents like asarone readily cross the blood-brain barrier, enhancing cognitive functions, neurotransmitter levels (such as acetylcholine), and offering protection against oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration.
  • Scientific Evidence: Experimental studies demonstrate significant memory enhancement, reversal of cognitive deficits, and reduction of neuroinflammation in animal models of amnesia and dementia.[4]

Anticonvulsant and Sedative Actions

  • Mechanism: Ethanolic extracts modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor systems and suppress central nervous system hyperexcitability, justifying its historical role in managing epilepsy (*apasmara*).
  • Scientific Evidence: Laboratory evaluations show prolonged latency periods and reduced severity of chemically induced seizures in rodents.[5]

Anti-Inflammatory and Gastroprotective Efficacy

  • Mechanism: The volatile oil fraction exhibits strong inhibition over pro-inflammatory mediators and protects gastric mucosal linings against ulcerogenic stimuli.
  • Scientific Evidence: Research validates its ability to reduce paw edema and decrease gastric ulcer indices in experimental ulcer models.[6]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Precautions: Due to the presence of beta-asarone in certain varieties, high doses or long-term uncontrolled usage of crude wild varieties should be monitored. Pregnant women and young children should use standardized preparations strictly under qualified guidance.


Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of *Acorus calamus*
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Cognitive Decline & Memory Loss Alpha-asarone, Beta-asarone Nootropic, Acetylcholinesterase inhibition
Epilepsy & Neurological Spasms Volatile essential oils Anticonvulsant, CNS depressant
Digestive Colic & Abdominal Distress Sesquiterpenes, Phenylpropanoids Carminative, Anti-inflammatory

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:74.
  2. ↑ Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga – 52.
  3. ↑ Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 102, p. 42.
  4. ↑ Mukherjee, P. K.; Kumar, V.; Mal, M.; Houghton, P. J. (2007). "Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants (Review)". Phytomedicine. 14 (4): 289–300. 
  5. ↑ Jayaraman, R.; Anand, S.; Latha, R. (2003). "Effect of Acorus calamus on seizure models in mice". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 88 (2): 157–161. 
  6. ↑ Vohora, S. B.; Shah, S. A.; Dandiya, P. C. (1990). "Central nervous system and anti-inflammatory studies on Acorus calamus". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 28 (1): 53–62. 
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