Charak Samhita

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Terminalia bellirica
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|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Bibhitaki, Beheda,Terminalia bellirica, Beleric myrobalan, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bibhitaki is classified as a Rasayana (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Bibhitaki
|title = Bibhitaki
Line 5: Line 14:
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Terminalia bellirica
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2023
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==  
==English name ==  


--
Beleric myrobalan
 
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica] (Gaertn.) Roxb., known traditionally as '''Bibhitaka''' (or Baheda), is a large deciduous tree native to the forests of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Belonging to the family Combretaceae, it is one of the three foundational fruits constituting the classic [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] formulation [[Triphala]] (alongside [[Haritaki|Terminalia chebula]] and [[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica]]).
 
In traditional medicine systems ([[Ayurveda]], Unani, and Siddha), Bibhitaka is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
[[File:Bibhitaki.jpg|thumb|'''Bibhitaka''']]
 
==Therapeutic Uses in Ayurveda==
 
Vomiting (chhardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==


Bibhitaki, Aksha, Karshaphala, Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala
Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful for sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)
 
==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
 
Strilinga, bhutavasa, kaliyugalaya<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 35  p.9.</ref>
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Rough (ruksha), Light (laghu)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Tridoshahara (subside all three dosha) but pacify Kapha especially
|-
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== References in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 31: Line 78:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 || Sutra sthana 4/9(24)
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
|Virechanopag mahakashay
|Virechanopaga(helping purgation)  mahakashaya
|-
|-
|2
|2
|Ch Vi 6/21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|-
|3
|3
|Ch.Vi.8/136
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Virechana  Dravyani
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|-
|4
|4
|Vimana Sthana 8/144
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144
|Kashaya-skandha
|Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
|-
|-
|5
|5
|Ch.Sha.8/29
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha vyapad  chikitsa
|Garbha vyapad  chikitsa
|-
|-
|6
|6
|[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Vamanartha
|Vamanartha(for emesis)
|-
|-
|7
|7
|[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15
|Awaleha Yoga
|Awaleha Yoga
|-
|-
|8
|8
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa sthana1/1/75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/75
|In  formulation of amalaka rasayana
|In  formulation of amalaka rasayana
|-
|-
|9
|9
|Cha.Sa.Chi.3/201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara.
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara(fever)
|-
|-
|10
|10
|Cha.Sa.Chi.3/205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala inVatsakadi kashaya.
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|-
|11
|11
|Cha.Sa.Chi.3/206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya.
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|-
|12
|12
|Cha.Sa.Chi.3/208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka Vatanulomana.
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka Vatanulomana
|-
|-
|13
|13
|Cha.Sa.Chi.3/222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|14
|14
|Cha.sa.Chi.3/231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita.
|Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita
|-
|-
|15
|15
|Cha.Sa.Chi.3/258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila.
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
|-
|16
|16
|Cha.Sa.Chi.3/299
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara.
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
|-
|-
|17
|17
|Cha. Sa. Chi.5/65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi  ghrit
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi  ghrita
|-
|-
|18
|18
|Cha. Sa. Chi.5/106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya  Ghrit
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya  Ghrita
|-
|-
|19
|19
|Cha. Sa. Chi.5/115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya  Ghrit for Pittaj Gulma
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya  Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|-
|20
|20
|Cha. Sa. Chi.5/123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/123
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrit for Pittaj Gulma
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|-
|21
|21
|Cha. Sa. Chi.5/149
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|-
|22
|22
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|Prameh nashak Santarpan yog
|Prameh nashak Santarpan yoga
|-
|-
|23
|23
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameh nashak yog
|Sarva Prameh(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|-
|24
|24
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj  prameh
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj  prameh(diabetes)
|-
|-
|25
|25
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/35
|As Kapha-Pittaj  prameh nashak yog
|As Kapha-Pittaja  prameha(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|-
|26
|26
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient  in Phalatrikadi Kvath
|Ingredient  in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|-
|27
|27
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient  in Madhvasav
|Ingredient  in Madhvasav
|-
|-
|28
|28
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|For  drinking water Boiled with it
|For  drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|-
|29
|29
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As Virechan dravya
|As Virechana dravya(purgation)
|-
|-
|30
|30
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi  Kwath
|Ingredient in Patoladi  Kwatha
|-
|-
|31
|31
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi  Churna
|Ingredient in Mustadi  Churna
|-
|-
|32
|32
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi  Churna
|Ingredient in Triphaladi  Churna
|-
|-
|33
|33
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|-
|34
|34
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|-
|35
|35
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasav
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|-
|36
|36
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushth
|Pathya diet in Kushtha(skin disease)
|-
|-
|37
|37
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak  snan and Lepa, Abhyantara and
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak  snan and Lepa, Abhyantara and
Bahya-shodhanarth
Bahya-shodhanarth
|-
|-
|38
|38
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna  Yog
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna  Yoga
|-
|-
|39
|39
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushth
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
|-
|40
|40
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth, Pana, Snan, Lepa
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth(external), Pana(drink), Snana(bath), Lepa
|-
|-
|41
|41
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta  nashak Ghrit
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta  nashak Ghrita
|-
|-
|42
|42
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala  Ghrita
|-
|-
|43
|43
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/144
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Mahatikta  Ghrita
|-
|-
|44
|44
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/153
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir  Ghrita
|-
|-
|45
|45
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 8/100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|-
|46
|46
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanaka Ghrit
|Ingredient in Kalyanaka Ghrita
|-
|-
|47
|47
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrit
|Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|-
|48
|48
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi  Agad
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi  Agada
|-
|-
|49
|49
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya  Ghrit
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya  Ghrita
|-
|-
|50
|50
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|-
|51
|51
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 10/48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|-
|52
|52
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 11/72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham  Sarpimodak
|Ingredient in Pancham  Sarpimodak
|-
|-
|53
|53
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj  Svayathu
|In treatment of Kaphaj  Svayathu
|-
|-
|54
|54
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|-
|55
|55
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|-
|-
|56
|56
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|-
|57
|57
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|Ingredient in Shilajatu  prayog
|Ingredient in Shilajatu  prayoga
|-
|-
|58
|58
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj  Shvayathu
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj  Shvayathu
|-
|-
|59
|59
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 12/72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya  in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|As an Unmardan dravya  in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|-
|60
|60
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
 
13/115
13/115
|As an  ingredient of nagaradi ghrit
|As an  ingredient of nagaradi ghrita


|-
|-
|61
|61
|Cha. Sa.Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
Sthana13/119
|As an  ingredient of patoladi churna
|As an  ingredient of patoladi churna
|-
|-
|62
|62
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
 
|As an  ingredient of Narayan churna
Sthana13/125
|As an  ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|-
|63
|63
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
 
|As an  ingredient of Hapushdya churna
Sthana13/133
|As an  ingredient of hapushdya churna
|-
|-
|64
|64
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
 
|As anupana of  Hapushdya churna
Sthana13/135
|As anupan of  hapushdya churna
|-
|-
|65
|65
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
 
Sthana13/149
|Kwath mixed  with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|Kwath mixed  with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|-
|66
|66
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
 
Sthana13/158
|In  formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|In  formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|-
|67
|67
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
 
Sthana 13/163
|In  formulation of kshara vatika
|In  formulation of kshara vatika
|-
|-
|68
|68
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45
 
Sthana 14/45


|Used in  swedana kriya
|Used in  swedana kriya
Line 324: Line 355:
|-
|-
|69
|69
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
 
Sthana 14/66
|Use triphala  kwath with trivrut churna
|Use triphala  kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|-
|70
|70
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
 
|As an  ingredient of dantyarishta
Sthana 14/144
|As an  ingredient of dantyarista
|-
|-
|71
|71
|
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
Cha.sa.chi.15/87


|As an  ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit
|As an  ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita


|-
|-
|72
|72
|
|
Cha.sa.chi.15/160
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an  ingredient of Pindasava
|As an  ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|-
|73
|73
|
|
Cha.sa.chi.15/177
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an  ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|As an  ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|-
|74
|74
|
|
Cha.sa.chi.15/188
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in  preparation of Pancham Kshara
|Used in  preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|-
|75
|75
|Cha.sa.chi.18/92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient  of twakadi leha.
|As an ingredient  of twakadi leha
|-
|-
|76
|76
|Cha.Sa.Chi.21/56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/56


|For kashaya  pana.
|For kashaya  pana
|-
|-
|77
|77
|Cha.Sa.Chi.21/124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/124
|For pradeha  prayoga in granthi visarpa.
|For pradeha  prayoga in granthi visarpa(herpes)
|-
|-
|78
|78
|Cha.Sa.Chi.21/125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/125
|As an ingredient  of Baladi lepa.
|As an ingredient  of Baladi lepa
|-
|-
|79
|79
|Cha.sa.Chi.25/84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya.
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|-
|80
|80
|Cha.sa.Chi.25/90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila.
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|-
|81
|81
|Cha.sa.Chi.25/110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya &  prasadana.
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya &  prasadana
|-
|-
|82
|82
|Cha.sa.Chi.25/115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/115
|Used for Krushnikarana.
|Used for Krushnikarana
|-
|-
|83
|83
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of  Trutyadi churna.
|As an ingredient of  Trutyadi churna
|-
|-
|84
|84
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita.
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|85
|85
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|As an ingredient of Mayur Ghrita.
|As an ingredient of Mayura Ghrita
|-
|-
|86
|86
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
|As an ingredient of Mahamayur Ghrita.
|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
|-
|87
|87
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna.
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
|-
|-
|88
|88
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna.
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|-
|89
|89
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna.
|Used for mukhadhavna
|-
|-
|90
|90
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika.
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|-
|91
|91
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in  Kaphaja netraroga.
|Used for aaschotana in  Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|-
|92
|92
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti.
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|-
|93
|93
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti.
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
|-
|-
|94
|94
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti.
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
|-
|-
|95
|95
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/270,  273
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270,  273
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita.
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
|-
|96
|96
|Cha.sa.Chi.26/281
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
|Used in palitya
|Used in palitya(greying of hair)
|-
|-
|97
|97
|Cha.Sa.chi.29/85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana  karma.
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana  karma
|-
|-
|98
|98
|Cha.Sa.chi.29/86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta.
|Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
|-
|99
|99
|Cha.Sa.chi.29/152
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola.
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|-
|}
|}


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
==Dose==
* Churna – 3 – 6 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
 
==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Lavangadi Vati
 
== Current availability==
 
Available
* India –
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajastha, Gujarat, Maharashtra
 
* Out of India –
Nepal, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, China,Malaysia
== Current researches ==
 
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
 
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Terminalia bellirica'' is attributed to its rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, predominantly concentrated in its fruit rind.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Tannins:''' High concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. These compounds drive its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial profiles.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, rutin, and quercetin.
* '''Saponins & Sterols:''' Beta-Sitosterol, belleric acid, and bellericoside.
* '''Fixed Oils:''' The seed kernels contain essential fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid|linoleic and oleic acids.
 
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
 
=== Metabolic Regulation & Anti-Diabetic Activity ===
Bibhitaka exhibits significant efficacy in managing metabolic syndrome, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.
* '''Mechanism:''' Phytochemicals like gallic and ellagic acids inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (&alpha;-glucosidase and &alpha;-amylase), reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes. Furthermore, it enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating PPAR-gamma receptors.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts of ''T. bellirica'' have been shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models, showing comparable efficacy to standard oral hypoglycemic agents.<ref name="Sabu2009"/>
 
=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Effects ===
 
Traditionally used to alleviate chronic cough and bronchitis, modern pharmacology validates its role as a bronchodilator and antitussive.
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract exerts an anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) effect, blocking calcium channels to relax smooth airway muscles.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research highlights that the crude extract of ''T. bellirica'' mediates bronchodilatory activity via dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and calcium influx, validating its traditional use in asthma.<ref name="Khan2008"/>
 
=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
The fruit rind provides potent defense against oxidative stress and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity(liver injury).
* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges free radicals (O<sub>2</sub><sup>&bull;&minus;</sup>, OH<sup>&bull;</sup>) and restores endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), while reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and ''in vivo'' models have shown that ''T. bellirica'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum liver enzymes (Alanine transaminase(ALT), Aspartate transaminase(AST)) induced by hepatotoxins like carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) or paracetamol(acetaminophen).<ref name="Shinde2012"/>
 
=== Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy ===
Bibhitaka possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt bacterial cell walls and precipitate microbial proteins, inhibiting the formation of dental plaques and biofilm matrices.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates confirmed that ''T. bellirica'' extracts exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref name="Aqil2007"/>
 
=== Hyperuricemia and Gout Management ===
Clinical research has focused on Bibhitaka's ability to lower uric acid levels.
* '''Mechanism:''' It acts as a natural inhibitor of '''xanthine oxidase''', the enzyme responsible for converting purines into uric acid.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that a standardized extract of ''T. bellirica'' significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in human subjects with hyperuricemia, displaying a dose-dependent efficacy comparable to the drug febuxostat without the associated side effects.<ref name="Usharani2016"/>
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal models indicate that ''Terminalia bellirica'' possesses a high safety profile, with the Median Lethal Dose ([[LD50]]) of the aqueous extract exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Contraindications:''' Due to its mild laxative and astringent properties, excessive doses may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been fully established; use should be supervised by a medical professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Crude Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.


{| class="wikitable"
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
|+ Properties
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia bellirica''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
| '''Hyperuricemia (Gout)'''
| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
| Xanthine oxidase inhibition
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Astringent (kashaya)
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulagic acid, Flavonoids
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, PPAR-gamma activation
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
| '''Asthma & Bronchitis'''
|-
| Saponins, Tannins
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
| Calcium channel blocker, Bronchodilator
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Rough (ruksha), Light (laghu)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Tridoshahara (subside all three dosha) but pacify Kapha especially
|-
|-
| '''Hepatic Damage'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free radical scavenging, SOD/CAT restoration
|}
|}


== Current availability==  
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Sabu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sabu |first1=M. C. |last2=Kuttan |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00054-9}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Khan2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=A. U. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |year=2008 |title=Pharmacological justification for the medicinal use of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.006 |pmid=18242042}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Shinde2012">{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=A. |last2=et al. |year=2012 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of ''Terminalia bellirica'' Roxb. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |pmid=22540166}}</ref>


Available
<ref name="Aqil2007">{{cite journal |last1=Aqil |first1=F. |last2=Ahmad |first2=I. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1017–1024 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2199 |pmid=17600863}}</ref>


== Current researches ==
<ref name="Usharani2016">{{cite journal |last1=Usharani |first1=P. |last2=et al. |year=2016 |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in secondary hyperuricemia |journal=Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications |volume=8 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.2147/CPAA.S100521 |pmid=27354832 |pmc=4912116}}</ref>
}}


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