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Cissampelos pareira L.
{{#seo:
 
|title=Charak Samhita
 
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|keywords=Patha, Cissampelos pareira, Velvet leaf, Ambasthaki, Ambastha, Prachina, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
 
|description=Patha (Cissampelos pareira L.) is a classical Ayurvedic herb referred to in Charak Samhita in Stanyashodhana and Jwarahara Mahakashaya, in the Tikta skandha, and in the management of Atisara, Jwara, Kushtha and other conditions.
 
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
 
|image_alt=charak samhita
 
|type=article
 
}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cissampelos_pareira Cissampelos pareira L.]
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Patha
|title = Patha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Patha
|data1 = Herb database/Patha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Cissampelos pareira L.
 
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cissampelos_pareira Cissampelos pareira L.]
 
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Menisperrnaceae
 
|data3 = Menispermaceae
 
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
 
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
 
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2025
 
|data6 =  2026
 
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cissampelos_pareira Cissampelos pareira L.]''', popularly known as '''Patha''', is a perennial climbing shrub of the family Menispermaceae. The dried root is the part used medicinally.<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I, Monograph 58 (Patha): 92-93</ref> In [[Ayurveda]] it is described among the drugs used in Stanyashodhana (purification of breast milk), Jwarahara (relieving fever) and Tikta skandha (group of bitter drugs), and it is widely used in the management of Atisara, Jwara and Kushtha. It is a commonly used medicinal plant.


==English name ==  
==English name ==  
Line 25: Line 62:


==Therapeutic uses==  
==Therapeutic uses==  
Shula(pain),Atisaraa(diarrhoea),Chardi(vomiting),Jwara(fever),Kandu(itching),Kustha(skin disease),Stanyadushti(disorder of breast milk).
 
Shula (pain), Atisara (diarrhoea), Chardi (vomiting), Jwara (fever), Kandu (itching), Kushtha (skin disease), Stanyadushti (disorder of breast milk)<ref name="API1986" />
 
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Patha


==Synonyms in bhavaprakash nighantu2==
Patha,Ambashtaki, Aviddhakarni
Ambastha(act as stambhaka) , ambasthaki, prachina, paapachelika(it cure many diseases), ekasthila(fruit of patha will have one seed), rasaa, varatiktika
 
==Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu==
 
Ambastha (acts as stambhaka), Ambasthaki, Prachina, Papachelika (cures many diseases), Ekasthila (fruit of Patha has one seed), Rasa, Varatiktika<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Chunekar K. Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 191-192</ref>
 
==Varieties==
==Varieties==
==Kaiyadeva nighantu==
 
===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===
 
# Patha
# Patha
# Kuchelika
# Kuchelika
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties  
|+ Properties  
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  ||Katu(pungent), Tikta(bitter)
 
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
 
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot(Ushna)
 
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
 
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) ||Pungent (Katu)
 
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
 
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (Laghu),sharp(Tikshna)
 
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
 
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Bhagnasandhankruta, Grahi, Raktashodhaka, Visaghna,Tridoshashamana , Stanyashodhana
 
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Bhagnasandhankruta, Grahi, Raktashodhaka, Vishaghna, Tridoshashamana, Stanyashodhana
 
|-
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || --
|}
|}


Line 59: Line 119:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/12||As an ingredient of stanyashodhana(galacto-purifiers) mahakashaya
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(5) || As an ingredient of Sandhaniya mahakashaya (with name of Ambashtaki)
 
|-
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/16||As an ingredient of Jwarahara(relieving fever) mahakashya
 
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/12 || As an ingredient of stanyashodhana(galacto-purifiers) mahakashaya
 
|-
 
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/16 || As an ingredient of Jwarahara(relieving fever) mahakashya
 
|-
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 23/10||Use as an ingredient of decoction in Management of santarpana-induced diseases
 
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/10 || Use as an ingredient of decoction in Management of santarpana-induced diseases
 
|-
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/12 || Use as an ingredient of decoction in Management of santarpana-induced diseases
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/19 || Use as an ingredient of decoction in Management of santarpana-induced diseases
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/88 || Shaka varga (Class of vegetables)
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || As an ingredient of List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tikta skandha (group of bitter drugs)
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56 || As an ingredient of kshira vishodhna Dravya
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/199 || As an ingredient of Decoctions indicated in jwara
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201 || As an ingredient of Kashaya use in vishama jwara
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/204 || As an ingredient of Kashaya use in jwara
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211 || As an ingredient of Formulations used in sannipata jwara
|-
|15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267||As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila. (with the name of Ambashtaki)
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79 || As an ingredient of Hingvadi churna and gutika
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27 || As an ingredient of Decoctions for kaphaja prameha
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28 || As an ingredient of Decoctions for kaphaja prameha
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/32 || As an ingredient of Decoctions for pittaja prameha
|-
| 20 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/103 || As an ingredient of medicated oil use in kushtha(skin diseases)
|-
| 21 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113 || As an ingredient of Kanakaksheeri taila
|-
| 22 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144 || As an ingredient of Mahatiktaka ghee
|-
| 23 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/126 || As a yoga Dravya in Treatment of diarrhea
|-
| 24 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/128 || As a yoga Dravya in Treatment of diarrhea
|-
| 25 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20 || As an ingredient of Mahapanchagavya ghee
|-
| 26 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/16 || Use in treatment of atisara in kshata kshina disease
|-
| 27 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41 || Yoga Dravya in treatment of edema
|-
| 28 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62 || As a yoga Dravya for pachana in hemorrhoids patients
|-
| 29 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/69 || As a yoga Dravya
|-
| 30 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/90 || As an ingredient of peya
|-
| 31 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/98 || As a yoga Dravya for Treatment of hemorrhoids with constipated bowels
|-
| 32 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99 || As a yoga Dravya for Treatment of hemorrhoids with constipated bowels
|-
| 33 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/100 || As a yoga Dravya for Treatment of hemorrhoids with constipated bowels
|-
| 34 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107 || As an ingredient of Chavyadi ghrita
|-
| 35 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110 || As an ingredient of Nagaradi ghirta
|-
| 36 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/113 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi ghrita
|-
| 37 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/148 || As an ingredient of Phalarishta
|-
| 38 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153 || As an ingredient of Phalarishta
|-
| 39 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/159 || As an ingredient of Kanakarishta
|-
| 40 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195 || As a yoga Dravya  for treatment of hemorrhoids
|-
| 41 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230 || As an ingredient of Hriveradi Ghrita
|-
| 42 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/237 || As an ingredient of Sunnishannak changeri ghrita
|-
| 43 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103 || As a kwath Dravya
|-
| 44 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106 || As a yoga Dravya
|-
| 45 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of Chandanadya ghrita
|-
| 46 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129 || As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna
|-
| 47 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/134 || As an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna
|-
| 48 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/135 || As an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna
|-
| 49 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142 || As a yoga Dravya in treatment of kaphaja grahani
|-
| 50 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/173 || As an ingredient of Ksharaghrita
|-
| 51 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/179 || As a yoga Dravya in kshara Kalpana
|-
| 52 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/186 || As an ingredient of Chaturtha-kshara
|-
| 53 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188 || As an ingredient of Panchamakshara
|-
| 54 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/119 || Use in Treatment of mrittika bhakshanajanya pandu
|-
| 55 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/106 || As a main ingredient in Pathadyasava
|-
| 56 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi ghrita
|-
| 57 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114 || As a yoga Dravya in treatment of kaphaja kasa (cough)
|-
| 58 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/158 || As an ingredient of Dvi-panchamuladi ghritam
|-
| 59 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161 || As an ingredient of Guduchyadi ghritam
|-
| 60 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163 || As an ingredient of ghrita Dravya use in kasa(cough)
|-
| 61 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/176 || As an ingredient of Padmakadi leha
|-
| 62 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26 || Use in treatment of vataja atisara
|-
| 63 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/33 || Use in Management of diarrhea associated with pain
|-
| 64 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54 || Use in treatment of pittaja atisara
|-
| 65 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a yoga Dravya use in treatment of kaphaja atisara
|-
| 66 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107 || As a yoga Dravya use in treatment of kaphaja atisara
|-
| 67 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110 || As a yoga Dravya use in treatment of kaphaja atisara
|-
| 68 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/212 || As a ingredient of agada yoga(antidote of poison)
|-
| 69 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/244 || As a ingredient of Amrita Ghee
|-
| 70 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60 || As a yoga Dravya use in Treatment of dysuria caused by calculus and gravel
|-
| 71 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/145 || As a yoga Dravya use in Treatment of pittaja pinasa(rhinitis)
|-
| 72 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/189 || As a yoga Dravya use in Treatment of diseases of the mouth
|-
| 73 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/191 || As a yoga Dravya use in Treatment of diseases of the mouth
|-
| 74 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194 || As a yoga Dravya use in Treatment of diseases of the mouth
|-
| 75 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/199 || As a yoga Dravya use in Treatment of diseases of the mouth
|-
| 76 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/201 || As a yoga Dravya use in Treatment of diseases of the mouth
|-
| 77 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205 || As a yoga Dravya use in Treatment of diseases of the mouth
|-
| 78 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/34 || As a yoga Dravya use in treatment of urustambha
|-
| 79 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/37 || As a yoga Dravya use in treatment of urustambha
|-
| 80 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/42 || As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi taila
|-
| 81 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/91 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna (with name of Ambashtha)
|-
| 82 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266 || Use as a yoga Dravya in treatment of vitiated breast milk
|-
| 83 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/276 || Use as a yoga Dravya in treatment of vitiated breast milk
|-
| 84 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277 || Use as a yoga Dravya in treatment of vitiated breast milk
|-
| 85 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22 || As a yoga dravya
|-
| 86 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/58 || As an ingredient of purgation formulation use in winter
|-
| 87 ||Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 3/56 || As a basti Dravya use in kaphaja disease
|-
| 88 ||Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 3/59 || As a basti Dravya
|-
| 89 ||Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 3/61 || As a basti Dravya
|-
| 90 ||Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 3/63 || As a basti Dravya
|-
| 91 ||Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 4/19 || As an ingredient of Unctuous enema for kapha disorders
|-
| 92 ||Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 12/18 || As an ingredient of Sthiradi yapana basti
|-
|}
|}


==Dose==
3-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.<ref name="API1986" />
==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986" />
* Bruhatagangadhara churna
* Pushyanuga churna
* Pradarantak lauha
* Sarsvata ghruta
* Stanyashodhana kashaya churna
==Phytoconstituents==
{| class="wikitable"
! Sr.no. !! Class !! Major compounds / Remarks
|-
| 1 || Isoquinoline alkaloids || Magnoflorine, magnocurarine, cissamine, curine, hayatinine and cycleanine were isolated along with one new isoquinoline alkaloid; magnoflorine and magnocurarine were isolated from C. pareira for the first time. The content of the main compounds was higher in the rainy season.<ref name="Bala2019">{{cite journal |last1=Bala |first1=M. |last2=Kumar |first2=S. |last3=Pratap |first3=K. |last4=Verma |first4=P. K. |last5=Padwad |first5=Y. |last6=Singh |first6=B. |year=2019 |title=Bioactive isoquinoline alkaloids from Cissampelos pareira |journal=Natural Product Research |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=622–627}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || Flavonoids || UHPLC-MS (Q-Orbitrap) analysis of the most active fraction of an alcoholic extract identified five possible flavonoids.<ref name="Ricciardi2018">{{cite journal |last1=Ricciardi Verrastro |first1=B. V. |last2=Torres |first2=A. M. |last3=Ricciardi |first3=G. A. L. |last4=Teibler |first4=G. P. |last5=Maruñak |first5=S. L. |last6=Barnaba |first6=C. |last7=Larcher |first7=R. |last8=Nicolini |first8=G. |last9=Dellacassa |first9=E. S. |year=2018 |title=The effects of Cissampelos pareira extract on envenomation induced by Bothrops diporus snake venom |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=212 |pages=36–42}}</ref>
|}
Further compounds reported for the plant are listed in the [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Cissampelos%20pareira IMPPAT database].
==Therapeutic Efficacy: Scientific Evidence==
The studies below were carried out on extracts of different parts of Cissampelos pareira (root or aerial parts, as named in each study) in cell culture and in animals. They are not identical to classical Ayurvedic preparations of Patha and should be read as supportive evidence only.
===Fever (Jwara)===
An alcoholic extract of Cissampelos pareira inhibited all four dengue virus serotypes in cell-based assays, reduced viral titres by about one order of magnitude and protected AG129 mice against dengue infection. In Wistar rats it showed antipyretic activity and lowered production of TNF-α, and no toxicity was seen at doses up to 2 g/kg body weight for up to one week. The plant screening used the aerial part, not the root described by the API.<ref name="Sood2015">{{cite journal |last1=Sood |first1=R. |last2=Raut |first2=R. |last3=Tyagi |first3=P. |last4=Pareek |first4=P. K. |last5=Barman |first5=T. K. |last6=Singhal |first6=S. |last7=Shirumalla |first7=R. K. |last8=Kanoje |first8=V. |last9=Subbarayan |first9=R. |last10=Rajerethinam |first10=R. |last11=Sharma |first11=N. |last12=Kanaujia |first12=A. |last13=Shukla |first13=G. |last14=Gupta |first14=Y. K. |last15=Katiyar |first15=C. K. |last16=Bhatnagar |first16=P. K. |last17=Upadhyay |first17=D. J. |last18=Swaminathan |first18=S. |last19=Khanna |first19=N. |year=2015 |title=Cissampelos pareira Linn: natural source of potent antiviral activity against all four dengue virus serotypes |journal=PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=e0004255}}</ref>
===Anti-inflammatory activity (Shotha)===
A 50% ethanolic extract of the roots, given orally to rats at 200 and 400 mg/kg, showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute (carrageenin, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and prostaglandin E2-induced paw oedema), subacute (formaldehyde) and chronic (cotton pellet granuloma) models. Carrageenin-induced oedema was reduced by 59.55% and 64.04% at the two doses. The extract caused no gastric lesions and no toxicity or mortality up to 1000 mg/kg.<ref name="Amresh2007">{{cite journal |last1=Amresh |first1=G. |last2=Reddy |first2=G. D. |last3=Rao |first3=C. V. |last4=Singh |first4=P. N. |year=2007 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Cissampelos pareira root in rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=526–531}}</ref>
===Diarrhoea (Atisara)===
A hydroethanolic root extract (25-100 mg/kg, orally) reduced the total number of faecal droppings in rats in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhoea by 29.2-60.0%. It also reduced intestinal fluid accumulation (26.0-59.0%) and gastrointestinal transit.<ref name="Amresh2004">{{cite journal |last1=Amresh |first1=G. |last2=Reddy |first2=G. D. |last3=Rao |first3=C. V. |last4=Shirwaikar |first4=A. |year=2004 |title=Ethnomedical value of Cissampelos pareira extract in experimentally induced diarrhoea |journal=Acta Pharmaceutica |volume=54 |pages=27–35}}</ref>
===Snake bite (Visha)===
Extracts of the aerial parts and roots, collected in Argentina, were tested against the venom of the pit viper Bothrops diporus. The alcoholic extract was the most active and showed inhibitory effects in both in vitro and in vivo models. The authors suggest that certain flavonoids may reduce the local tissue damage caused by the venom. The venom studied is of a South American snake, not an Indian species.<ref name="Ricciardi2018" />
===Research gaps===
Studies on the other API indications (Chardi, Kandu, Kushtha and Stanyadushti) and human clinical trials of Patha root preparations are not included here. Further well-designed studies using classical Patha preparations are needed.


== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  
Line 76: Line 557:
Available  
Available  


== Current researches ==
==References==
 
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I, Monograph 58 (Patha): 92-93</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Chunekar K. Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 191-192</ref>
<ref name="Bala2019">{{cite journal |last1=Bala |first1=M. |last2=Kumar |first2=S. |last3=Pratap |first3=K. |last4=Verma |first4=P. K. |last5=Padwad |first5=Y. |last6=Singh |first6=B. |year=2019 |title=Bioactive isoquinoline alkaloids from Cissampelos pareira |journal=Natural Product Research |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=622–627}}</ref>
<ref name="Ricciardi2018">{{cite journal |last1=Ricciardi Verrastro |first1=B. V. |last2=Torres |first2=A. M. |last3=Ricciardi |first3=G. A. L. |last4=Teibler |first4=G. P. |last5=Maruñak |first5=S. L. |last6=Barnaba |first6=C. |last7=Larcher |first7=R. |last8=Nicolini |first8=G. |last9=Dellacassa |first9=E. S. |year=2018 |title=The effects of Cissampelos pareira extract on envenomation induced by Bothrops diporus snake venom |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=212 |pages=36–42}}</ref>
<ref name="Sood2015">{{cite journal |last1=Sood |first1=R. |last2=Raut |first2=R. |last3=Tyagi |first3=P. |last4=Pareek |first4=P. K. |last5=Barman |first5=T. K. |last6=Singhal |first6=S. |last7=Shirumalla |first7=R. K. |last8=Kanoje |first8=V. |last9=Subbarayan |first9=R. |last10=Rajerethinam |first10=R. |last11=Sharma |first11=N. |last12=Kanaujia |first12=A. |last13=Shukla |first13=G. |last14=Gupta |first14=Y. K. |last15=Katiyar |first15=C. K. |last16=Bhatnagar |first16=P. K. |last17=Upadhyay |first17=D. J. |last18=Swaminathan |first18=S. |last19=Khanna |first19=N. |year=2015 |title=Cissampelos pareira Linn: natural source of potent antiviral activity against all four dengue virus serotypes |journal=PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=e0004255}}</ref>
<ref name="Amresh2007">{{cite journal |last1=Amresh |first1=G. |last2=Reddy |first2=G. D. |last3=Rao |first3=C. V. |last4=Singh |first4=P. N. |year=2007 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Cissampelos pareira root in rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=526–531}}</ref>
<ref name="Amresh2004">{{cite journal |last1=Amresh |first1=G. |last2=Reddy |first2=G. D. |last3=Rao |first3=C. V. |last4=Shirwaikar |first4=A. |year=2004 |title=Ethnomedical value of Cissampelos pareira extract in experimentally induced diarrhoea |journal=Acta Pharmaceutica |volume=54 |pages=27–35}}</ref>
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
This article is under development ..

Latest revision as of 05:27, 6 November 2026

Cissampelos pareira L.

Patha
Section/Chapter Herb database/Patha
Botanical name(s) Cissampelos pareira L.
Family Menispermaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Cissampelos pareira L., popularly known as Patha, is a perennial climbing shrub of the family Menispermaceae. The dried root is the part used medicinally.[1] In Ayurveda it is described among the drugs used in Stanyashodhana (purification of breast milk), Jwarahara (relieving fever) and Tikta skandha (group of bitter drugs), and it is widely used in the management of Atisara, Jwara and Kushtha. It is a commonly used medicinal plant.

English name

Velvet leaf

Therapeutic uses

Shula (pain), Atisara (diarrhoea), Chardi (vomiting), Jwara (fever), Kandu (itching), Kushtha (skin disease), Stanyadushti (disorder of breast milk)[1]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Patha,Ambashtaki, Aviddhakarni

Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu

Ambastha (acts as stambhaka), Ambasthaki, Prachina, Papachelika (cures many diseases), Ekasthila (fruit of Patha has one seed), Rasa, Varatiktika[2]

Varieties

Kaiyadeva Nighantu

  1. Patha
  2. Kuchelika

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
5 Actions (karma) Bhagnasandhankruta, Grahi, Raktashodhaka, Vishaghna, Tridoshashamana, Stanyashodhana
6 Extra ordinary effect (prabhava) --

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(5) As an ingredient of Sandhaniya mahakashaya (with name of Ambashtaki)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/12 As an ingredient of stanyashodhana(galacto-purifiers) mahakashaya
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/16 As an ingredient of Jwarahara(relieving fever) mahakashya
4 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 23/10 Use as an ingredient of decoction in Management of santarpana-induced diseases
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 23/12 Use as an ingredient of decoction in Management of santarpana-induced diseases
6 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 23/19 Use as an ingredient of decoction in Management of santarpana-induced diseases
7 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/88 Shaka varga (Class of vegetables)
8 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/135 As an ingredient of List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis
9 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/143 Tikta skandha (group of bitter drugs)
10 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/56 As an ingredient of kshira vishodhna Dravya
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/199 As an ingredient of Decoctions indicated in jwara
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/201 As an ingredient of Kashaya use in vishama jwara
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/204 As an ingredient of Kashaya use in jwara
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/211 As an ingredient of Formulations used in sannipata jwara
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila. (with the name of Ambashtaki)
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/79 As an ingredient of Hingvadi churna and gutika
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/27 As an ingredient of Decoctions for kaphaja prameha
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/28 As an ingredient of Decoctions for kaphaja prameha
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/32 As an ingredient of Decoctions for pittaja prameha
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/103 As an ingredient of medicated oil use in kushtha(skin diseases)
21 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/113 As an ingredient of Kanakaksheeri taila
22 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/144 As an ingredient of Mahatiktaka ghee
23 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/126 As a yoga Dravya in Treatment of diarrhea
24 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/128 As a yoga Dravya in Treatment of diarrhea
25 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/20 As an ingredient of Mahapanchagavya ghee
26 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/16 Use in treatment of atisara in kshata kshina disease
27 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/41 Yoga Dravya in treatment of edema
28 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/62 As a yoga Dravya for pachana in hemorrhoids patients
29 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/69 As a yoga Dravya
30 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/90 As an ingredient of peya
31 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/98 As a yoga Dravya for Treatment of hemorrhoids with constipated bowels
32 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/99 As a yoga Dravya for Treatment of hemorrhoids with constipated bowels
33 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/100 As a yoga Dravya for Treatment of hemorrhoids with constipated bowels
34 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/107 As an ingredient of Chavyadi ghrita
35 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/110 As an ingredient of Nagaradi ghirta
36 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/113 As an ingredient of Pippalyadi ghrita
37 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/148 As an ingredient of Phalarishta
38 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/153 As an ingredient of Phalarishta
39 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/159 As an ingredient of Kanakarishta
40 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/195 As a yoga Dravya for treatment of hemorrhoids
41 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/230 As an ingredient of Hriveradi Ghrita
42 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/237 As an ingredient of Sunnishannak changeri ghrita
43 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/103 As a kwath Dravya
44 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/106 As a yoga Dravya
45 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/125 As an ingredient of Chandanadya ghrita
46 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/129 As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna
47 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/134 As an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna
48 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/135 As an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna
49 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/142 As a yoga Dravya in treatment of kaphaja grahani
50 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/173 As an ingredient of Ksharaghrita
51 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/179 As a yoga Dravya in kshara Kalpana
52 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/186 As an ingredient of Chaturtha-kshara
53 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/188 As an ingredient of Panchamakshara
54 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/119 Use in Treatment of mrittika bhakshanajanya pandu
55 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/106 As a main ingredient in Pathadyasava
56 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/36 As an ingredient of Pippalyadi ghrita
57 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/114 As a yoga Dravya in treatment of kaphaja kasa (cough)
58 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/158 As an ingredient of Dvi-panchamuladi ghritam
59 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/161 As an ingredient of Guduchyadi ghritam
60 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/163 As an ingredient of ghrita Dravya use in kasa(cough)
61 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/176 As an ingredient of Padmakadi leha
62 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/26 Use in treatment of vataja atisara
63 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/33 Use in Management of diarrhea associated with pain
64 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/54 Use in treatment of pittaja atisara
65 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/105 As a yoga Dravya use in treatment of kaphaja atisara
66 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/107 As a yoga Dravya use in treatment of kaphaja atisara
67 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/110 As a yoga Dravya use in treatment of kaphaja atisara
68 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/212 As a ingredient of agada yoga(antidote of poison)
69 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/244 As a ingredient of Amrita Ghee
70 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/60 As a yoga Dravya use in Treatment of dysuria caused by calculus and gravel
71 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/145 As a yoga Dravya use in Treatment of pittaja pinasa(rhinitis)
72 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/189 As a yoga Dravya use in Treatment of diseases of the mouth
73 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/191 As a yoga Dravya use in Treatment of diseases of the mouth
74 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/194 As a yoga Dravya use in Treatment of diseases of the mouth
75 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/199 As a yoga Dravya use in Treatment of diseases of the mouth
76 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/201 As a yoga Dravya use in Treatment of diseases of the mouth
77 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/205 As a yoga Dravya use in Treatment of diseases of the mouth
78 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/34 As a yoga Dravya use in treatment of urustambha
79 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/37 As a yoga Dravya use in treatment of urustambha
80 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/42 As an ingredient of Piluparnyadi taila
81 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/91 As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna (with name of Ambashtha)
82 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/266 Use as a yoga Dravya in treatment of vitiated breast milk
83 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/276 Use as a yoga Dravya in treatment of vitiated breast milk
84 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/277 Use as a yoga Dravya in treatment of vitiated breast milk
85 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 1/22 As a yoga dravya
86 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/58 As an ingredient of purgation formulation use in winter
87 Cha.Sa.Siddhi Sthana 3/56 As a basti Dravya use in kaphaja disease
88 Cha.Sa.Siddhi Sthana 3/59 As a basti Dravya
89 Cha.Sa.Siddhi Sthana 3/61 As a basti Dravya
90 Cha.Sa.Siddhi Sthana 3/63 As a basti Dravya
91 Cha.Sa.Siddhi Sthana 4/19 As an ingredient of Unctuous enema for kapha disorders
92 Cha.Sa.Siddhi Sthana 12/18 As an ingredient of Sthiradi yapana basti

Dose

3-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Bruhatagangadhara churna
  • Pushyanuga churna
  • Pradarantak lauha
  • Sarsvata ghruta
  • Stanyashodhana kashaya churna

Phytoconstituents

Sr.no. Class Major compounds / Remarks
1 Isoquinoline alkaloids Magnoflorine, magnocurarine, cissamine, curine, hayatinine and cycleanine were isolated along with one new isoquinoline alkaloid; magnoflorine and magnocurarine were isolated from C. pareira for the first time. The content of the main compounds was higher in the rainy season.[3]
2 Flavonoids UHPLC-MS (Q-Orbitrap) analysis of the most active fraction of an alcoholic extract identified five possible flavonoids.[4]

Further compounds reported for the plant are listed in the IMPPAT database.

Therapeutic Efficacy: Scientific Evidence

The studies below were carried out on extracts of different parts of Cissampelos pareira (root or aerial parts, as named in each study) in cell culture and in animals. They are not identical to classical Ayurvedic preparations of Patha and should be read as supportive evidence only.

Fever (Jwara)

An alcoholic extract of Cissampelos pareira inhibited all four dengue virus serotypes in cell-based assays, reduced viral titres by about one order of magnitude and protected AG129 mice against dengue infection. In Wistar rats it showed antipyretic activity and lowered production of TNF-α, and no toxicity was seen at doses up to 2 g/kg body weight for up to one week. The plant screening used the aerial part, not the root described by the API.[5]

Anti-inflammatory activity (Shotha)

A 50% ethanolic extract of the roots, given orally to rats at 200 and 400 mg/kg, showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute (carrageenin, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and prostaglandin E2-induced paw oedema), subacute (formaldehyde) and chronic (cotton pellet granuloma) models. Carrageenin-induced oedema was reduced by 59.55% and 64.04% at the two doses. The extract caused no gastric lesions and no toxicity or mortality up to 1000 mg/kg.[6]

Diarrhoea (Atisara)

A hydroethanolic root extract (25-100 mg/kg, orally) reduced the total number of faecal droppings in rats in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhoea by 29.2-60.0%. It also reduced intestinal fluid accumulation (26.0-59.0%) and gastrointestinal transit.[7]

Snake bite (Visha)

Extracts of the aerial parts and roots, collected in Argentina, were tested against the venom of the pit viper Bothrops diporus. The alcoholic extract was the most active and showed inhibitory effects in both in vitro and in vivo models. The authors suggest that certain flavonoids may reduce the local tissue damage caused by the venom. The venom studied is of a South American snake, not an Indian species.[4]

Research gaps

Studies on the other API indications (Chardi, Kandu, Kushtha and Stanyadushti) and human clinical trials of Patha root preparations are not included here. Further well-designed studies using classical Patha preparations are needed.

Current availability

Available

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I, Monograph 58 (Patha): 92-93
  2. ↑ Chunekar K. Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 191-192
  3. ↑ Bala, M.; Kumar, S.; Pratap, K.; Verma, P. K.; Padwad, Y.; Singh, B. (2019). "Bioactive isoquinoline alkaloids from Cissampelos pareira". Natural Product Research. 33 (5): 622–627. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ricciardi Verrastro, B. V.; Torres, A. M.; Ricciardi, G. A. L.; Teibler, G. P.; Maruñak, S. L.; Barnaba, C.; Larcher, R.; Nicolini, G.; Dellacassa, E. S. (2018). "The effects of Cissampelos pareira extract on envenomation induced by Bothrops diporus snake venom". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 212: 36–42. 
  5. ↑ Sood, R.; Raut, R.; Tyagi, P.; Pareek, P. K.; Barman, T. K.; Singhal, S.; Shirumalla, R. K.; Kanoje, V.; Subbarayan, R.; Rajerethinam, R.; Sharma, N.; Kanaujia, A.; Shukla, G.; Gupta, Y. K.; Katiyar, C. K.; Bhatnagar, P. K.; Upadhyay, D. J.; Swaminathan, S.; Khanna, N. (2015). "Cissampelos pareira Linn: natural source of potent antiviral activity against all four dengue virus serotypes". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 9 (12): e0004255. 
  6. ↑ Amresh, G.; Reddy, G. D.; Rao, C. V.; Singh, P. N. (2007). "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Cissampelos pareira root in rats". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 110 (3): 526–531. 
  7. ↑ Amresh, G.; Reddy, G. D.; Rao, C. V.; Shirwaikar, A. (2004). "Ethnomedical value of Cissampelos pareira extract in experimentally induced diarrhoea". Acta Pharmaceutica. 54: 27–35. 
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