Charak Samhita

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{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Vidanga, Embelia ribes BURM.F., worm treatment, krimi, krimighna, obesity, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=''Embelia ribes'' Burm. f., commonly known as '''Vidanga''' or '''False Black Pepper''', is a large, dioecious, woody climbing liana belonging to the family Myrsinaceae.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
Embelia ribes BURM.F.
Embelia ribes BURM.F.


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|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2024
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
Line 21: Line 31:
}}
}}


==English name ==  
== Botanical Profile & Overview ==
''Embelia ribes'' Burm. f., commonly known as '''Vidanga''' or '''False Black Pepper''', is a large, dioecious, woody climbing liana belonging to the family Myrsinaceae.{{cite journal |last1=G. |first1=R. S. |year=2021 |title=Economic Importance and Medicinal Strength of Vidanga (Embelia ribes) : An Endangered Medicinal Plant of Western Ghats of India |journal=International Journal on Agricultural Sciences |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=29–33 |doi=10.53390/ijas.v12i1.7}} It is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of India, particularly thriving in the Western Ghats.{{cite journal |last1=Raskar |first1=S. |last2=Purkar |first2=V. |last3=Sardesai |first3=M. |last4=Mitra |first4=S. |year=2022 |title=Assessing the Impact of Geographical Distribution and Genetic Diversity on Metabolic Profiles of a Medicinal Plant, Embelia ribes Burm. f. |journal=Plants |volume=11 |issue=21 |pages=2861 |doi=10.3390/plants11212861}} Due to its extensive commercial exploitation and high demand in traditional alternative medicine systems—such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha—''E. ribes'' is currently flagged as an endangered medicinal species requiring stringent conservation strategies.


--
The dried fruits (berries) are globally sought after due to their significant concentration of unique bioactive benzoquinones, rendering them highly valued in pharmacological drug design.


== Therapeutic Uses== <ref>1. Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:77.</ref>1
== Therapeutic Uses==  
Colic pain (Sula), Worms (krimiroga), Abdominal diseases (udararoga), abdominal distension (adhmana)
Colic pain (Sula), Worms (krimi roga), Abdominal diseases (udara roga), abdominal distension (adhmana)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:77.</ref>
 
==Other varieties / Other botanical names==
 
Embelia robusta C.B.Cl.


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Krimighna(kills the worms), Krimihara, Chitratandula(seed of vidang has white spots on its surface), Jantunashana(efficacious drug in case of worm infestation)
Krimighna(kills the worms), Krimihara, Chitratandula(seed of vidang has white spots on its surface), Jantunashana(efficacious drug in case of worm infestation)


== Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
== Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Tandul, vella(due to its delicate and flexible branches vidanga looks like a creeper), amodha
 
Tandul, vella(due to its delicate and flexible branches vidanga looks like a creeper), amodha<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 111,  p.50.</ref>


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
Line 61: Line 78:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 || Sutra sthana 1/81 || Phalini ([[Virechana]]) (Therapeutic Purgation)
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/81 || Phalini ([[Virechana]]) (Therapeutic Purgation)
|-
|-
| 2 || Sutra sthana 2/3 || Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
|-
| 3 || Sutra sthana 2/23 || Krimighniyavagu(gruel worm infestation)
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Krimighni yavagu(gruel worm infestation)
|-
|-
| 4 || Sutra sthana 3/3  || Siddhatamachurnapradeha
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3  || Siddhatama churna pradeha
|-
|-
| 5 || Sutra sthana 5/64  || Anu tailadravya
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64  || Anu taila dravya
|-
|-
| 6 || Sutra sthana 4/9(11)  || Truptighnamahakashay(anti-satiety)
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)  || Truptighn amahakashaya(anti-satiety)
|-
|-
| 7 || Sutra sthana 4/9(13)  || Kushthaghnamahakashay(anti-dermatosis)
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13)  || Kushthaghna mahakashaya(anti-dermatosis)
|-
|-
| 8 || Sutra sthana 4/9(15)  || Krimighnamahakashay(anti-helmintics)
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15)  || Krimighna mahakashaya(anti-helmintics)
|-
|-
| 9 || Sutra sthana 4/9(27)  || Shirovirechanopagmahakashay( helping nasal errhine therapy)
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27)  || Shirovirechanopag mahakashaya(helping nasal errhine therapy)
|-
|-
|10 || Ch. Su. 21/23  
|10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/23  
| Management of  obesity
| Management of  obesity
|-
|-
| 11 || Ch  Su 23/18  
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/18  
| Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsachikitsa (treatment of Over-nutrition disorder )
| Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsachikitsa (treatment of Over-nutrition disorder )
|-
|-
| 12 || Ch  Su 23/19  
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/19  
| Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsachikitsa (treatment of Over-nutrition disorder )
| Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsachikitsa (treatment of Over-nutrition disorder )
|-
|-
|13
|13
|Ch  Su 25/40
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
|-
|14
|14
|Ch  Vi 6/17
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi(worms)  Chikitsa
|Abhyantar Krimi(worms)  Chikitsa
|-
|-
|15
|15
|Ch  Vi 6/21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi(worms)  Chikitsa
|Abhyantar Krimi(worms)  Chikitsa
|-
|-
|16
|16
|Ch  Vi 6/22
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/22
|Abhyantar Krimi(worms)  Chikitsa
|Abhyantar Krimi(worms)  Chikitsa
|-
|-
|17
|17
|Ch  Vi 6/24
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/24
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|-
|18
|18
|Ch  Vi 6/25
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/25
|Abhyantar Krimi(worms)  Chikitsa
|Abhyantar Krimi(worms)  Chikitsa
|-
|-
|19
|19
|Vimana Sthana 8/142
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
|Katuskandha(group of pungent drugs)
|Katuskandha(group of pungent drugs)
|-
|-
|20
|20
|Ch.Sha.8/34
|Cha.Sa[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya  pratimasik karma
|Garbhasya  pratimasik karma
|-
|-
|21
|21
|Ch.Sha.8/41
|Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree  paricharya
|Prajata stree  paricharya
|-
|-
|22
|22
|[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/37
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/37
|Preparations of Trivrit awaleha
|Preparations of Trivrit awaleha
|-
|-
|23
|23
|[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Kalyanaka Guda
|Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|-
|24
|24
|[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46
|Vyoshadi Modaka
|Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
|-
|25
|25
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/1/25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body  purification before rasayana treatment
|Body  purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|-
|26
|26
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana 1/2/9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/2/9
|In  formulation of vidangavaleha
|In  formulation of vidangavaleha
|-
|-
|27
|27
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 5/65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi  ghrita
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi  ghrita
|-
|-
|28
|28
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 5/86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86
|Ingredient of Shatyadi  Churna  
|Ingredient of Shatyadi  Churna  
|-
|-
|29
|29
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 5/106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya  Ghrita
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya  Ghrita
|-
|-
|30
|30
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 5/144
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya  Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya  Ghrita for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|-
|31
|31
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameh
|-
|-
|32
|32
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameh
|-
|-
|33
|33
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient  in Madhvasav
|Ingredient  in Madhvasav
|-
|-
|34
|34
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|As Nashya in Kushth
|As Nashya in Kushth
|-
|-
|35
|35
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|-
|36
|36
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/84
|Kushthaghna lepa
|Kushthaghna lepa
|-
|-
|37
|37
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/103
|Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushth(external application)
|Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushth(external application)
|-
|-
|38
|38
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/105
|Ingredient in Sweta-karaviradhya  Tail
|Ingredient in Sweta-karaviradhya  Taila
|-
|-
|39
|39
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/106
|Ingredient in Sweta-karavirapallavadhya  Tail
|Ingredient in Sweta-karavirapallavadhya  Taila
|-
|-
|40
|40
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi  Tail
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi  Taila


For Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj  Kushth
For Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj  Kushth
|-
|-
|41
|41
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Tail
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Taila
|-
|-
|42
|42
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/126
|Lepa in Mandal and Dadru  Kushth
|Lepa in Mandal and Dadru  Kushth
|-
|-
|43
|43
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/153
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrit
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
|-
|-
|44
|44
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/157
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/157
|Snan, Pana and Pradeh in  Galit-Kushth
|Snan, Pana and Pradeh in  Galit-Kushth
|-
|-
|45
|45
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/159
|As Krimihar dravya  in treatment
|As Krimihar dravya  in treatment
|-
|-
|46
|46
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/160
|Kushthahar Yog
|Kushthahar Yoga
|-
|-
|47
|47
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/161
|Kushthahar Yog
|Kushthahar Yoga
|-
|-
|48
|48
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/167
|Shvitra nashak Lepa
|Shvitra nashak Lepa
|-
|-
|49
|49
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/37
|Ingredient in Kalyanak  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Kalyanak  Ghrita
|-
|-
|50
|50
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42
|Ingredient in Mahakalyanak  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Mahakalyanak  Ghrita
|-
|-
|51
|51
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|-
|52
|52
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|-
|-
|53
|53
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|-
|54
|54
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya  in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|As an Unmardan dravya  in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|-
|55
|55
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/80  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/80  
|In  preparation of vidangadi kshara (for pleehodara)
|In  preparation of vidangadi kshara (for pleehodara)
|-
|-
|56
|56
|Cha. Sa. ChikitsaSthana 13/119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
|As an  ingredient of patoladi churna
|As an  ingredient of patoladi churna
|-
|-
|57
|57
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an  ingredient of narayan churna
|As an  ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|-
|58
|58
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/148
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka  used in udara roga with ksheer
|Kalka  used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|-
|59
|59
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/50   
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/50   
|Dhupan yoga  in arsha roga
|Dhupan yoga  in arsha roga
|-
|-
|60
|60
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/63  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/63  
|As an  ingredient of traushnadi churna
|As an  ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|-
|61
|61
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an ingredient  of abhayarista
|As an ingredient  of abhayarista
|-
|-
|62
|62
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|As an  ingredient of kanakarista
|As an  ingredient of kanakarista
|-
|-
|63
|63
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 15/88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an  ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|As an  ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
|-
|-
|64
|64
|Cha. Sa. Chi15/146
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/146
|As an  ingredient of madhookasava
|As an  ingredient of madhookasava
|-
|-
|65
|65
|Cha. Sa. Chi15/154
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/154
|As an  ingredient of Duralabhasava(Kaphaja grahani )
|As an  ingredient of Duralabhasava(Kaphaja grahani )
|-
|-
|66
|66
|Cha. Sa. Chi15/158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/158
|As an  ingredient of Mulasava
|As an  ingredient of Mulasava
|-
|-
|67
|67
|Cha. Sa. Chi 15/164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/164
|As an  ingredient of Madhvarista
|As an  ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
|-
|68
|68
|Cha. Sa. Chi 15/189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|Used in  preparation of Pancham Kshara
|Used in  preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|-
|69
|69
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 16/7
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/7
|As an ingredient of Navayas Loha
|As an ingredient of Navayas Loha
|-
|-
|70
|70
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 16/73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/73
|As an ingredient of Mandur Vataka
|As an ingredient of Mandur Vataka
|-
|-
|71
|71
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 16/78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/78
|As an ingredient of Suvarna Makshika Yoga
|As an ingredient of Suvarna Makshika Yoga
|-
|-
|72
|72
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 16/93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/93
|As an ingredient of Punarnava Mandur
|As an ingredient of Punarnava Mandur
|-
|-
|73
|73
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 16/97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/97
|As an ingredient of Darvyadi Leha
|As an ingredient of Darvyadi Leha
|-
|-
|74
|74
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 16/103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/103
|As an ingredient of  Mandura Vataka
|As an ingredient of  Mandura Vataka
|-
|-
|75
|75
|Cha. Sa. Chi. 16/103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/103
|As an ingredient of    As an ingredient of  Vyoshadi Ghrit
|As an ingredient of    As an ingredient of  Vyoshadi Ghrit
|-
|-
|76
|76
|Cha.sa.chi.18/47  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47  
|As a yoga dravya
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|-
|77
|77
|Cha.sa.chi.18/52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/52
|As an ingredient  of vidangadi leha.
|As an ingredient  of vidangadi leha
|-
|-
|78
|78
|Cha.sa.chi.18/174  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/174  
|As an ingredient  of padmakadi leha.
|As an ingredient  of padmakadi leha
|-
|-
|79
|79
|Cha.sa.chi.18/178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/178
|As an ingredient  of jivantyadi leha.
|As an ingredient  of jivantyadi leha
|-
|-
|80
|80
|Cha.sa.chi.18/47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As a yoga dravya
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|-
|81
|81
|Cha.sa.chi.18/52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/52
|As an ingredient  of vidangadi leha.
|As an ingredient  of vidangadi leha
|-
|-
|82
|82
|Cha.sa.chi.18/174  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/174  
|As an ingredient  of padmakadi leha.
|As an ingredient  of padmakadi leha
|-
|-
|83
|83
|Cha.sa.chi.18/178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/178
|As an ingredient  of jivantyadi leha.
|As an ingredient  of jivantyadi leha
|-
|-
|84
|84
|Cha.sa.chi.18/182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/182
|As an ingredient  of yavagu.
|As an ingredient  of yavagu
|-
|-
|85
|85
|Cha.sa.chi.19/105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105
|As a kwatha dravya
|As a kwatha dravya
|-
|-
|86
|86
|Cha.sa.chi.19/111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|-
|87
|87
|Cha.Sa.Chi.20/37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/37
|As an ingredient  of Kaphaja chhardihara yoga.
|As an ingredient  of Kaphaja chhardihara yoga
|-
|-
|88
|88
|Cha.Sa.Chi.21/137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/137
|As an ingredient  of Kampillakadi taila.
|As an ingredient  of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|-
|89
|89
|Cha.Sa.Chi.23/57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/57
|As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada.
|As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
|-
|-
|90
|90
|Cha.sa.Chi.25/90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila.
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|-
|91
|91
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/13   
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13   
|Used to make Udavarta  varti.
|Used to make Udavarta  varti
|-
|-
|92
|92
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/20
|As an ingredient of  Dviruttarahingvadi churna.
|As an ingredient of  Dviruttarahingvadi churna
|-
|-
|93
|93
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/101
|Used in Hrudshoola.
|Used in Hrudshoola
|-
|-
|94
|94
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/152
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja  Pratishyaya for pradhamana.
|Used in Kaphaja  Pratishyaya for pradhamana
|-
|-
|95
|95
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/153
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153
|As an ingredient of  Bhargyadi taila.
|As an ingredient of  Bhargyadi taila
|-
|-
|96
|96
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/184
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga  for Pradhamana nasya.
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga  for Pradhamana nasya
|-
|-
|97
|97
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of  Sukhavati varti.
|As an ingredient of  Sukhavati varti
|-
|-
|98
|98
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of  Drustiprada varti.
|As an ingredient of  Drustiprada varti
|-
|-
|99
|99
|Cha.Sa.chi.29/152
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola.
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Dose==
Churna – 5 – 10 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:77.</ref>
==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:77.</ref>
* Vidangarishta
* Vidanga Lauha
* Vidangadi Lauha


 
== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  
Available
* India –
Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand


Available
* Out of India –
Sri lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Kenya, Uganda


== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic matrix of ''Embelia ribes'' stems from its rich reservoir of secondary metabolites. The primary biomarker and most biologically potent constituent isolated from its berries is '''embelin''' (chemically identified as ''2,5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-1,4-benzoquinone'').{{cite journal |last1=Kundap |first1=U. P. |last2=Bhuvanendran |first2=S. |last3=Kumari |first3=Y. |last4=Othman |first4=I. |last5=Shaikh |first5=M. F. |year=2017 |title=Plant Derived Phytocompound, Embelin in CNS Disorders: A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |volume=8 |pages=76 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2017.00076}}
Beyond embelin, metabolomic profiling has revealed several secondary phytoconstituents that contribute synergistically to its efficacy:
* '''Benzoquinones & Derivatives:''' Vilangin, 5-O-methylembelin, and embeliol.
* '''Phenolic Compounds & Flavonoids:''' Present in high quantities in ethanolic extracts, dictating major radical scavenging pathways.
* '''Alkaloids, Tannins, and Resins:''' Found distributed across the fruits, leaves, and roots, providing defenses against exogenous microbial stress.
---
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anthelmintic & Antimicrobial Efficacy (''Krimighna'' Action) ===
In classical Ayurvedic texts, Vidanga is heralded as the premier ''Krimighna dravya'' (anti-parasitic/anti-worm herb).{{cite journal |last1=Patil |first1=U. |year=2013 |title=OA02.14. Krimigna action of vidanga against clinical isolates of multidrug resistant bacteria, importance of correct identification |journal=Ancient Science of Life |volume=32 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S20 |doi=10.4103/0257-7941.123834}}
* '''Anthelmintic Action:''' Crudely crushed seeds and isolated embelin fractions demonstrate a high structural clearance rate against intestinal parasites like ''Ascariasis'' at concentrations spanning 10–200 µg/mL.{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=V. |last2=Gautam |first2=D. N. S. |last3=Radu |first3=A.-F. |last4=Behl |first4=T. |last5=Bungau |first5=S. G. |last6=Vesa |first6=C. M. |year=2022 |title=Reviewing the Traditional/Modern Uses, Phytochemistry, Essential Oils/Extracts and Pharmacology of Embelia ribes Burm |journal=Antioxidants |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=1359 |doi=10.3390/antiox11071359}}
* '''Antimicrobial Limits:''' While historical data strongly endorses its role as an intestinal purifier, modern testing against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria (e.g., ''Klebsiella spp.'', ''E. coli'', ''Salmonella spp.'') exhibits moderate to variable baseline clearance. This variability emphasizes the extreme necessity of using authentic, non-adulterated ''E. ribes'' over standard commercial substitutions.
=== Neuroprotective & Central Nervous System (CNS) Actions ===
Embelin possesses the molecular characteristics required to successfully cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), making it highly valuable in managing age-related cognitive decline and neurological dysfunction.
* '''Anticonvulsant Properties:''' In animal models subjected to Maximal Electroshock (MES) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) protocols, isolated embelin exhibits dose-dependent seizure prevention. It suppresses high-frequency action potentials and delays the onset of clonic-tonic phases, likely by modulating chloride conductance via \text{GABA}_\text{A} receptor pathways.
* '''Neuroprotective Mechanisms:''' Embelin works as a structural adjunct therapy in cerebral strokes by reducing cerebral infarction areas and protecting normal glial density through the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines like \text{NF-}\kappa\text{B} and p53.
=== Antidiabetic & Pancreatic β-Cell Protection ===
''Embelia ribes'' extracts show significant therapeutic activity against the metabolic complications of diabetes mellitus.
* '''Islet Regeneration:''' Long-term administration (40 days) of ethanolic ''E. ribes'' fruit extracts (100–200 mg/kg) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic models leads to a visible expansion and repair of shrunken pancreatic islets.{{cite journal |last1=Bhandari |first1=U. |last2=Jain |first2=N. |last3=Pillai |first3=K. K. |year=2007 |title=Further Studies on Antioxidant Potential and Protection of Pancreatic β‐Cells by Embelia ribes in Experimental Diabetes |journal=Journal of Diabetes Research |volume=2007 |pages=15803 |doi=10.1155/2007/15803}}
* '''Biochemical Regulation:''' Research demonstrates a sharp decrease in fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum lactate dehydrogenase, and pancreatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Concurrently, it restores depleted endogenous cellular defenses like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione, rivaling standard glycemic agents like gliclazide.
=== Tissue Regeneration & Wound Healing ===
Topical application of isolated embelin (4 mg/mL) and crude ethanolic leaf extracts (30 mg/mL) accelerates cellular regeneration. Studies demonstrate significantly faster epithelialization rates, elevated wound contraction values, enhanced tensile strength, and improved cross-linking of structural collagen fibers compared to reference pharmaceutical skin ointments like framycetin.
---
== Key Pharmacological Reference Matrix ==
The validated biological pathways of ''E. ribes'' can be summarized as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Therapeutic Target !! Bioactive Component !! Primary Scientific Mechanism !! Key Outcome
|-
| '''Metabolic Control''' || Ethanolic Fruit Extract || Upregulates SOD/Catalase; lowers pancreatic tissue TBARS. || Pancreatic β-cell protection and reduction of diabetic oxidative stress.
|-
| '''Neurological Health''' || Isolated Embelin || Suppresses \text{NF-}\kappa\text{B}/p53; modulates \text{GABA}*\text{A} receptors. || Anticonvulsant action and preservation of glial density.
|-
| '''Dermal Repair''' || Leaf Extract / Embelin || Promotes collagen fiber cross-linking; controls monocyte aggregation. || Rapid epithelialization and enhanced wound contraction.
|-
| '''Antioxidant Defense''' || Polar Ethanolic Fraction || High radical scavenging capacity (\text{IC}*{50} down to 6.21 µg/mL in ALP assays).{{cite journal |last1=Jagtap |first1=K. |last2=Mulik |first2=A. |last3=A. Singh |first3=E. |last4=Jagtap |first4=S. |year=2022 |title=Comparative Study to Evaluate Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Different 'Vidanga' Species for Antioxidant Efficacy and Phyto-Constituents Screening |journal=Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=165-177 |doi=10.13005/bpj/2352}} || Protection against systemic lipid peroxidation.
|}
---
== Quality Control, Adulteration, and Geographic Variation ==
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) demonstrates that ''E. ribes'' samples display up to 94% compound diversity based strictly on their microclimate and geographic location in the Western Ghats. Consequently, standardized extraction methods and genetic marker validation are vital to ensuring reproducible therapeutic efficacy in clinical practice.
---
== References ==
{{reflist}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
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