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{{#seo:

|title=Visha Chikitsa

|titlemode=append

|keywords=Agada, visha, toxins, poisons, dushi visha, slow poisons, snake bite, snake venoms, mosquito bite, antidotes, shanka visha (pseudo poison), gara visha (slow poisons)

|keywords=Agada, visha, toxins, poisons, dushi visha, slow poisons, snake bite, snake venoms, mosquito bite, antidotes, shanka visha (pseudo poison), gara visha (slow poisons),Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.

|description=Chikitsa Sthana Chapter 23. Management of Visha (various types of poisoning)

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image_alt=charak samhita

|type=article

}}

<big>'''[[Chikitsa Sthana]] Chapter 23. Management of Visha (various types of poisoning) </big>'''

~~<big>'''Abstract </big>'''~~

Among the Ashtangas, ''agada tantra'' (toxicology) stands separate in its concept, clinical approach, management and result. This is the only chapter which guides us in the management of poison and the conditions of poisoning. As we all know ''visha'' and ''visha chikitsa'' requires a special mention in any medical system. It is rightly justified by the following facts:

Treatment of poisoning is an emergency and should be managed as a house on fire, earlier its extinguished, lesser the damage, and the result for the effort of ''vaidya'' is immediate when compared to the other disorders. This chapter deals with study of the poison, its origin and criterion of classification. The group of ''sthavara'' (poisons of plant origin, minerals and metal, poison of immobile origin or vegetable poison) and ''jangama'' (poisons of animal origin) are described. A special category called ''kritrima visha'' (artificial poison) with a significant role for a good physician in treating severe cases. ''Dushivisha'' (slow poisons) is explained in a sentence but, has lot of hidden meaning and is a treasure in innovating the treatment skills of a physician. Various treatment methods for the poisons and ''chaturvimshati upakrama'' (24 fold treatments) is a special contribution of Charak. Medicines as a single drug and as a combination are told as remedial measures and also as symptomatic treatments as per the requirement of condition are described. Together with this, ''jangama vishas'' (poison of animal origin) and specific approach for their management are very systematically mentioned.

~~'''Keywords''': ''Agada, visha,'' toxins, poisons, ''dushi visha,'' slow poisons, snake bite, snake venoms, mosquito bite, antidotes, ''shanka visha'' (pseudo poison), ''gara visha'' (slow poisons).~~

{{Infobox

|title = Visha Chikitsa

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|label5 = Other Sections

|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|label6 = Translator and commentator

|data6 = Gopikrishna, Bhatt S., Binorkar S.

|label7 = Reviewer

|data7 = Binorkar S.

|label8 = Editors

|data8 = Binorkar S., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]

|label9 = Year of publication

|data9 = 2020

|label10 = Publisher

|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

|label11 = DOI

|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.024 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.024]

|header3 =

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}}

=~~== Introduction ===~~

<big>'''Abstract </big>'''

<p style="text-align:justify;">Among the Ashtangas, ''agada tantra'' (toxicology) stands separate in its concept, clinical approach, management and result. This is the only chapter which guides us in the management of poison and the conditions of poisoning. As we all know ''visha'' and ''visha chikitsa'' requires a special mention in any medical system. It is rightly justified by the following facts:

<br/>

Treatment of poisoning is an emergency and should be managed as a house on fire, earlier its extinguished, lesser the damage, and the result for the effort of ''vaidya'' is immediate when compared to the other disorders. This chapter deals with study of the poison, its origin and criterion of classification. The group of ''sthavara'' (poisons of plant origin, minerals and metal, poison of immobile origin or vegetable poison) and ''jangama'' (poisons of animal origin) are described. A special category called ''kritrima visha'' (artificial poison) with a significant role for a good physician in treating severe cases. ''Dushivisha'' (slow poisons) is explained in a sentence but, has lot of hidden meaning and is a treasure in innovating the treatment skills of a physician. Various treatment methods for the poisons and ''chaturvimshati upakrama'' (24 fold treatments) is a special contribution of Charak. Medicines as a single drug and as a combination are told as remedial measures and also as symptomatic treatments as per the requirement of condition are described. Together with this, ''jangama vishas'' (poison of animal origin) and specific approach for their management are very systematically mentioned.

<br/>

'''Keywords''': ''Agada, visha,'' toxins, poisons, ''dushi visha,'' slow poisons, snake bite, snake venoms, mosquito bite, antidotes, ''shanka visha'' (pseudo poison), ''gara visha'' (slow poisons), poisoning.

</p>

== Introduction ==

''Agada'' is enlisted in one of the eight branches of ayurveda. Management of poisoning is an important aspect of medical system. ''Visha'' is a substance that leads to decline of overall functions of the person. The ''vaidya'' should have knowledge and training in ''visha gara vairodhika prashamana'' (anti-toxin treatment). In India especially in Kerala, the role of traditional practitioners in this field is significant. Their simple, but effective treatments, has really been astonishing. They are also well versed in the details regarding the good and bad omen based on ''doota'' (messenger), the happenings the ''vaidya'' sees when he is going to make house call for treating such cases and also what he observes in the house and in the patient. He is also well versed in astrology.

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With the advancement in medical technology, the new methods of treatments of poisoning have evolved with time. However the basic treatments like applying tourniquet at the site of bite to prevent spread of poison, therapeutic emesis in the form of gastric lavage in case of ingested poison, or purgation are the same as in contemporary medicine. However with the development of forensic medicine, the investigations of types of poisons, their identification and their blood levels are newer additions. The chapter describes ancient methods of management of poisoning cases that need to be highlighted and blended with todays modern techniques.

=== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation ===

== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation ==

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</div></div>

Now we shall expound the chapter ~~on management~~ of ~~''visha'' (~~poisoning). Thus said Lord Atreya.

Now we shall expound the chapter "Visha chikitsa"(Management of different types of poisoning). Thus said Lord Atreya.

Agnivesha, hear me carefully. Next I will explain about ''visha'' with the following aspects. ''Utpatti'' (origin), ''guna'' (properties), ''yoni'' (source), ''vegas'' (stages), ''lakshana'' (signs and symptoms) and ''chikitsa'' (therapeutic measures).[1-3]

Agnivesha, hear me carefully. Next I will explain about ''visha'' with the following aspects. ''Utpatti'' (origin), [[guna]] (properties), ''yoni'' (source), ''vegas'' (stages), ''lakshana'' (signs and symptoms) and ''chikitsa'' (therapeutic measures).[1-3]

==== History of origin of ''visha'' ====

=== History of origin of ''visha'' ===

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While the ocean was being churned by ''devas'' and ''asuras'' for obtaining ''amrita'' (nectar of life), before the formation of ''amrita'' a ferocious looking person with fiery eyes, four fangs and greenish locks emerged. After seeing him the whole world became desperate and from that desperation, ''visha'' originated. [4-5]

==== Sources of poison ====

=== Sources of poison ===

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Lord Brahma deposited these ''visha'' in ''jangama''(animal origin) and ''sthavara'' (earthen and plant origin) categories. Hence in general ''visha'', originated from water; it is (hot) like fire and is of two types. Its action is manifested in 8 stages; it has 10 properties and can be treated with 24 therapeutic measures.[6-7]

==== Aggravation and pacification of potency ====

=== Aggravation and pacification of potency ===

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During rainy season, due to its origin from water, when it comes in contact; it becomes moist similar to ''gud'' (jaggery) due to its ''kleda guna'' and after that it spreads. However the star Agastya at the end of rainy season, counteracts the effects of ''visha'' thereby getting milder in potency.[7-8]

==== Animal origin ====

=== Animal origin ===

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''Sarpa'' (snakes), ''kita'' (insects), ''loota'' (spiders), ''vrishchika'' (scorpions), ''griha godhika'' (house lizards), ''jalauka'' (leeches), ''matsya'' (fish), ''manduka'' (frogs), ''kanabha'' or ''salabha'' (locusts), ''krkantaka'' (chameleon), ''shwa'' (dogs), ''simha'' (lion), ''vyaghra'' (tiger), ''gomayu'' (jackal), ''taraksu'' (hyena), ''nakula'' (mongoose), etc., are the fanged animals through whose fangs the poison is transmitted. The poisons of these creatures constitute animal poisons (poisons of mobile origin).[9-10]

==== Earthen and plant origin ====

=== Earthen and plant origin ===

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The poisons of the immobile (earthen and plant) origin are: the roots (including rhizomes) of ''mustaka, puskara, kraunca, vatsanabha'' (Aconitum ferox), ''balahaka, karkata, kalakuta, karavira'' (Nerium indicum / Cerbera thevetia), ''palaka, indrayudha taila, meghaka, kusa-puspaka, rohisa, pundarika, langalaki'' (Gloriosa superb), ''anjanabhaka, sankoca, markata, sringi-visa, halahala,'' and such other poisonous roots.[11-13]

==== ''Gara visha'' ( artificial poison) ====

=== ''Gara visha'' ( artificial poison) ===

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There is another variety of poison called ''gara-visha'' which is prepared artificially by the combination of various substances. It produces various diseases. Since it takes time to get metabolized and to produce its toxic effects, it does not cause instantaneous death of a person.[14]

==== Clinical features of poisoning ====

=== Clinical features of poisoning ===

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The animal poison moves downwards whereas the vegetable poison moves upwards in the alimentary canal. Therefore, the animal poison cures poisoning by vegetable-poison and the poisoning caused by animal-poison is cured by vegetable poison.[15-17]

==== Stage wise clinical features in humans ====

=== Stage wise clinical features in humans ===

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In human beings, the effects of poisons are manifested in eight different stages as follows:

*In the first stage, because of the vitiation of ''rasa'', the patient suffers from morbid thirst, unconsciousness, tingling sensation in teeth, salivation, vomiting and mental fatigue;

*In the first stage, because of the vitiation of [[rasa dhatu]], the patient suffers from morbid thirst, unconsciousness, tingling sensation in teeth, salivation, vomiting and mental fatigue;

*In the second stage, because of the vitiation of ''rakta'' the patient suffers from discoloration of the skin, giddiness, trembling; fainting, yawning, tingling sensation in the limbs and dyspnea.

*In the second stage, because of the vitiation of [[rakta dhatu]] the patient suffers from discoloration of the skin, giddiness, trembling; fainting, yawning, tingling sensation in the limbs and dyspnea.

*In the third stage, because of the vitiation of ''mamsa'', the patient suffers from ''mandala'' (skin rash), pruritus, edema and urticaria;

*In the third stage, because of the vitiation of [[mamsa dhatu]], the patient suffers from ''mandala'' (skin rash), pruritus, edema and urticaria;

*In the fourth stage, because of the vitiation of ''vayu'', etc., the patient suffers from vomiting, burning sensation, pain in the limbs, fainting, etc.;

*In the fourth stage, because of the vitiation of [[vayu]], etc., the patient suffers from vomiting, burning sensation, pain in the limbs, fainting, etc.;

*In the fifth stage, the patient suffers from blue-vision, or dark- vision, etc.;

*In the sixth stage, the patient suffers from hiccup.;

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The above mentioned eight stages of poisoning are manifested in human beings.[18-23]

==== Stage wise features in animals and birds ====

=== Stage wise features in animals and birds ===

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#In the third stage, the bird develops looseness of the limbs resulting in death.[21-23]

==== Properties of ''visha'' and its effect on body ====

=== Properties of ''visha'' and its effect on body ===

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</div></div>

''Laghu'' (lightness for digestion), ''ruksha'' (dryness), ''ashu'' (rapid), ''vishada'' (non sliminess), ''vyavayi'' (which pervades whole body before getting digested), ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''vikashi'' (causing looseness of joints by diminution of ~~''dhatus''~~)'', sukshma'' (subtleness), ''ushna'' (hot), and ''anirdeshya rasa'' (indistinct taste)- these are the ten properties of poison according to the expert ''vaidyas''.

''Laghu'' (lightness for digestion), ''ruksha'' (dryness), ''ashu'' (rapid), ''vishada'' (non sliminess), ''vyavayi'' (which pervades whole body before getting digested), ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''vikashi'' (causing looseness of joints by diminution of [[dhatu]])'', sukshma'' (subtleness), ''ushna'' (hot), and ''anirdeshya rasa'' (indistinct taste)- these are the ten properties of poison according to the expert ''vaidyas''.

Because of dryness property, ''vayu'' gets aggravated; due to hot property, ''pitta'' gets vitiated; subtleness leads to vitiation of ''rakta''; Due to ''avyakta rasa'' (indistinct taste), ''kapha'' is vitiated; due to rapidly acting, it quickly permeates through the nutrient fluid; ''vyavayi guna'' spreads it throughout the body instantaneously. ''Tikshna guna'' (sharply acting) property causes injury to ''marmas, vikashi guna'' results in death of the patient. Due to ''laghu guna'' it becomes difficult to manage therapeutically; because of ''vaishadya guna'', it pervades all over the body with ~~''doshas''~~ without any obstruction in circulation. Depending upon the location of ~~''doshas''~~ and ''prakriti'' of patient, ''visha'' produces several other complications. [24-27]

Because of dryness property, [[vayu]] gets aggravated; due to hot property, [[pitta]] gets vitiated; subtleness leads to vitiation of [[rakta]]; Due to ''[[Avyakta|avyakta]] rasa'' (indistinct taste), [[kapha]] is vitiated; due to rapidly acting, it quickly permeates through the nutrient fluid; vyavayi [[guna]] spreads it throughout the body instantaneously. Tikshna [[guna]] (sharply acting) property causes injury to marmas, vikashi [[guna]] results in death of the patient. Due to laghu [[guna]] it becomes difficult to manage therapeutically; because of vaishadya [[guna]], it pervades all over the body with [[dosha]] without any obstruction in circulation. Depending upon the location of [[dosha]] and [[prakriti]] of patient, ''visha'' produces several other complications. [24-27]

==== Clinical features as per site of ''dosha~~'' =~~===

=== Clinical features as per site of [[dosha]] ===

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</div></div>

If ''visha'' is situated at ''vata sthana'' in a person having ''vatika prakriti'', then he suffers from ''trit'' (excessive thirst), ''moha'' (loss of consciousness), ''arati'' (dislikness for everything), ''moorchha'' (fainting), ''galagraha'' (obstruction in the throat), ''phena chhardi'' (vomitus containing froth). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of ''kapha'' and ''pitta''.

If ''visha'' is situated at [[vata]] sthana in a person having vatika [[prakriti]], then he suffers from ''trit'' (excessive thirst), ''moha'' (loss of consciousness), ''arati'' (dislikness for everything), ''moorchha'' (fainting), ''galagraha'' (obstruction in the throat), ''phena chhardi'' (vomitus containing froth). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of ''kapha'' and ''pitta''.

If the poison gets lodged in ''pitta sthana'' in a person having ''paittiika prakriti'' he will suffer from ''trit'' (excessive thirst), ''kasa'' (cough), ''jwara'' (fever), ''vamadhu'' (vomiting sensation), ''klama'' (mental fatigue), ''daha'' (burning sensation), ''tama'' (appearance of darkness), ''atisara'' (diarrhea). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of ''kapha'' and ''vayu''.

If the poison gets lodged in [[pitta]] sthana in a person having paittiika [[prakriti]] he will suffer from ''trit'' (excessive thirst), ''kasa'' (cough), ''jwara'' (fever), ''vamadhu'' (vomiting sensation), ''klama'' (mental fatigue), ''daha'' (burning sensation), ''tama'' (appearance of darkness), ''atisara'' (diarrhea). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of [[kapha]] and [[vayu]].

If the poison gets lodged in ''kapha sthana'' in a person having ''kapha prakriri'' then he will be suffering from ''shwasa'' (dyspnea), ''galagraha'' (obstruction of throat), ''kandu'' (itching), ''laala vamana'' (excessive salivation). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of ''vayu'' and ''pitta''.[28-30]

If the poison gets lodged in [[kapha]] sthana in a person having [[kapha]] prakriri then he will be suffering from ''shwasa'' (dyspnea), ''galagraha'' (obstruction of throat), ''kandu'' (itching), ''laala vamana'' (excessive salivation). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of [[vayu]] and [[pitta]].[28-30]

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</div></div>

''Dushi-visha'' (a type of artificial poison) vitiates blood and produces symptoms like ''aru'' (eczema in the head), ''kitibha'' (psoriasis) and ''kotha'' (urticaria). This type of poison afflicts each one of the ~~''doshas''~~ and causes death of the patient.[31]

''Dushi-visha'' (a type of artificial poison) vitiates blood and produces symptoms like ''aru'' (eczema in the head), ''kitibha'' (psoriasis) and ''kotha'' (urticaria). This type of poison afflicts each one of the [[dosha]] and causes death of the patient.[31]

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If the poison is taken orally it stays in heart and if the poison is transmitted by bite or from poisoned arrow, it gets lodged in the place of bite.[32]

==== Fatal signs ====

=== Fatal signs ===

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Bluish lips, loose teeth, ''kesha pathana'' (hair fall), ''anga bhanga'' (cutting type of pain in all over body), ''vikshepa'' (convulsions), absence of horripilation even if touched by cold things, non-formation of contusion marks when hit by stick, absence of bleeding from ulcers- these are the signs of imminent death of a poisoned patient. Patients without such signs should be treated with the following therapeutic measures.[33-34]

==== Twenty four treatment modalities ====

=== Twenty four treatment modalities ===

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#''Parisheka'' (affusion);

#''Avagaha'' (bath with medicated water);

#~~''Rakta-Mokshana''~~ (blood-letting);

#[[Raktamokshana]] (blood-letting);

#''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis);

#[[Vamana]] (therapeutic emesis);

#''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation);

#[[Virechana]] (therapeutic purgation);

#''Upadhana'' (application of medicine after making an incision over the scalp);

#''Hridayavaram'' (giving medicines-to protect the heart);

#''Anjana'' (application of collyrium);

#''Nasya'' (inhalation of medicated oil, etc.);

#[[Nasya]] (inhalation of medicated oil, etc.);

#''Dhuma'' (smoking therapy);

#''Leha'' (drugs in the form of linctus given for licking);

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#''Mrita-sanjivana'' (measures for the revival of life of an apparently dead person).[35-37]

==== First aid treatment ====

=== First aid treatment ===

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Immediately after bite, before the spreading of the poison from the place of the bite, the ''venika'' (string or rope or torniquet) should be tied (at the proximal part of the bite), the site of the bite should be squeezed frequently and forcefully; the place of bite should be excised unless it is a vital part (''arma''); and the poison should be sucked out with the help of mouth filled with the flour of barley or dust.[38-39]

==== Blood letting ====

=== Blood letting ===

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Thereafter bloodletting should be done with ''prachhana'' (scratching with the help of rough instruments), ''shringa'' (horn), ''jalauka'' (leech), or ''siravyadhana'' (venesection).

The blood vitiated by ''visha'' can cause vitiation of other ~~''dhatus''~~ there by resulting in death. Therefore blood does not come out of site of bite, then ''pragharshana'' (rubbing therapy) should be employed to cause the blood to flow out.

The blood vitiated by ''visha'' can cause vitiation of other [[dhatu]] there by resulting in death. Therefore blood does not come out of site of bite, then ''pragharshana'' (rubbing therapy) should be employed to cause the blood to flow out.

''Pragharshana'' done with the help of powdered ''trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum), ''grihadhooma, haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''panchalavana'' (five varieties of salts) and ''varthaka''. Excessive bleeding can be treated with ''sheetalepa'' with the paste of ''vata'' (Ficus bengalensis), etc.

''Pragharshana'' done with the help of powdered ''trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum), ''grihadhooma, haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''panchalavana'' (five varieties of salts) and ''varthaka''. Excessive bleeding can be treated with ''sheetalepa'' with the paste of [[vata]] (Ficus bengalensis), etc.

''Rakta dhatu'' is abode of ''visha'' (circulates ''visha'' all over the body) just like wind spreads the fire. With the help of ''pradeha'' (external application) and ''seka'' which are cooling in effect, blood gets coagulated thereby arresting the spread of poison. Due to the ''vega avastha'' of ''visha'' (different stages), patient suffers from ''mada'' (intoxication), ''murchha'' (fainting), ''vishada'' (depression), ''hridaya drava'' (palpitation) etc. Application of cooling therapies alleviates such complication. The patient should sufficiently ventilated till the occurrence of horripilation.[39-43]

[[Rakta dhatu]] is abode of ''visha'' (circulates ''visha'' all over the body) just like wind spreads the fire. With the help of ''pradeha'' (external application) and ''seka'' which are cooling in effect, blood gets coagulated thereby arresting the spread of poison. Due to the ''vega avastha'' of ''visha'' (different stages), patient suffers from ''mada'' (intoxication), ''murchha'' (fainting), ''vishada'' (depression), ''hridaya drava'' (palpitation) etc. Application of cooling therapies alleviates such complication. The patient should sufficiently ventilated till the occurrence of horripilation.[39-43]

==== Benefits of first aid treatments ====

=== Benefits of first aid treatments ===

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The process of ''achooshana'' (suction) induces the poison mixed with blood to flow out. As the flow of water is arrested by a dam so also the flow and spread of poison can be arrested by tying ''arishtas'' (tourniquet).[44]

==== Treatment of first stage ====

=== Treatment of first stage ===

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''Agnikarma'' (cauterization) causes burning of poison located in skin and flesh. ''Sravana'' (drugs used to cause exudation of liquid) helps in flowing out of poison from the blood.

''Vamana'' (emesis) helps in eliminating poison which has been taken orally. The second stage of poisoning ''virechana'' (purgation) places a definite role in eliminating the ''visha'' from the body. [45]

[[Vamana]] (emesis) helps in eliminating poison which has been taken orally. The second stage of poisoning [[virechana]] (purgation) places a definite role in eliminating the ''visha'' from the body. [45]

==== Treatment of second stage ====

=== Treatment of second stage ===

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In the second stage, ''hridaya'' (heart) should be protected and an ''avarana'' (covering) should be made according to the availability of drugs. ''Madhu'' (honey), ghee (clarified butter), ''majja'' (bone marrow), ''payas'' (milk), ''gairikam'' (red ochre), ''gomaya rasa'' (juice of cow dung), well boiled sugar cane juice or the juice squeezed out of meat of crow should be given to the patient for protecting the heart. Patient can be treated immediately with blood of goat etc, ashes or mud diluted with water to drink. [46-47]

==== Treatment of third to eighth stage ====

=== Treatment of third to eighth stage ===

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During the 4th stage, patient should be administered with juice of cow dung along with ''kapita rasa'', honey and ghee.

During the 5th stage, patient administered with ''aschothana, anjana'' and ''nasya'' with the juice of ''kakanda'' (Diospyros Montana or Strychnos nuxvomica) and ''shireesha'' (Albizzia procera).

During the 5th stage, patient administered with ''aschothana, anjana'' and [[nasya]] with the juice of ''kakanda'' (Diospyros Montana or Strychnos nuxvomica) and ''shireesha'' (Albizzia procera).

During the 6th stage, patient should be administered with ''samjnasthapana'' drugs (drugs for regaining the consciousness). For that patient should be given to drink ''gopitta'' (cows bile) mixed with ''rajani'' (Curcuma longa), ''manjishta'' (Rubia cordifolia), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum) and ''pippali'' (Piper longum).

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At the end, patient should be given poison to drink if he is afflicted with the poison caused by bite, if he is afflicted by oral poison then he should be made to be bitten by a poisonous animal.[48-50]

==== Treatment in eighth stage ====

=== Treatment in eighth stage ===

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Alternatively, this pill should be prepared of ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''granthi'' (pippalimula), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''madhuka'' (Glycerrhiza glabra) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa) by triturating with the juice of the flower of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) and the juice of ''kakandaka'' (Canavalia ensiformis).[51-52]

==== Treatment in case of hanging and drowning ====

=== Treatment in case of hanging and drowning ===

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If the patient appears to be dead because of ''udbandhana'' (hanging), poisoning or drowning in water (''jalamrita''), then the potion comprising ''kakanda'' (Canavalia ensiformis), ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''gavakshi'' (Citrullus colocynthis), ''punarnava'' (Boerhavia diffusa), ''vayasi'' (Solanum nigrum) and fruits of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) should be administered in the form of ''lepa'' (ointment) along with ''aupadhi'' (application of the paste over the head after making incisions in the form of ''kaakapaada'' or the paw of a crow, ''nasya'' and ''pana'' for his revival. [53]

==== ''Mritasanjivana agada'' ====

=== ''Mritasanjivana agada'' ===

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If inhaled, applied externally as an ointment, carried in the body as an amulet, smoked or kept in the house, it annihilates the afflictions by evil spirits, poisons, germs, ''alaksmi'' (inauspiciousness), ''karmana'' (black magic), ''mantra'' (incantations recited to inflict injury to others), fire, thunder-bolt and enemies. It counteracts the evil effects of bad dreams and ''stri-dosha'' (poisons secretly given by women). It prevents untimely death, fear of water and fear of thieves. It endows a person with wealth, food-grains and success in undertakings. It promotes auspiciousness, nourishment and longevity. This excellent recipe is called ''mrtasanjivana'' (recipe that helps in the revival of a dead person). Lord Brahma propounded this recipe prior to the discovery of ''amrita''(ambrosia).[54-60]

==== Principle of treatment as per site of ''dosha~~'' =~~===

=== Principle of treatment as per site of [[dosha]] ===

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''Dhamani bandha'' (application of tourniquet), ''avamarjana'' (eliminating the poison), and ''atmaraksha'' (protecting ourselves from the attack of evil spirits) should be done with the help of ''mantras''.

The predominant site of ''dosha'' in whose place where ''visha'' lodged should be treated first.

The predominant site of [[dosha]] in whose place where ''visha'' lodged should be treated first.

If the ''visha'' is located in ''vata sthana'' (site of ''vata''),then the patient should be administered with ''swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and should be given to drink the paste of ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa) mixed with curd.

If the ''visha'' is located in [[vata]] sthana (site of [[vata]]),then the patient should be administered with [[swedana]] (fomentation therapy) and should be given to drink the paste of ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa) mixed with curd.

If the ''visha'' is located in ''pitta sthana'' (site of ''pitta''),then the patient should be administered with ghee, honey, milk and water to drink. He should also be given ''avagaha'' and ''parisheka'' (types of fomentation therapies).

If the ''visha'' is located in [[pitta]] sthana (site of [[pitta]]),then the patient should be administered with ghee, honey, milk and water to drink. He should also be given ''avagaha'' and ''parisheka'' (types of fomentation therapies).

If the ''visha'' is located in ''kapha sthana''(site of ''kapha''), then the patient should be administered with ''ksharagada, swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and ''siravydhana'' (bloodletting).

If the ''visha'' is located in [[kapha]] sthana(site of [[kapha]]), then the patient should be administered with ''ksharagada, [[swedana]] (fomentation therapy) and ''siravydhana'' (bloodletting).

If the ''visha'' is located in ''rakta sthana'' (site of ''rakta''), or if the patient is afflicted with ''dooshivisha'' then the patient should be administered with ''siravyadhana'' (bloodletting) and [[Panchakarma]] (five types of elimination therapies).

If the ''visha'' is located in ''rakta sthana'' (site of [[rakta dhatu]]), or if the patient is afflicted with ''dooshivisha'' then the patient should be administered with ''siravyadhana'' (bloodletting) and [[Panchakarma]] (five types of elimination therapies).

==== Treatment of obstruction by ''kapha'' and ''kakapada'' (incision in the shape of paw of crow) ====

=== Treatment of obstruction by [[kapha]] and ''kakapada'' (incision in the shape of paw of crow) ===

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When the channel of circulation of ''kapha'' gets vitiated by poison, then this causes obstruction in the channel because of which the movement of ''vayu'' gets obstructed. As a result of this, the patient breaths as if he is going to die very soon. If he is free from signs and symptoms of incurability, then incisions should be made on his scalp resembling the paw of the crow (''kakapada''), and one bilva (nearly 40 grams) of the paste of ''charmakasha'' (''saptala'' – Acacia concinna) should be applied over it. He may also be given ''pradhamana'' (a type of inhalation therapy in which the recipe in powder form is blown into the nostrils) with ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera), ''katu'' (''shunti'' – Zingiber officinale, ''pippali'' – Piper longum and ''maricha'' – Piper nigrum) and ''katphala'' (Luffa cylindrica).

When the channel of circulation of [[kapha]] gets vitiated by poison, then this causes obstruction in the channel because of which the movement of [[vayu]] gets obstructed. As a result of this, the patient breaths as if he is going to die very soon. If he is free from signs and symptoms of incurability, then incisions should be made on his scalp resembling the paw of the crow (''kakapada''), and one bilva (nearly 40 grams) of the paste of ''charmakasha'' (''saptala'' – Acacia concinna) should be applied over it. He may also be given ''pradhamana'' (a type of inhalation therapy in which the recipe in powder form is blown into the nostrils) with ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera), ''katu'' (''shunti'' – Zingiber officinale, ''pippali'' – Piper longum and ''maricha'' – Piper nigrum) and ''katphala'' (Luffa cylindrica).

Over the ''kakapada'' (incisions in the scalp), the meat of goat, cow, buffalo or cock should be applied which will absorb the poison from the body.[65-67]

===~~= ''~~Nasya'' and ''anjana'' administration ====

=== [[Nasya]] and ''anjana'' administration ===

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If there is obstruction to the nose, eyes (vision), ears, tongue and throat, then the patient should be given ''nasya'' (inhalation therapy) with the help of the paste of ''vartaku'' (Solanum melongena), ''bijapura'' (Citrus medica), ''jyotishmati'' (Celastrus paniculatus), etc.

If there is obstruction to the nose, eyes (vision), ears, tongue and throat, then the patient should be given [[nasya]] (inhalation therapy) with the help of the paste of ''vartaku'' (Solanum melongena), ''bijapura'' (Citrus medica), ''jyotishmati'' (Celastrus paniculatus), etc.

If there is obstruction to the eyes (vision), then the collyrium prepared of ''devadaru'' (Cedrus deodara), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''pippali'' (Piper longum) and ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''karavira'' (Nerium indicum), ''karanja'' (Pongamia pinnata), ''nimba'' (Azadirechta indica) and ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum) by triturating with goat’s urine should be applied over the eyes.[68-69]

==== ''Gandhahasti agada'' ====

=== ''Gandhahasti agada'' ===

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This recipe which is an antidote of poisons is called ''gandhahasti''. As trees are destroyed by an elephant, so also all the ailments caused by poisoning are cured by this recipe.[70-76]

==== ''Mahagandhahastinama agada'' ====

=== ''Mahagandhahastinama agada'' ===

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Thus, ends the description of the recipe called ''mahagandhahasti''.[77-94]

==== ''Rushabhakadi agada'' ====

=== ''Rushabhakadi agada'' ===

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Intake of ''rishabhaka'' (Microstylis wallichii), ''jeevaka'' (Microstylis musifera), ''bharngi'' (Clerodendrum serratum), ''madhuka'' (Glycerrhiza glabra), ''utpala'' (Nymphaea stellata), ''dhanya'' (Coriandrum sativum), ''kesara''(Mesua ferrea), ''ajaji'' (Cuminum cyminum), ''sitagiri'' (Clitoria ternatea) and the pulp of ''kola'' (Zizyphus jujube) in the form of a ''peya'' (thin gruel made up of rice) cures ''shwasa'', fever etc., caused by poisoning.[95]

==== ''Hingvadi yoga'' ====

=== ''Hingvadi yoga'' ===

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Intake of ''hingu'' (Ferula foetida) and ''krishna'' (Piper longum) along with honey and sugar, or the juice of ''kapittha'' (Feronia limonia) and ''saindhava'' (rock salt) along with honey and sugar cures fever, hiccup, dyspnea and cough caused by poisoning. [96]

==== Treatment of vomiting and hiccups ====

=== Treatment of vomiting and hiccups ===

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''Dhumavarti'' (inhalation of the fume from an incense stick) of ''brihati'' (Solanum indicum), ''kantakari'' and leaves of ''adhaki'' cures hiccups caused by poisoning.[97]

==== Fumigation ====

=== Fumigation ===

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The fumigation with peacock’s feather, crane’s bone, ''sarshapa'' (Brassica campestris) and ''chandana'' (Santalam album) added with ghee (clarified butter) removes the toxicities in the home, beds, seats and clothes. [98]

==== Medicated fumigation for swelling ====

=== Medicated fumigation for swelling ===

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Fumigation with ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii), ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa), head of ''bhujagapati'' (snake having two heads or fangs) and flower of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia labbec) by adding ghee is called ''dhumagada'', and it cures all types of poison and edema.[99]

==== ''Jatwadi'' medicated fumigation ====

=== ''Jatwadi'' medicated fumigation ===

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The fumigation with ''jatu'' (lac), ''sevya'' (Vetiveria zizanoides), ''patra'' (Cinnamomum tamala), ''guggulu'' (Commiphora mukul), ''bhallataka'' (Semecarpus anacardium), flower of ''kakubha'' (Terminalia arjuna), ''sarjarasa'' (Vateria indica) and ''shveta'' (Clitoria ternatea) is an excellent remedy for curing poisoning by snake and rat bite. It also helps in destroying the insects (counteracting their poison) and ''vastrakrimi'' (''yuka'' or lice). [100]

==== ''Ksharagada'' ====

=== ''Ksharagada'' ===

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The details regarding the ''lakshanas'' and ''chikitsa'' of those who has consumed ''sthavara visha'' or who has been bitten by poisonous animals or who has been injured by the weapons smeared in poisons or whose cloths have been afflicted by poisons are explained so far in this chapter. Now, hear carefully about the treatment of different types of poison which are to be elaborated separately.[105-106]

==== Characteristics of poison giver and intoxicated poisonous food ====

=== Characteristics of poison giver and intoxicated poisonous food ===

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If the poison is added to drinks like water, milk or alcohol, blue lines appear over its surface or it becomes discolored. A person’s own shadow is not reflected through such drinks or the shadow is reflected in a distorted manner. If such drinks are added with salt, then there is froth.[110-111]

==== Effects of food poisoning ====

=== Effects of food poisoning ===

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If the oil for application over the head is poisoned, then the patient suffers from hair-fall, headache and tumors in the head.[112-116]

==== Clinical features of poison through various routes of consumption/exposure ====

=== Clinical features of poison through various routes of consumption/exposure ===

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A poisoned garland loses its aroma and gets withered soon. It causes headache and horripilation. The poisoned fume causes stiffness in the channels of circulation and impairment of the functioning of the nose and eyes.

If the water of wells and ponds are poisoned, then the water becomes foul-smelling, dirty and discolored. Intake of this poisoned water causes edema, urticaria and pimples, and even death. If the poison has reached the stomach, then the physician in the beginning should administer emetic therapy. If the poisonous material is located in the skin, then ointments and fomentation therapy etc. should be administered. These therapeutic measures should be administered, keeping in view the nature of the ~~''doshas''~~ and the strength of the patient. [117-123]

If the water of wells and ponds are poisoned, then the water becomes foul-smelling, dirty and discolored. Intake of this poisoned water causes edema, urticaria and pimples, and even death. If the poison has reached the stomach, then the physician in the beginning should administer emetic therapy. If the poisonous material is located in the skin, then ointments and fomentation therapy etc. should be administered. These therapeutic measures should be administered, keeping in view the nature of the [[dosha]] and the strength of the patient. [117-123]

==== Description of snakes and poisoning ====

=== Description of snakes and poisoning ===

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Let us now discuss on the various aspects of animal poisoning. At first, let us discuss on the various aspects of snakes and the special treatment of ailments caused by the snake-bite. [123]

==== Types of snakes and their effect on ''dosha~~'' =~~===

=== Types of snakes and their effect on [[dosha]] ===

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Snakes are classified into three categories- ''darvikara, mandali'' and ''rajiman'' and they cause aggravation of ''vayu, pitta'' and ''kapha'' respectively.[124]

Snakes are classified into three categories- ''darvikara, mandali'' and ''rajiman'' and they cause aggravation of [[vayu]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] respectively.[124]

==== Identification of snakes ====

=== Identification of snakes ===

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The ''darvikara'' snake has a hood; the ''mandali'' snakes are hoodless but possess rounded marks on their body whereas the ''rajiman'' type of snakes possess variegated spots and streaks on its body.[125]

==== Properties of snake poisons ====

=== Properties of snake poisons ===

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The poison of ''mandali'' snake is sour and hot due to which it aggravates pitta ,whereas that of ''rajiman'' snake is sweet and cold due to which it aggravates ''kapha''.[126]

==== Characteristics of ''darvikara'' snake bite ====

=== Characteristics of ''darvikara'' snake bite ===

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The bite by the ''darvikara sarpa'' is characterized by minute fang marks, is black, there is absence of bleeding, swelling having the shape of back of a tortoise and it produces several disorders due to aggravation of ''vata''.[127]

The bite by the ''darvikara sarpa'' is characterized by minute fang marks, is black, there is absence of bleeding, swelling having the shape of back of a tortoise and it produces several disorders due to aggravation of [[vata]].[127]

==== Characteristics of ''mandali'' snake bite ====

=== Characteristics of ''mandali'' snake bite ===

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The fang marks due to the bite by ''mandali sarpa'' is deep, the wound is spread over a large surface area, associated with edema. There is yellowish discoloration at the site of bite and the exudates at the bite site are yellowish and bloody. They cause several other disorders due to aggravation of ''pitta''.[128]

The fang marks due to the bite by ''mandali sarpa'' is deep, the wound is spread over a large surface area, associated with edema. There is yellowish discoloration at the site of bite and the exudates at the bite site are yellowish and bloody. They cause several other disorders due to aggravation of [[pitta]].[128]

==== Characteristics of ''rajimana'' snake bite ====

=== Characteristics of ''rajimana'' snake bite ===

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The bite by the ''rajimana sarpa'' is characterized by a soft and stable edema.The bite site is unctuous and pale. The bloody exudates coming from the bite site is thick and several disorders due to aggravation of ''kapha'' are produced. [129]

The bite by the ''rajimana sarpa'' is characterized by a soft and stable edema.The bite site is unctuous and pale. The bloody exudates coming from the bite site is thick and several disorders due to aggravation of [[kapha]] are produced. [129]

==== Gender wise characteristics of snakes ====

=== Gender wise characteristics of snakes ===

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The snake which is round coiled has a large body, that hisses loudly, that which looks upward, has a large head and an even body is a male. The ones with an opposite characteristics is a female. The eunuch snake is timid in nature.[130]

==== Differentiation in features in snake bite of different genders ====

=== Differentiation in features in snake bite of different genders ===

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The patient bitten by a female snake looks downwards, has feeble voice and trembles. In a patient bitten by a male snake, the features contrary to the above are found.if mixed characters is found, one should be known as bitten by an eunuch snake.Thus characters of female, male and eunuch snakes are said.[131-132]

==== Bite of a pregnant snake ====

=== Bite of a pregnant snake ===

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The bite which is deeply performed, elevated, painful, placed lengthwise and having marks of fangs and inflammation is very troublesome, while the other bites are not so much distressing.[135]

==== Characters of snakes of different ages ====

=== Characters of snakes of different ages ===

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Black snakes in young age, ''gonasa'' in old age, ''rajimana'' in middle age are like a ''sivisha'' (dreadful snakes with poisoned vision and breadth).[136]

==== Fangs of snakes ====

=== Fangs of snakes ===

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The bites caused by fangs have the quantity of poison increased in progressive order and are similar (to fangs) in color. The later ones have profuse poison and are very troublesome.[139]

==== ''Dooshi visha'' (slowly acting poison) ====

=== ''Dooshi visha'' (slowly acting poison) ===

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The bites of ''dooshivisha'' insects shows the signs and symptoms as the part become red, white, black or blackish, covered with boils, associated with itching, burning, spreading and inflammation and gets ''necrosed''.[141]

==== Bad prognostic fatal signs ====

=== Bad prognostic fatal signs ===

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Now listen to the symptoms of deadly poison. The swelling increases as in snake bite, the bitten spot contains blood with intense odor, there is heaviness in eyes, fainting, pain, dyspnea, thirst and anorexia. [142-143]

==== Characteristics of insect bite with ''dooshi visha'' ====

=== Characteristics of insect bite with ''dooshi visha'' ===

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The bite is black or blackish in center, covered with membrane, burn like, exceedingly inflaming and associated with moistening, swelling and fever. These are the signs and symptoms of bite by ''Dooshivisha Lootha'' (spider).[144]

==== General features ====

=== General features ===

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In general the following are the signs and symptoms of spider bite-swelling, boils, white-black-red or yellow, fever, terrible dyspnea, burning sensation, hiccups and stiffness in head.[146]

==== Characteristics of rat bite ====

=== Characteristics of rat bite ===

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Pale blood coming out in the region of bite, rashes, fever, anorexia, horripilation and burning sensation- these are the signs and symptoms in the bite by the ''dooshi visha'' rats. [147]

==== Features of rat bite ====

=== Features of rat bite ===

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In incurable rat poisoning there is fainting, swelling in the part, discoloration, moistening, deafness, fever, heaviness in head, salivation and hematemesis.[148]

==== Characteristics of chameleon bite ====

=== Characteristics of chameleon bite ===

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In bite by chameleon, there is blackish discoloration or other discoloration, mental confusion and diarrhea. [149]

==== Characteristics of scorpion bite ====

=== Characteristics of scorpion bite ===

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If bitten by scorpion with incurable poison the patient loses the senses of vision, smell and taste, has flesh falling down excessively, suffers from intense pain and finally dies.[151]

==== Characteristics of hornet bite ====

=== Characteristics of hornet bite ===

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Spreading affliction, swelling, pain, fever, vomiting and decomposition of the bitten part- these are the symptoms of hornet bite.[152]

==== Characteristics of crab bite ====

=== Characteristics of crab bite ===

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If bitten by ''uchittinga'' (crab), the patient suffers from horripilation, stiffness of penis, intense pain, and feels as if the body parts are sprinkled over by cold water. [153]

==== Characteristics of frog bite ====

=== Characteristics of frog bite ===

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If bitten by poisonous frogs, the part is pierced with single fang, is swollen, painful and yellow associated with general symptoms like thirst, vomiting and sleep.[154]

==== Effects of poisonous fish ====

=== Effects of poisonous fish ===

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The poisonous fish produce burning, swelling and pain.[155]

==== Effects of poisonous leech ====

=== Effects of poisonous leech ===

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The poisonous leech causes itching, swelling, fever and fainting.[155]

==== Effects of poisonous lizards ====

=== Effects of poisonous lizards ===

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The house lizard produces burning piercing pain, sweating and swelling. [156]

==== Effects of poisonous centipede ====

=== Effects of poisonous centipede ===

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The poison of ''shatapadi'' (centipede) causes sweating pain and burning in the site of sting.[156]

==== Effects of mosquito bite ====

=== Effects of mosquito bite ===

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By the sting of ''mashaka'' (mosquito) the site is affected with itching, slight swelling and mild pain. The sting of incurable mosquito poison causes symptoms similar to those in incurable insect bites.[157]

==== Effects of bee sting ====

=== Effects of bee sting ===

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In ''makshika'' (bee) stings, there is pimple oozing quickly and blackish associated with general symptoms such as burning, fainting and fever. Of them ''sthagika'' bee is fatal.[158]

==== Prognosis as per place and time of bite ====

=== Prognosis as per place and time of bite ===

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The above said is observed in bites by snakes as well as the insects born by them.[161]

==== Aggravating factors of effects of poison ====

=== Aggravating factors of effects of poison ===

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Effect of poison aggravates in persons who are afraid, drunken, weak and afflicted with heat, hunger and thirst and also if the body constitution and time are similar. Otherwise it has mild effect.[162]

==== Snakes with mild poisonous effect ====

=== Snakes with mild poisonous effect ===

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The snakes which are affected with water, are weak, terrorized, defeated by mongoose, old, of tender age, sloughed are known as having mild poison.[163]

==== Effect of anger, hunger and fear on releasing snake poison ====

=== Effect of anger, hunger and fear on releasing snake poison ===

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The poison though situated in whole body is released by the snake when angry, but the same is not released due to hunger or fear.[164]

===~~= ''~~Dosha'' dominance in insects poison ====

=== [[Dosha]] dominance in insects poison ===

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Poisons of crab and scorpion are predominant in ''vata'', those of ''keeta'' (insects) are predominant in ''vata'' and ''pitta'' and ''kanabha'' (hornets) etc. are predominant in ''kapha''.[165]

Poisons of crab and scorpion are predominant in [[vata]], those of ''keeta'' (insects) are predominant in [[vata]] and [[pitta]] and ''kanabha'' (hornets) etc. are predominant in [[kapha]].[165]

==== Treatment as per ''dosha'' dominance ====

=== Treatment as per [[dosha]] dominance ===

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Treatment is given with the measures having qualities contrary to those of the ''dosha'' exhibiting predominant symptoms.[166]

Treatment is given with the measures having qualities contrary to those of the [[dosha]] exhibiting predominant symptoms.[166]

==== Clinical effects of ''vata'' dominant ''visha'' ====

=== Clinical effects of [[vata]] dominant ''visha'' ===

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In ''vatika'' poisoning the symptoms are – cardiac pain, upward movement of ''vayu'', stiffness, dilatation of blood vessels, pain in the bone joints, giddiness, twisting and blackishness in the body.[167]

In ''vatika'' poisoning the symptoms are – cardiac pain, upward movement of [[vayu]], stiffness, dilatation of blood vessels, pain in the bone joints, giddiness, twisting and blackishness in the body.[167]

==== Clinical effects of ''pitta'' dominant ''visha'' ====

=== Clinical effects of ''pitta'' dominant ''visha'' ===

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In ''paittika'' poisoning, the symptoms are loss of consciousness, hot expiration (feeling heat while long exhalation), heart burning, pungent taste in mouth, tearing down of flesh, swelling red or yellow.[168]

==== Clinical effects of ''kapha'' dominant ''visha'' ====

=== Clinical effects of ''kapha'' dominant ''visha'' ===

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Poison predominant in ''kapha'' should be known by vomiting, anorexia, nausea, salivation, excitement, heaviness, feeling of cold and sweetness of mouth.[169]

==== Treatment of ''vata'' dominant ''visha'' ====

=== Treatment of ''vata'' dominant ''visha'' ===

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The case of ''vatika'' poisoning should be treated with local application of ''khanda'', oil massage, fomentation with tubular method or ''pulaka'' (flesh) and bulk promoting regimens.[170]

==== Treatment of ''pitta'' dominant ''visha'' ====

=== Treatment of ''pitta'' dominant ''visha'' ===

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In all poisons and those located in all parts mostly the cold measures are adopted except in cases of ''vrishchika'' (scorpion) and ''ucchitinga'' (crab).[172]

==== Treatment of scorpion bite ====

=== Treatment of scorpion bite ===

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In ''vrishchika'' (scorpion) sting fomentation, massage with ghee and salt, hot sprinklings and food and beverages with ghee shall be used. [173]

==== Treatment of crab bite ====

=== Treatment of crab bite ===

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The same should be adopted in case of ''uchhitinga''. In addition, rubbing with dust in direction reverse to that of skin hair, intake of tepid water and covering the part with hot and thick layer of dust are prescribed.[174]

==== Features of dog bite ====

=== Features of dog bite ===

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Rabid dog bite: due to the vitiation of ~~''tridosha''~~ and aggravation of ~~''dhatus''~~ suffers from headache, salivation and drooped face. [175]

Rabid dog bite: due to the vitiation of tri[[dosha]] and aggravation of [[dhatu]] suffers from headache, salivation and drooped face. [175]

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Other such fierce animals too vitiate ''kapha'' and ''vata'' and cause cardiac pain, headache, fever, stiffness, thirst and fainting.[176]

Other such fierce animals too vitiate [[kapha]] and [[vata]] and cause cardiac pain, headache, fever, stiffness, thirst and fainting.[176]

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Itching, piercing pain, discoloration, numbness, moistening, drying heat, redness, pain, suppuration, swelling, formation of cysts, shriveling, tearing down of flesh, boils, growths, rashes and fever- these are the signs and symptoms of the poisonous bites. The contrary ones are found in the non poisonous one.[178-179]

==== Treatment of dog bite ====

=== Treatment of dog bite ===

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In heart burning or salivation, purgation or emesis should be administered frequently according to condition. After purification, the dietetic order should be followed.[180]

==== Treatment of poisonous effects in head region ====

=== Treatment of poisonous effects in head region ===

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''bandhujiva'' (Pentopetes phoenicea), ''bharangi''( Clerodendrum serratum) and ''surasa''(Ocimum sanctum).[181]

==== Treatment of poisonous effects in upper and lower parts of body ====

=== Treatment of poisonous effects in upper and lower parts of body ===

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Moreover flesh with blood of chicken, crow and peacock should be applied on the incised scalp if the bite is below and feet if the bite is above.[182]

==== Treatment of poisonous effects in eye region ====

=== Treatment of poisonous effects in eye region ===

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''Pippali'' (Piper longum), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''yavakshara'' (obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare), ''vacha'' (Acorus calamus) , ''saindhava'' (rock salt) and ''shigru'' (Moringa oleifera) pounded with bile of ''rohita'' fish and applied to the eyes as collyrium destroys the poison in the eyes.[183]

==== Treatment of poisonous effects in throat region ====

=== Treatment of poisonous effects in throat region ===

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If the poison is in the throat, unripe fruit of ''kapittha'' (Feronia limonia) should be taken mixed with sugar and honey.[184]

==== Treatment of poisonous effects in stomach region ====

=== Treatment of poisonous effects in stomach region ===

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In case of poison located in the stomach, 40gms of powder of ''tagara'' (Valeriana wallichii) mixed with sugar and honey should be taken.[184]

==== Treatment of poisonous effects in colon region ====

=== Treatment of poisonous effects in colon region ===

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If the poison is located in the ''pakwashaya'' (colon), one should take ''pippali'' (Piper longum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and ''manjishta'' (Rubia cordifolia) each in equal quantity pounded with cow bile.[185]

==== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''rasa dhatu'' ====

=== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''rasa dhatu'' ===

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In poisoning of the ''rasa dhatu'', one should take blood and flesh of ''godha'' (giant lizard or alligator), dried and powdered mixed with the juice of ''kapittha'' (Feronia limonia).[186]

==== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''rakta dhatu'' ====

=== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''rakta dhatu'' ===

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In poisoning of the ''rakta dhatu'', root bark of ''shleshmataka'' (Cordia dichotoma), shoots of ''badara'' (Ziziphus mauritiana), ''udumbara'' (Ficus racemosa) and ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera) should be taken.[187]

==== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''mamsa dhatu'' ====

=== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''mamsa dhatu'' ===

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In poisoning of the ''mamsa dhatu'', roots of ''khadira'' (Acacia catechu), ''nimba'' (Azadiracta indica) and ''kutaja'' (Holarrhena antidysentrica) should be taken mixed with honey and along with water.[187]

==== Treatment of poisonous effects in all ''dhatu~~'' =~~===

=== Treatment of poisonous effects in all [[dhatu]] ===

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In all types of poisoning, two types of ''bala'' (Sida cordifolia and Abutilon indicum), ''madhuka'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra), ''madhooka'' (Madhuca longifolia), and ''tagara'' (Valeneria wallichii) should be taken.[188]

==== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''kapha'' dominance ====

=== Treatment of poisonous effects in [[kapha]] dominance ===

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</div></div>

''Pippali'' (Piper longum), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''yavakshara'' (Yavakshara (obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare) mixed with fresh ''navaneeta'' (butter) should be painted on the site if there is aggravation of ''kapha dosha''. [189]

''Pippali'' (Piper longum), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''yavakshara'' (Yavakshara (obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare) mixed with fresh ''navaneeta'' (butter) should be painted on the site if there is aggravation of [[kapha]] [[dosha]]. [189]

==== Various formulations ====

=== Various formulations ===

===== ''Mamsyadi'' formulation =====

==== ''Mamsyadi'' formulation ====

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''Mamsi'' (Nordostachys jatamansi), ''kumkuma'' (Crocus sativus), ''patra'' (Abies webbiana), ''twak'' (Cinnamomnm zeylanicum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''tagara'', (Valeneria wallichii), ''chandana'' (Pterocarpus santalinus), ''manashila'' (Arsenic disulphide), ''vyagranakha'' (tiger nails), ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum) pounded with water and used for internal administration (''pana''), in snuff, collyrium and paste counteracts all poisonous edema.[190]

===== ''Chandanadi'' formulation =====

==== ''Chandanadi'' formulation ====

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''Chandana'' (Santalum album), ''tagara'' (Valeriana wallichii), ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''twak'' (Cinnamomnm zeylanicum), ''manashila'' (realgar (Arsenic disulphide), ''tamala'' (Nicotiana tabacum), juice of ''nagakesara'' (Mesua ferrea) and ''shardoolanakha'' (nail of a jackal) pounded with rice water destroys all poisons as Indra’s thunderbolt kills the demons.[191-192]

===== ''Shirishadi nasya'' and ''anjana'' =====

==== ''Shirishadi nasya'' and ''anjana'' ====

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White ''maricha'' (decorticated) impregnated with the juice of ''shireesha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) flowers for a week is efficacious in snake bite as snuff, ''pana'' (internal administration) and collyrium.[193]

===== ''Nata-Kushtha'' formulation =====

==== ''Nata-Kushtha'' formulation ====

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''Tagara'' (Valeriana wallichii ) and ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa )- 80gms, ghee and honey- 160gms – this potion renders relief even in bites by ''takshaka'' (king of snakes).[194]

==== Treatment of ''darvikara'' snake bite ====

=== Treatment of ''darvikara'' snake bite ===

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''Sinduvara'' root (Vitex negundo), ''shweta'' (Clitoria ternatia) and ''girikarnika'' (Variety of Clitoria ternatia ) this is a liquid remedy for the bite by ''darveekara'' type of snake along with snuffing with ''kushta'' mixed with honey.[195]

==== Treatment of ''mandali'' snake bite ====

=== Treatment of ''mandali'' snake bite ===

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''Manjishta'' (Rubia cordifolia), ''madhuyashti'' (Glycyrrhia glabra), ''jeevaka'' (Microstylis musifera), ''rishabaka'' (Microstylis wallichii), ''sita, kashmarya,'' leaf buds of ''vata'' (Ficus bengalensis) - this is the potion for the bite by ''mandali'' (viper) type of snake.[196]

==== Treatment of ''rajimana'' snake bite ====

=== Treatment of ''rajimana'' snake bite ===

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''Trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum), ''ativisha'' (Aconitum hetrophylum), ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa), ''soot, harenuka'' (Vitex negundo), ''tagara'' (Valeneria wallichii), ''katuka'' (Picrorhiza kurrora)- powder of all these mixed with honey destroys the poison of ''rajimana'' type of snake.[197]

==== ''Grihadhumadi'' formulation ====

=== ''Grihadhumadi'' formulation ===

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''Grihadhooma'' (soot), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) all with root mixed with ''tanduleeyaka'' (Amaranthus blitum) and plenty of honey and ghee can be taken by a person bitten even by a ''vasuki''.[198]

==== External application in insect bite ====

=== External application in insect bite ===

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The paste of ''mukta'' is good for alleviating swelling, burning sensation, piercing pain and fever.[200]

==== Treatment of spider poison ====

=== Treatment of spider poison ===

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Bark of ''katabhy'' (Albizzia procera), ''arjuna'' (Terminalia arjuna), ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''shleshmataka'' (Cordia dichotoma) and bark of ''kshiridruma'' (Ficus bengalensis, Ficus recemosa, Ficus lacor, Thespesia poulnea, Ficus religiosa) used as decoction, paste and powder destroy the wounds caused by insects and spiders.[204]

==== Treatment of rat bite ====

=== Treatment of rat bite ===

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''Twak'' (Cinnamomnm zeylanicum) and ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale) in equal quantity pounded finely should be taken with hot water. It destroys poison of all sorts of rats.[205]

==== ''Kutajadi'' formulation ====

=== ''Kutajadi'' formulation ===

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</div></div>

All these anti-poison formulations may be used in chameleon poisoning according to ''dosha''.[208]

All these anti-poison formulations may be used in chameleon poisoning according to [[dosha]].[208]

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</div></div>

Moreover mostly the measures alleviating ''vata'' and ''pitta'' are prescribed.[211]

Moreover mostly the measures alleviating [[vata]] and [[pitta]] are prescribed.[211]

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In case of poisoning by ''ucchitinga'' and ''kanabha'' remedies applicable to that by scorpion and rat are prescribed respectively.[211]

==== Best ''agada'' ====

=== Best ''agada'' ===

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''Vacha'' (Acorus Calamus), ''vamsha'' bark (Bambusa arundinacea), ''patha'' (Cissambelos Pereira), ''nata'' (Valeneria wallichii), flower stalk of ''tulasi'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''bala'' (Sida cordifolia), ''atibala'' (Abutilon indicum), ''nakuli'' (Alpinia galangal), ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa), ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''guha'' (''krishnaparni'' - Uraria picta), ''atiguha'' (''shalaparni'' - Desmodium gangeticum), ''shveta'' (Clitoria ternacia), ''ajagandha'' (Carum roxburghianum), ''shilajatu, kattruna'' (Cymbopogon citrates), ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera), ''yava kshara'' ((obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare), ''grihadhuma'' (soot), ''manahshila'' (Arsenic disulphide) are pounded with bile of ''rohita'' fish. This is an excellent anti-poison efficacious in bite of insects like ''vishwambara,'' etc when used as snuff, collyrium and paste.[212-214]

==== Treatment of centipede poison ====

=== Treatment of centipede poison ===

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''Swarjika,'' excrements of goat, ''yavakshara'' (obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare), ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''akshipeedaka''- this taken with wine scum is efficacious in centipede poisoning.[215]

==== Treatment of house lizard poison ====

=== Treatment of house lizard poison ===

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''Tanduleeyaka'' (Amaranthus blitum) mixed with the juice of ''kaakanda'' (Mucuna prurita) is the prominent one among the anti poisonous and so is ''kakapiluka'' mixed with peacock's bile.[217]

==== ''Pancha shirisha agada'' ====

=== ''Pancha shirisha agada'' ===

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The five parts- root, fruit, bark, flower and leaf of ''shireesha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) taken together in equal quantity is known as ''panchashireesha agada'' which is the best one for destroying the poison.[218]

==== Treatment of nail or teeth bite of animals ====

=== Treatment of nail or teeth bite of animals ===

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If the wound caused by the nails of teeth of quadrupeds or bipeds is swollen, inflamed and oozing and associated with fever, the paste of ''somavalka'' (Acacia catechu), ''ashwakarna'' (Dipterocarpus alatus), ''gojivha'' (Onosma bracteatum), ''hamsapaadi'' (Adiantum lunulatum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and ''gairika'' (red ochre) should be applied. It alleviates poisoning due to nails and teeth.[219-220]

==== ''Shanka visha'' (pseudo poisoning) ====

=== ''Shanka visha'' (pseudo poisoning) ===

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The wise physician should console the patient and administer the portion of ''sharkara'' (sugar candy), ''saugandhika'' (Nymphaea alba), ''draksha'' (Vitis vinifera), ''payasya'' (Ipomea dioitata), ''madhuka'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and honey. At the same time the body should be sponged with water purified with incantations besides consoling and exhilarating measures.[221-223]

==== Suitable diet in treatment of poisoning ====

=== Suitable diet in treatment of poisoning ===

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Soups and meat juices prepared with drugs curative of poisons and the food which is non irritant are the remedies in cases of poison.[227]

==== Unsuitable diet and lifestyle ====

=== Unsuitable diet and lifestyle ===

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The person though cured of poison should avoid antagonistic diet, over feeding, anger, fear, exertion and sexual intercourse and day sleep particularly.[228]

==== Signs of poisoning in quadruped animals ====

=== Signs of poisoning in quadruped animals ===

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Repeated jerks of the head, edema, drooping of the lips and the ears, fever, rigidity of the eyes and limbs, tremors of the jaw, contortions of the body, falling of hair, exhaustion, depression, trembling, and circumambulation are the symptoms in quadrupeds bitten by poisonous creatures.[229-230]

==== Treatment of poisoning in animals ====

=== Treatment of poisoning in animals ===

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''Devadaru'' (Cedrus deoda), ''haridra,'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''sarala'' (Pinus longifolia), ''chandana'' (Santalum album), ''aguru'' (Aqualaria agallocha), ''rasna'' (Alpinio officinarum), ''gorochana'' (Bile of cow), ''ajaji'' (Cuminum cyminum), ''guggulu'' (Commiphora mukul), ''ikshurasa'' (Saccharum officinarum), ''nata churna, saindhava'' (rock salt), ''ananta'' along with cows bile and honey makes a universal remedy for poisonous bites in the quadrupeds.[231-232]

==== ''Gara visha'' (slow acting artificial poison) ====

=== ''Gara visha'' (slow acting artificial poison) ===

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With the view to gain the favor of their husbands, women administer to them their sweat, menstrual discharge, saliva and excreta from other parts of the body and also the ''gara'' or artificial poison prepared by enemies, mixing these with the food.[233]

==== Effects of ''gara visha'' ====

=== Effects of ''gara visha'' ===

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As a result of such administration of poison, the person will show symptoms of anemia, emaciation, weakness of the digestive power, palpitation of the heart, distension of the abdomen and edema of hands and feet, abdominal diseases, assimilation disorders, ''gulma,'' depletion of ''dhatus'', fever and similar other disorders. He perceives in his dreams generally cats, jackals, cruel animals, mangoose and monkey, dried up rivers or other sources of water and withered trees. If he be of dark complexion, he sees himself as bright in dreams and vice versa. He also sees himself in dreams without ears and nose or injured in his sense organs.[234-237]

==== Treatment of ''gara visha'' ====

=== Treatment of ''gara visha'' ===

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Fine powder of copper mixed with honey is shall be administered first for ''hrid shodhana''. or ''hridayaavarana''. This induces emesis. He should then be administered with ''shana matra'' (three grams )of ''suvarna bhasma''. Gold quickly destroys all poisons even ''gara visha''. Just as water fallen on lotus leaves cannot wet it, ''visha'' cannot destroy a person who is administered with ''swarna bhasma''.[239-240]

==== ''Nagadantyadi'' ghee ====

=== ''Nagadantyadi'' ghee ===

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Ghee obtained from buffalo’s milk and processed with ''nagadanti'' (Croton oblongifolius), ''trivrit'' (Operculina turpethum), ''danti, dravanti'' (Balliospermum montanum), ''snukpaya, madanaphala'' and one ''adhaka'' of cow's urine is an effective remedy in case of poison due to snake and insect bite and in ''gara visha''.[241-242]

==== ''Amrita'' Ghee ====

=== ''Amrita'' Ghee ===

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One ''adhaka'' of ghee cooked by adding the paste of one ''aksha'' each of bark of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''pippali'' (Piper longum), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''triphala'' (Terminalia chebula, Emblica officinalia, Terminalia bellerica), ''chandana'' (Santalum album), ''utpala'' (Nelumbo nucifera), ''bala'' (Sida cordifolia), ''atibala'' (Abutilon indicum), ''sariva'' (Hemidismus indicus), ''asphota'' (Semicarpus anacardium), ''surabhi, nimbi'' (Azardirachta indica), ''patala'' (Stereospermum suaveolens), ''bandhujiva'' (Pentopetes phoenicea), ''adhaki'' (Cajanus cajan), ''murva'' (Marsdenia tenacissima), ''vasa'' (Adathoda vasica), ''surasa'' (Occimum sanctum), ''vatsaka'' (Holarrhena antidysentrica), ''patha'' (Cissambelos Pereira), ''ankola'' (Alangium saufolium), ''ashvagandha'' (Withania somnifera), ''arkamula'' (Calotropis procera), ''yashtimadhu'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra), ''padmaka'' (Prunus cerasoides), ''vishala'' (Trichosanthes bracteata), ''brihati'' (Solanum indicum), ''laksha, kovidara'' (Bauhninia variegate), ''shatavari'' (Asparagus recemosa), ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera), ''danti'' (Maliospermum montanum), ''apamarga'' (Achyranthus aspera), ''prushniparni rasanjjana'' (Extracts of Berberis aristata), ''shvetabhanda'' (Albizzia procera), ''ashvakhuraka'' (Clitoria ternatea), ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa), ''daru'' (Cedrus deodara), ''priyangu'' (Calicarpa macrophylla), ''vidari'' (Puraria tuberose), ''madhuka sara'' (Glycerrhiza glabra) , ''karanja'' fruit (Pongamia pinnata), bark ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and ''lodhra'' (Symplocos racemosa), two ''adhaka'' of water, three ''adhaka'' of cows urine and goats urine each. This recipe cures poison, epilepsy, depletion of ''dhatus'', insanity, ''gara, udara,'' anemia, parasitic infestation, ''gulma,'' splenic disorders, stiffness of thighs, jaundice, stiffness of jaws and shoulders, etc. when used in the form of drink, massage and inhalation therapy. It helps in the revival of persons who appear to be dead due to poisons and hanging. This combination is called as ''amrita ghrita'' and is best suited in all cases of poisoning.[242-249]

==== Lifestyle to avoid snake bite ====

=== Lifestyle to avoid snake bite ===

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Immediately after a snake bite, the person should bite the snake itself if possible or otherwise bite a clod of earth. Thereafter a tourniquet should be tied above the site of bite and the place of bite should be incised as well as cauterized.[251]

==== Wearing gems for preventing poisonous effects ====

=== Wearing gems for preventing poisonous effects ===

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Wearing of diamond, emerald, and other precious gems gives immunity against poisons. Keeping or domesticating different birds is also useful to overcome poisons.[252-253]

==== Summary ====

=== Summary ===

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Thus ends the twenty third chapter of the [[Chikitsa Sthana]] dealing with the treatment of poisons of Agnivesha’s work as redacted by Charak.[23]

==~~= ''~~Tattva Vimarsha~~'' /~~ Fundamental Principles===

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

*''Visha'' (poison) is of two categories viz. ''jangama'' (animal origin) and ''sthavara'' (earthen and plant origin).

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*The action of animal poison is manly in lower gastrointestinal tract, while the action of plant poison is mainly in upper gastrointestinal tract. The clinical features are well differentiated in both cases. Therefore, the animal poison is used in treatment of poisoning by vegetable-poison and vice versa.

*The effect of ''visha'' in humans can be assessed clinically in eight stages. The severity increases as per stage, finally leading to death.

*The poisonous effect depends upon site of ''dosha, ~~prakriti''~~ of patient and nature of poison.

*The poisonous effect depends upon site of [[dosha]], [[Prakriti]] of patient and nature of poison.

*''Dushi-visha'' (a type of artificial poison) vitiates blood and produces symptoms like ''aru'' (eczema in the head), ~~k''itibha''~~ (psoriasis) and ''kotha'' (urticaria). This type of poison afflicts all ''doshas'' and causes death of the patient.

*''Dushi-visha'' (a type of artificial poison) vitiates blood and produces symptoms like ''aru'' (eczema in the head), kitibha (psoriasis) and kotha (urticaria). This type of poison afflicts all ''doshas'' and causes death of the patient.

*Due to power of poison, vitiated blood transudes to obstruct srotas (channels) leading to death of the patient. If the poison is taken orally, it stays in heart ( generalized affect) and if the poison is transmitted by bite or from poisoned arrow (local affect), it gets lodged in the place of bite.

*Immediate treatment should be done to prevent spread of poison in the body through circulation. Application of tourniquet at the site of bite and suction are first measures.

*''Rakta dhatu'' is abode of ''visha'' and circulates ''visha'' all over the body. Hence bloodletting shall be done in various modalities at site of bite.

*The treatment shall be administered after assessment of stage of poisoning and condition of the patient.

*The treatment of ''visha'' includes twenty four modalities that are categorized under emergency treatments and conservative treatments. viz. Recitation of mantras; ''Arishta'' (tying an amulet impregnated with ''mantra'' or tying a bandage above the place of bite); ''Utkartana'' (excision of the part afflicted with the poisonous bite); ''Nishpidana'' (squeezing out blood from the place of the bite); ''Chushana'' (sucking out the poison from the place of the bite); ''Agni'' (cauterization); ''Parisheka'' (affusion); ''Avagaha'' (bath with medicated water); ''Rakta-Mokshana'' (blood-letting); ''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis); ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation); ''Upadhana'' (application of medicine after making an incision over the scalp); ''Hridayavaram'' (giving medicines-to protect the heart); ''Anjana'' (application of collyrium); ''Nasya'' (inhalation of medicated oil, etc.); ''Dhuma'' (smoking therapy); ''Leha'' (drugs in the form of linctus given for licking); ''Aushadha'' (administration of anti-toxic drugs or wearing as an amulet); ''Prashamana'' (sedatives); ''Pratisarana'' (application of alkalies); ''Prativisha'' (administration of poisons as medicines to counteract the original poison); ''Sanjna-samsthapana'' (administration of medicines for the restoration of consciousness); ''Lepa'' (application of medicines in the form of a paste or ointment); and ''Mrita-sanjivana'' (measures for the revival of life of an apparently dead person).

*The treatment of ''visha'' includes twenty four modalities that are categorized under emergency treatments and conservative treatments. viz. Recitation of mantras; ''Arishta'' (tying an amulet impregnated with ''mantra'' or tying a bandage above the place of bite); ''Utkartana'' (excision of the part afflicted with the poisonous bite); ''Nishpidana'' (squeezing out blood from the place of the bite); ''Chushana'' (sucking out the poison from the place of the bite); [[Agni]] (cauterization); ''Parisheka'' (affusion); ''Avagaha'' (bath with medicated water); ''Rakta-Mokshana'' (blood-letting); [[Vamana]] (therapeutic emesis); [[Virechana]] (therapeutic purgation); ''Upadhana'' (application of medicine after making an incision over the scalp); ''Hridayavaram'' (giving medicines-to protect the heart); ''Anjana'' (application of collyrium); ''Nasya'' (inhalation of medicated oil, etc.); ''Dhuma'' (smoking therapy); ''Leha'' (drugs in the form of linctus given for licking); ''Aushadha'' (administration of anti-toxic drugs or wearing as an amulet); ''Prashamana'' (sedatives); ''Pratisarana'' (application of alkalies); ''Prativisha'' (administration of poisons as medicines to counteract the original poison); ''Sanjna-samsthapana'' (administration of medicines for the restoration of consciousness); ''Lepa'' (application of medicines in the form of a paste or ointment); and ''Mrita-sanjivana'' (measures for the revival of life of an apparently dead person).

*''Dhamani bandha'' (application of tourniquet), ''avamarjana'' (eliminating the poison), and ''atmaraksha'' (protecting ourselves from the attack of evil spirits) should be done with the help of mantras. At first ''dosha'', where ''visha'' is lodged should be treated.

*''Dhamani bandha'' (application of tourniquet), ''avamarjana'' (eliminating the poison), and ''atmaraksha'' (protecting ourselves from the attack of evil spirits) should be done with the help of mantras. At first [[dosha]], where ''visha'' is lodged should be treated.

*If, ''visha'' is located in ''vata sthana'' then the patient should be administered with ''swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and should be given to drink the paste of ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa) mixed with curd.

*If, ''visha'' is located in [[vata]] sthana then the patient should be administered with [[swedana]] (fomentation therapy) and should be given to drink the paste of ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa) mixed with curd.

*If, ''visha'' is located in ''pitta sthana'' then the patient should be administered with ghee (clarified butter), honey, milk and water to drink. He should also be given ''avagaha'' and ''parisheka'' (types of fomentation therapies).

*If, ''visha'' is located in [[pitta]] sthana then the patient should be administered with ghee (clarified butter), honey, milk and water to drink. He should also be given ''avagaha'' and ''parisheka'' (types of fomentation therapies).

*If, ''visha'' is located in ''kapha sthana'' (chest region) then the patient should be administered with ''ksharagada'' (..), ''swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and ''siravydhana'' (bloodletting).

*If, ''visha'' is located in [[kapha]] sthana (chest region) then the patient should be administered with ''ksharagada'' (..), [[swedana]] (fomentation therapy) and ''siravydhana'' (bloodletting).

*If, ''visha'' is located in ''rakta sthana'' or if the patient is afflicted with ''dooshivisha'' (..) then the patient should be administered with ''siravyadhana'' (bloodletting) and [[Panchakarma]] (5 types of elimination therapies).

*If, ''visha'' is located in [[rakta]] sthana or if the patient is afflicted with ''dooshivisha'' (..) then the patient should be administered with ''siravyadhana'' (bloodletting) and [[Panchakarma]] (5 types of elimination therapies).

*Fumigation with herbs is useful in cleaning the atmosphere in home, things of daily use like bed, seats, cloths.

*If the poison has reached the stomach, then first principle is to administer emetic therapy. If the poisonous material is located in the skin, then ointments and fomentation therapy etc. should be administered. These therapeutic measures should be administered, keeping in view the nature of the ~~''doshas''~~ and the strength of the patient.

*If the poison has reached the stomach, then first principle is to administer emetic therapy. If the poisonous material is located in the skin, then ointments and fomentation therapy etc. should be administered. These therapeutic measures should be administered, keeping in view the nature of the [[dosha]] and the strength of the patient.

*Effect of poison gets aggravated in person who is afraid, drunken, weak and afflicted with heat, hunger and thirst and also if the body constitution and time are similar. Otherwise it has mild effect.

*Assessment of ''dosha'' dominance shall be done first for diagnosis. Then the poisoning cases shall be treated as per ''dosha'' dominance.

*Assessment of [[dosha]] dominance shall be done first for diagnosis. Then the poisoning cases shall be treated as per [[dosha]] dominance.

*The case of ''vatika'' poisoning, person should be treated with local application of ''khanda'', oil massage, fomentation with tubular method or ''pulaka'' (flesh) and bulk promoting regimens.

*''Paittika'' poisoning should be treated with very cold sprinkling and anointments.

*~~''Kaphaja''~~ poisoning should be overcome with scraping, excision, fomentation and vomiting.

*[[Kapha]]ja poisoning should be overcome with scraping, excision, fomentation and vomiting.

*In poisoning with systemic symptoms, mostly the cold measures are adopted except in cases of ''vrishchika'' (scorpion) and ''ucchitinga'' (crab).

==~~= ''~~Vidhi Vimarsha~~'' /~~ Applied Inferences===

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==

==== Similes in historical origin ====

=== Similes in historical origin ===

As per the historical origin, the appearance of ''visha'' can be interpreted as follows. ''Deeptha teja'' denotes very strong nature of poison, ''chaturdamshtro'' denote the fangs of a snake, ''hari/ harith kesha'' (''pingala varna kesha'') depicting the color of the venom which is straw colored, ''analekshana'' denotes to the potency or ''taikshnya'' of the ''visha''.

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Therefore, the effects of poison become milder after the rains are over. Similarly, poison becomes more virulent and persons afflicted with ''dushi visha'' become worse, during this season.

==== ''Gara visha'' (artificial poison) ====

=== ''Gara visha'' (artificial poison) ===

The third category of poison that may affect the man is called ''samyogaja visha'' and it is said to be inducted deliberately to cause harm. Chakrapanidatta mentions two types in it. One is named as ''gara'' which is a combination of non poisonous substances and the second one is ''kritrima'' (artificial) which is a combination of poisonous substances.

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The same things are mentioned by the other authors also with a little difference or without any sub classification in it. It was one of the major practices in olden days. Today the practitioners have a common opinion that it is only a psychological aspect of some disorders and no such toxin can be seen as such which acts as explained in ''gara''. In Ashtanga Hridaya and Sushruta Samhita, detailed symptomatology which can be clearly demarcated on the basis of those which are related to the body and those which affect the mind. In conditions like ''shopha'' (inflammation), ''udara'' (ascitis) and ''pleeha'' (spleenomegaly) show the involvement of the hepatic system predominantly and also metabolic disorders.

==== Properties and affects ====

=== Properties and affects ===

The ten ~~''gunas''~~ of ''visha'' with their impact on the ~~''doshas''~~ and the body are dealt in this section. Some ~~''gunas''~~ can be interpreted as follows: ''Sookshma guna'' has a property of ''vivarana'' i.e.; to spread which makes the ''rakta'' to spread all over and make the ''visha'' reach all over the body. ''Kapha'' and ''visha'' have the same origin from ''jala'' (water) and also the ''avyakta rasata'' leads to intrude into the ''anna rasa'' and spreads fast. ''Vyavayi ~~vuna''~~ is responsible for the quick spreading of ''visha'' as like a drop of oil spreads on water surface. ''Taikshnya'' is responsible for ''marmaghna'' effect. Basically ''marma'' is ''saumya'' in nature. The ''vishada guna'' of ''visha'' makes it unsticky and there by not allowing getting it adhered at single place. The ''teekshna guna'' of ''visha'' destroys it and causes the ''marmaghna'' effect. It is very difficult to keep a ''laghu dravya'' stagnant. It keeps on changing its form or function. So it becomes very difficult to treat ''visha'' that is ''laghu'' and constantly changing its site of action in the body. Sushruta has also attributed the effect of poisons corresponding to its ''guna''. The illustration is precise and understandable. ~~(Su~~. K. 2/~~19-21)~~

The ten [[guna]] of ''visha'' with their impact on the [[dosha]] and the body are dealt in this section. Some [[guna]] can be interpreted as follows: Sookshma [[guna]] has a property of ''vivarana'' i.e.; to spread which makes the [[rakta]] to spread all over and make the ''visha'' reach all over the body. [[Kapha]] and ''visha'' have the same origin from ''jala'' (water) and also the ''[[Avyakta|avyakta]] rasata'' leads to intrude into the ''anna rasa'' and spreads fast. Vyavayi [[guna]] is responsible for the quick spreading of ''visha'' as like a drop of oil spreads on water surface. ''Taikshnya'' is responsible for ''marmaghna'' effect. Basically ''marma'' is ''saumya'' in nature. The ''vishada guna'' of ''visha'' makes it unsticky and there by not allowing getting it adhered at single place. The teekshna [[guna]] of ''visha'' destroys it and causes the ''marmaghna'' effect. It is very difficult to keep a ''laghu dravya'' stagnant. It keeps on changing its form or function. So it becomes very difficult to treat ''visha'' that is ''laghu'' and constantly changing its site of action in the body. Sushruta has also attributed the effect of poisons corresponding to its [[guna]]. The illustration is precise and understandable.<ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.2 Sthavaravishavijnaneeya Kalpa Adhyaya verse 3. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1 </ref>

==== Treatment modalities ====

=== Treatment modalities ===

''Visha'' is managed by the above said 24 fold treatment principles. Any of the above said methods can be implemented in the treatment. They can be classified in to two as per the usage. One is emergency management and the other is conservative and ''rasayana'' treatment. The procedures like ''mantra, arishta, utkartana, nishpeedana, aachooshana, agni, parisheka, avagaha, raktamokshana'' are all emergencies as they will arrest the spread of ''visha''. The ''vamana, virechana, samjna sthapana'' (restoration of consciousness) etc are helpful in the removal of the absorbed poison. The set of treatments like ''prashamana'' (pacification), ''aushadha'' etc. are self explanatory. ''Mrita sanjeevana'' (restoring life in about to die or apprantly dead person) acts as a life saving and ''rasayana''. To say, ''rasayana'' has an inverse relation with ''visha''. This is told very clearly by Vagbhata while explaining the Ashtangas of [[Ayurveda]]. ''Rasayana'' comes next to ''visha'' in the chronology. [[Visha Chikitsa]] completes only after ''rasayana prayoga'' as it rejuvenates the damaged cells and tissues. The one which stands separate is ''kakapada chikitsa''. It is a trump card management in [[Visha Chikitsa]] when all other treatments fail. In olden days of practice it was very much used by various ''vaidyas''. Now it is restricted only to a limited area like Kerala. There are still some incidents of life saved by this procedure. Smilar references about the line of management in cases of poisoning can be cross referred in Sushruta Samhita & Ashtanga Samgraha ~~(Su~~.K.5/3-4~~) (A~~.S.U. 42/~~8 &~~ 42/19-23)

''Visha'' is managed by the above said 24 fold treatment principles. Any of the above said methods can be implemented in the treatment. They can be classified in to two as per the usage. One is emergency management and the other is conservative and [[rasayana]] treatment. The procedures like ''mantra, arishta, utkartana, nishpeedana, aachooshana, agni, parisheka, avagaha, raktamokshana'' are all emergencies as they will arrest the spread of ''visha''. The [[vamana]], [[virechana]], samjna sthapana (restoration of consciousness) etc are helpful in the removal of the absorbed poison. The set of treatments like ''prashamana'' (pacification), ''aushadha'' etc. are self explanatory. ''Mrita sanjeevana'' (restoring life in about to die or apprantly dead person) acts as a life saving and [[rasayana]]. To say, [[rasayana]] has an inverse relation with ''visha''. This is told very clearly by Vagbhata while explaining the Ashtangas of [[Ayurveda]]. [[Rasayana]] comes next to ''visha'' in the chronology. [[Visha Chikitsa]] completes only after [[rasayana]] prayoga as it rejuvenates the damaged cells and tissues. The one which stands separate is ''kakapada chikitsa''. It is a trump card management in [[Visha Chikitsa]] when all other treatments fail. In olden days of practice it was very much used by various ''vaidyas''. Now it is restricted only to a limited area like Kerala. There are still some incidents of life saved by this procedure. Smilar references about the line of management in cases of poisoning can be cross referred in Sushruta Samhita & Ashtanga Samgraha. <ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.5 Sarpadashtavisha Chikitsitakalpa Adhyaya verse 3-4. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1</ref> <ref>Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha, Uttara Sthana, 42, Sarpavishapratishedha Adhyaya. Verse 8 translated to English by Prof. Murthy KR, 9 th edition, Varanasi,Chaukhambha Orientalia Publisher, 2005; 229.</ref> <ref>Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha, Uttara Sthana, 42, Sarpavishapratishedha Adhyaya. Verse 19-23 translated to English by Prof. Murthy KR, 9 th edition, Varanasi,Chaukhambha Orientalia Publisher, 2005; 229.</ref>

==== First aid or immediate treatment after bite ====

=== First aid or immediate treatment after bite ===

Application of tourniquet should be to such an extent that the pressure exerted thereby should allow the passing of the little finger underneath it and above the skin. It remains always a matter of debate whether to incise the bite site or not. One school of thought combat the procedure as there are chances of infection of the wound created thereby. It may also get worsen especially in cases of viper bites as the open injuries get necrosed due to vasculotoxic effect of the venom ultimately results in amputation of the organ involved.

''Chushana'' (sucking) may also be done after putting ''gomaya'' (dried cowdung) ''agada churnas'', or ''bhasma'' in mouth. (A.~~H.U~~.36/46-47)

''Chushana'' (sucking) may also be done after putting ''gomaya'' (dried cowdung) ''agada churnas'', or ''bhasma'' in mouth.<ref>Vagbhata. Uttara Sthana, Cha.36 Sarpavishapratishedha Adhyaya verse 46-47. In: Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya, Editors. Ashtanga Hridayam. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.p.4.</ref>

==== ''Agnikarma'' and its contraindications ====

=== ''Agnikarma'' and its contraindications ===

''Agnikarma'' was performed with the help of ''shalaka'' (rod) made up of ''hema'' (gold) or ''lauha'' (iron). Nowadays a rod made up of ''pancha dhatu'' (mixture of five metals) is utilized for the purpose. The procedure is contra-indicated in ''mandali'' (viper) bites. (A.H.U.36/~~45)~~

''Agnikarma'' was performed with the help of ''shalaka'' (rod) made up of ''hema'' (gold) or ''lauha'' (iron). Nowadays a rod made up of ''pancha dhatu'' (mixture of five metals) is utilized for the purpose. The procedure is contra-indicated in ''mandali'' (viper) bites. <ref>Vagbhata. Uttara Sthana, Cha.36 Sarpavishapratishedha Adhyaya verse 45. In: Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya, Editors. Ashtanga Hridayam. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.p.4.</ref>

==== Importance of protection of heart ====

=== Importance of protection of heart ===

''Hridayavarana'' (covering heart area with external local application of specific medicines) should be performed first before applying any treatment as it is the most vital organ in case of poisoning. ''Hridayavarana'' is to be done daily (Sushruta). It was specifically intended to the Kings as they were constantly under threat from various external factors. If done daily the person will not get affected by the poison. It has to be followed by ''vamana'' as the procedure causes ''kapha vriddhi'' i.e. ''shleshma upachaya''. It is directed to administer ''ghrita'', combination of ''ghrita'' and ''madhu'' (honey), or ''agada'' with ''ghrita''. It is also indicated some other drugs like ''gomaya rasa'' (juice of cow dung), ''krishna mrid'' (black soil) etc. ~~(A.S.U~~.~~42/~~15-16)

''Hridayavarana'' (covering heart area with external local application of specific medicines) should be performed first before applying any treatment as it is the most vital organ in case of poisoning. ''Hridayavarana'' is to be done daily (Sushruta). It was specifically intended to the Kings as they were constantly under threat from various external factors. If done daily the person will not get affected by the poison. It has to be followed by [[vamana]] as the procedure causes [[kapha]] vriddhi i.e. ''shleshma upachaya''. It is directed to administer ''ghrita'', combination of ''ghrita'' and ''madhu'' (honey), or ''agada'' with ''ghrita''. It is also indicated some other drugs like ''gomaya rasa'' (juice of cow dung), ''krishna mrid'' (black soil) etc.<ref>Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha, Uttara Sthana, 42, Sarpavishapratishedha Adhyaya. Verse 15-16 translated to English by Prof. Murthy KR, 9 th edition, Varanasi,Chaukhambha Orientalia Publisher, 2005; 229</ref>

==== Stage wise treatment of poisoning ====

=== Stage wise treatment of poisoning ===

It can be interpreted that the treatments mentioned are in chronological order and can be used as per the stage in which the patient has been brought to the ''vaidya''. As the complication is increased the treatment methodology has to be changed from simple local techniques to highly evolved methods like the ''kakapada chikitsa''. It is mentioned in some of the Malayalam texts of toxicology that when ''visha'' enters the body it starts hunting the ''prana''/life of the person and the chase begins where the ''visha'' is after the ''prana''. It is the amount of poison and the strength of the person together with the rapidity of the action of the drugs given which decides the prognosis. There is also a concept called ''visha kala'' and ''amritha kala'' which says that there are 15 vital points in the body and the poison affected to any one of these points on the days as per the ''tithi'' mentioned in the Indian calendar decides the prognosis and the intensity of the treatment required. Similar is the concept of ''kalavanchana'' where the poison in its total virulence in the body is nullified by the treatment methods aptly adopted.

==== ''Mahagandhahasti agada'' ====

=== ''Mahagandhahasti agada'' ===

This ''agada'' is said to be very effective in all the modes of induction. It has the effect of ''vishahara'' and at the same time it acts as a good prophylactic drug with a [[rasayana]] property. The ''agada'' is not available now and also not practised by any of the ''visha vaidyas'' in Kerala.

This ''agada'' is said to be very effective in all the modes of induction. It has the effect of ''vishahara'' and at the same time it acts as a good prophylactic drug with a ''rasayana'' property. The ''agada'' is not available now and also not practised by any of the ''visha vaidyas'' in Kerala.

=== Various formulations ===

==== Various formulations ====

The ''agada yogas'' help in managing the complications due to the ''sthavara visha''. The Ashtanga Samgraha specifically mentions sixteen ''lakshanas'' as the ''upadravas'' of ''visha''. If we see the above reference we can come across a few of the features like ''jwara, kasa, shwasa, hikka,'' and ''swayathu''. The drugs dealt above like ''nalada'' (Vetiveria zinzanioides), ''jeevaka'' (M. musifera), ''rishabhaka'' (Microstylis wallichii), ''bharangi'' (Clerodendrum serratum) are also effective in [[Visha Chikitsa]] which makes us understand that the selection of drug is an important factor in treating the complication in ''visha'' and the conventional drugs have to be replaced.

===== ''Ksharagada'' =====

==== ''Ksharagada'' ====

The site of affliction of ''visha'' explains the site of action and the mode of action of the ''agada''. If we go through the indications of the ''agada'', we can easily come to a conclusion that the drug has a GIT level action (where there is ''grathitha kapha''), very specifically in conditions of ''garavisha'' with a ''nidana'' and ''samprapti'' of the ''udara'' (''dooshyodara'') and ''shotha''. It also has a role in the management of disorders of the “acute or chronic” pattern like ''dooshivishaja'' origin.

==== Characteristics of poisonous food ====

=== Characteristics of poisonous food ===

There are the methods to detect the poisons present in various foods provided. The characteristics of person giving poison and poisonous food are described in the text. It signifies the relevance of a good forensic lab to detect the toxicities in food.

Probably this is the oldest reference we get regarding the forensic lab. Other than this we can get ample references regarding this in the ''artha shastra'' of Kautilya. Similar explanation is seen in Sushruta Samiha regarding the testing of food before consuming if suspected to be poisoned. (S.K. 1/28-33)

Probably this is the oldest reference we get regarding the forensic lab. Other than this we can get ample references regarding this in the ''artha shastra'' of Kautilya. Similar explanation is seen in Sushruta Samiha regarding the testing of food before consuming if suspected to be poisoned. <ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.1 Annapanaraksha Adhyaya verse 28-33. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>

==== Identification and types of snakes ====

=== Identification and types of snakes ===

Based on the appearance the poisonous snakes available in India, till date, can be characterized into three varieties- the ones with hood, the ones which possess rounded marks on their body and the ones with streaks on its body.

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The hooded snakes include the cobra and the king cobra, the ones with rounded marks include the vipers- different varieties of viper: Russels viper, pit vipers and saw scaled vipers and the ones with streaks includes the two varieties of krait- the common krait and banded krait.

Acharya Sushruta has explained other classification of snakes which includes the above three under ''savisha'' variety, ''nirvisha'' snakes and ''vaikaranja'' or hybrid snakes ~~(Su~~.Ka.4/9-10) He has further sub classified each of these three snakes into several varieties. ~~(Su~~.Ka.4/34).

Acharya Sushruta has explained other classification of snakes which includes the above three under ''savisha'' variety, ''nirvisha'' snakes and ''vaikaranja'' or hybrid snakes<ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.4 Sarpadashtavishavijnaaneeya Adhyaya verse 9-10. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>. He has further sub classified each of these three snakes into several varieties.<ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.4 Sarpadashtavishavijnaaneeya Adhyaya verse 34. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>

===== ''Darveekara'' snake – comparison: King cobra and cobra =====

==== ''Darveekara'' snake – comparison: King cobra and cobra ====

====== Cobra ======

==== Cobra ====

Spectacled cobra is the most common and found all throughout India. It is often seen in or near agricultural fields, human habitations and granaries in search of rats. It commonly moves during evenings and early mornings. It is in different shades of brown, yellow, grey or black. It is about 3- 7 ft in length.When provoked, the cobra will raise its forebody spread it as a hood and may hiss. Its distinctive mark is the spectacle on rear of the hood. Undersides of the hood are broad faint stripes, above these are 2 dark spots surrounded by white borders.

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File:Visha3.jpg|Fig 3. Central Asian Cobra (''Naja Oxiana'')

File:Visha4.jpg|Fig 4. Andaman Cobra (''Naja Sagittifera'')

</gallery>

====== King cobra: Ophiophagus hennah ======

==== King cobra: Ophiophagus hennah ====

It is common in Western Ghats. Its average length is 10 ft, max-15 ft. It is the longest venomous snake, stout bodied, black, grey, dark olive green or yellowish brown. It has white or yellowish cross bands over entire length of the body.

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</gallery>

===== ''Mandali sarpa'': Comparision- Russell's viper, pit vipers, saw scaled vipers =====

==== ''Mandali sarpa'': Comparision- Russell's viper, pit vipers, saw scaled vipers ====

====== Russell’s viper (Daboia russelli) ======

==== Russell’s viper (Daboia russelli) ====

Is the most beautiful of all snakes, average 3 ft. stout with 3 longitudinal series of conspicuous, large, brown or black oval marks on brown or yellowish brown body. Its head is flat, triangular with a ‘V’ shaped mark on it, pointed end towards the front. Its tail is short and thin. Its head is covered by small scales.

====== Saw scaled viper ======

==== Saw scaled viper ====

It is small and thin snake with 1-1.5 ft in length. Has a triangular head and possesses small scales on the top of head. Has a short and thin tail. Is brown/ brick red/ gray/sand coloured with zig-zag patterns on the back. Head has arrow shaped mark over it.

====== Pit vipers ======

==== Pit vipers ====

20 species of pit vipers found in India all in Viperidae, different genus. They are so called because of pit located between nostril and eye.The membrane in the pit is extremely sensitive to heat- this helps the snake to locate its warm blooded prey even in pitch darkness. Usually found in forest areas and plantations.1-3.5 ft.Has a triangular head broader than the neck. All have vertical pupils. It is venomous, anyhow out of 20 species in India- fatalities less reported.

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</gallery>

===== ''Rajiman Sarpa''- Comparision- Common and Banded Krait =====

==== ''Rajiman Sarpa''- Comparision- Common and Banded Krait ====

====== Common Krait: Bungarus caeruleus ======

==== Common Krait: Bungarus caeruleus ====

This snake is seen in fields, jungle, in vicinity of human habitation, inside houses also. It is about 3-5ft. Steel blue, bluish grey, glossy black, brownish black with cross bands of narrow white colour. Fore body may sometimes be free from cross bands.Is nocturnal.Is shy in day, active at night.

====== Banded krait: Bungarus fasciatus ======

==== Banded krait: Bungarus fasciatus ====

Has limited distribution in India. Found in south, west or north east India.Is about 5 ft.Its body is triangular in cross section with a prominent raised vertebral ridge.Uppermost row of scales on the back is very large and 6 sided.Moves in night.

===== Gender wise classification of snakes =====

==== Gender wise classification of snakes ====

The gender wise classification of snakes is based on several features. The same is explained in Sushruta samhita.~~(Su~~.~~Sam~~.Ka.4/~~35)~~. Presently the classification of a snake based on the sex can be made only after proper examination of the sex organs or by popping probing ( methods used to confirm the sex of a snake). Apart from this, the sexual dimorphism is also explained based on body size etc which stimulates the above mentioned description.

The gender wise classification of snakes is based on several features. The same is explained in Sushruta samhita.<ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.4 Sarpadashtavishavijnaaneeya Adhyaya verse 35 In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>. Presently the classification of a snake based on the sex can be made only after proper examination of the sex organs or by popping probing ( methods used to confirm the sex of a snake). Apart from this, the sexual dimorphism is also explained based on body size etc which stimulates the above mentioned description.

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</gallery>

===== ''Godha'' (monitor) =====

==== ''Godha'' (monitor) ====

The same description of ''godha'' has been explained in Ashtanga Hridaya. ~~(A.H~~.U.36/7). Though there is no such cross breed between a snake and a lizard, in the process of evolution, the snakes are derived from the lizards and both have several features in common. Some lizards can even spread out their upper neck stimulating a cobra or ''Darveekara Sarpa''.(animals.pawnation.com/characteristics-lizards-snakes-have-8612.html) may be such varieties are explained as ''gaudheyaka''.

The same description of ''godha'' has been explained in Ashtanga Hridaya. <ref>Vagbhata. Uttara Sthana, Cha.36 Sarpavishapratishedha Adhyaya verse 7. In: Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya, Editors. Ashtanga Hridayam. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.p.4.</ref> Though there is no such cross breed between a snake and a lizard, in the process of evolution, the snakes are derived from the lizards and both have several features in common. Some lizards can even spread out their upper neck stimulating a cobra or ''Darveekara Sarpa''.(animals.pawnation.com/characteristics-lizards-snakes-have-8612.html) may be such varieties are explained as ''gaudheyaka''.

~~=== Glossary ===~~

=== Drugs to be identified ===

~~#आध्भान ādhamānaṁ Distention of abdomen due to gas.~~

~~#आरस्म ālasya Loss of enthusiasm, idleness , want of energy, apathetic, Reluctance to work or make an effort, laziness~~

~~#आरेऩभ् ālepaṁ Coating~~

~~#आभ Āma~~

~~##Raw, uncooked, unbaked, immature, unripe~~

~~##May be associated with food or other physiological entities to mean incomplete transformation or metabolism causing a harmful effect on health.~~

#आभाशम् āmāśayaḥ Stomach -A dilated sac like distensible portion of alimentary canal between the esophagus and the duodenum which contains partially digested food. It is a major seat of Pitta.

#आभविष āmaviśa It is a kind of disorder which results from incompatible food or from eating before digestion of previous meals, similar to intestinal toxemia because it simulates the symptoms of toxemia.

~~#आशु āśu Fast or rapid.~~

~~#आशुकारय āśukāri~~

~~##Operating quickly,swiftly~~

~~##Of sudden onset /acute~~

~~#आश्िासन āśvāsana In the condition of fear of poison, psychological morale boosting of the patient is advised by consoling the patient.~~

~~#.... ātopa Painful distension of abdomen accompanied by rumbling noise~~

~~#आियणॊ āvaraṇaṁ Enveloping raw material with same or other material~~

~~#आविर āvila Turbid~~

~~#आमास ayasa Physical exertion, Toil~~

~~#अफद्दिाक् abaddhavāk Incoherent speech~~

~~#अमबष्मत्न्द abhiṣyandi substances which cause obstruction to srotas and are slimy & heavy in nature; e.g. Curd~~

#अभ्मॊग abhyaṅga Manually manipulating technique in which oil is applied over various part of body to get desired effect.It’s a part of daily regimen which is adopted for preservation and promotion of health. It includes massage over the head (shiro abhyamga), massage over feet (pada abhyamga) & oiling of ears (Karna Purana).

~~#अचेतनॊ acetana Loss of tactile sensation.~~

~~#अधधष्ठानभ् adhiṣṭhānam seat (of poison)~~

~~#अगद Agada Antitoxic medication.~~

#अगदानाॊ र्ह सॊमोगो विषजुष्टस्म मुज्मते agadānāṁ hi saṁyogo viṣajuṣṭasya yujyate Agadas should be used only in cases of poisoning.

~~#अत्ग्न फरनाशॊ agni balanāśaṁ Loss of digestive power~~

~~#अत्ग्नभान्द्म agnimāndya Lack of digestive power~~

~~#अजीणश ajīrṇa Indigestion~~

~~#अकृत्रत्रभ विष akṛtrima viṣa Poison from natural source.~~

~~#अक्षऺकूट akṣikūṭa Orbital or Ocular margin, Eye ball or oculas. Superciliary ridge. The bony pyramid-shaped cavity of the skull that contains and protects the eyeball.~~

~~#अल्ऩ alpa Less, Scanty, Diminished~~

~~#.... amla Sour; One among six Rasa~~

~~#अभृत amṛta Ambrosia~~

~~#अनरेऺण् analekṣaṇaḥ Fiery, dreadful eyes.~~

~~#अनेकिणश anekavarṇa Multiple color~~

~~#अङ्गभदश aṅgamarda Pressing pain~~

~~#अतनद्रा anidrā Sleeplessness, disturbed sleep~~

#अञ्जन añjana It’s a process of anointing, smearing, mixing, collyrium or black pigment used to paint the root of eye lashes. Anointment is done with a stick or pencil called as ''anjana shalaka''. There are two types of añjana which are used by healthy individuals, one is ''savira anjana'' should be applied to eyes daily and other is ''Rasanjana'' which is applied once in every five or eight days for stimulating secretion.

~~#अनुरेऩन anulepana Mode of administration of poison through an ointment.~~

~~#आनूऩ anūpa marshy lands~~

#अनुऩान anupana Any liquid which is taken soon after food. Drink should have properties opposite to that of food, but should not be incompatible with the particular food. It helps in easy movement, digestion and assimilation of the food particles.

~~#अऩाक apāka Indigestion~~

~~#.......apāṅgasandhi Outer junction of the eye lids. The angle at lateral side of the slit between the eyelids.~~

~~#अऩर्थम apathy Food and behaviors which are not conducive or not wholesome to body and mind is called as apathy. Contrast to Pathya.~~

~~#अयतत arati Restlessness due to dissatisfaction~~

~~#अफुशद arbuda Tumor~~

~~#अरुणिणश aruṇavarṇa Downy red~~

~~#अश्रु aœru Lacrimal fluids (Tears) - The liquid excreted into the eyes by the lacrimal glands~~

~~#असृग asṛga Blood~~

~~#a..avegam aṣṭavegam The action of poison is manifested in eight virulent stages or impulses (vega).~~

~~#असुखभ् Asukham Discomfort or unpleasantness, If agadas (antitoxic medicines) are used in healthy, non poisoned persons it would produce all kinds of discomfort.~~

~~#अस्िेदनॊ asvedana. Loss of Sweating~~

~~## atipravṛtti Hyperactive~~

~~#अततसाय् atisāraḥ Diarrhea~~

~~#औषध au.adha medicine / drug~~

~~#...... au..ya Hotness~~

#अिगाहन Avagāhana Immersion of anointed body in to a tub of warm water. It is one among the daily regimen which nourishes whole body, bestows strength, gives stability and enhances physical resistance power

~~##………. avaleha A pharmaceutical dosage form- confectionery the decoctions are further concentrated to semisolid consistency after adding sweetening and other substances over fire~~

~~##…………. Avalekhana Modes of administration of poison through comb~~

~~#अिऩीडन avapīḍana massaging the body parts by applying pressure. This method is used for relaxation therapy.~~

~~#अविष/ तनविशष् aviṣa/ nirviṣ Detoxified state~~

~~#अविषमरॊगभ् aviṣaliṁgam Absence of sign of poison, a bite a non- venomous serpent is marked by the absence of any of the specific symptoms of poisoning.~~

~~##……….. avyakta Unmanifestated state, unapparent, indistinct, invisible, imperceptible. A feature of Vāta.~~

~~#फाधधमश Bādhirya Loss of hearing~~

~~#फहरॊ bahala. Thick~~

~~#फरऺम balakṣaya Loss of physical strength or weakness~~

~~#फन्ध bandha Suppressed~~

~~#फत्स्त Basti Bladder~~

~~#बस्भ bhasma Ashes of metals/minerals obtained through incineration/calcinations process~~

~~##……. bhauma sarpa Terrestrial snakes~~

~~##…….. bhayaḥ Fear~~

~~#बेदन Bhedana Breaking pain~~

~~##…….. bhe.aja Medicine~~

~~#मबन्न स्िय् bhinna svara Hoarseness of voice~~

~~##……. bhinna vi.ka Loose motion~~

~~#भ्रभ bhrama Giddiness, Dizziness or tremor.~~

~~#भ्रॊश bhraṁśa Prolapse~~

~~#त्रफरेशमा Bileśayā Includes animals living in burrows. Exp- toad, Iguana, snake, porcupine~~

~~#फुवद्दविभ्रभBuddhivibhrama Perverted intelligence~~

~~#चऺु cakṣu Eye. One of the five sense organs.~~

~~#चर Cala To move~~

~~#चन्द्राकृतत दृत्ष्ट भण्डर candrākṛti dṛṣṭi maṇḍala Moon shaped pupil~~

~~##……. caturdaṁṣṭro Animals having four poisonous fangs~~

~~#चेष्टा ceṣṭā Motion, action, function~~

~~#छर्दश Chardi Vomiting~~

~~#छेद cheda Cutting pain~~

~~#तछनत्त्त इि chinatti iva Cutting pain~~

~~#धचमभधचभामन cimicimāyana Formication~~

~~#धचयात् Cirāt Delayed~~

~~#चोष् coṣaḥ Sucking type of sensation~~

~~#चूषण cūṣaṇa Suction.~~

~~#दाहॊ dāhaṁ Burning sensation.~~

~~#दारुण dāruṇa Hard~~

#दहत्मत्ग्नरयिादौ तु मबनत्तीिोध्िशभाशु dahatyagnirivādau tu bhinattīvordhvamāśu In scorpion bite, there is intense burning pain in the beginning and thereafter there is pinching pain which spreads upwards instantaneously.

~~#दॊश daṁśa Biting~~

~~#दॊश विशीमशते daṁśa viśīryate Symptom of the hornet sting is suppuration of the bitten part~~

#दॊशा फहुत्तयवि षा बृशा् daṁśā bahuttaravi ṣā bhṛśāḥ Poison coming out of the snake fangs viz., lower left, upper left, lower right and upper right is progressively more and more virulent and incurable

~~#दॊशदेश daṁśadeśa site of bite/sting~~

~~#दॊशकोथ् da..akotha Putrefaction/ suppuration of the affected part.~~

~~#दॊष्रा daṁṣṭrā Ayurvedic term for poisonous teeth which is counted as site of poison and medium of spreading poison/infection by the way bite of animal~~

~~#दॊष्राविषॊ भौरॊ हत्न्त daṁṣṭrāviṣaṁ maulaṁ hanta Animate type of poison is neutralized by the use of inanimate poisons~~

~~#दन्त् dantaḥ Tooth~~

~~#दन्तहषं dantaharṣaṁ Hypersensitivity in teeth.~~

~~#दिॉकय Darvīkara Hooded snake/cobras.~~

~~#दशगुणभ् daśaguṇam Ten attributes or properties of poison by which it acts on the body and produces harmful effects.~~

#दष्ट् शीतोदकेनेि मसततान्मङ्गातन भन्मते daṣṭaḥ śītodakeneva siktānyaṅgāni manyate It bitten by uchchiting (poisonous crab/ cricket), the person feels as if the whole body is effused with cold water.

~~#दष्टकभ् daṣṭakam It is a type of snake bite in which three marks of the fangs are seen accompanied with tearing of the muscle but not of blood vessels~~

~~#दष्टतनऩीडडत daṣṭanipīḍita It is a type of snake bite in which four fang marks are seen with tearing of the muscles but not of the blood vessels.~~

~~#दौफशल्म Daurbalya Loss of strength~~

~~#देह deha The living body. Indicative of growth in the bodily tissues.~~

~~#देश Deśa habitat, the place or environment where a plant or animal naturally or normally lives and grows~~

~~#धातु प्रदूषण dhātu pradūṣaṇa vitiation of dhatus commonly used to denote the substances that are harmful to the living system~~

~~#धिस्त Dhavasta Chocked~~

~~#धीविभ्रभ Dhīvibhrama Perverted intelligence~~

~~#धूभ dhūma Medicated smoke~~

~~#धूभामन Smoky sensation~~

~~#धूऩन Dhūpana Smoke is made to spread in the ambient air to maintain the purity and clean air.~~

~~#धूसय् dhūsaraḥ Ash color, Grey color~~

~~#ध्मामतत (विहग्) dhyayati (vihaga.) It is a symptom produced in the first of impulse of bird poisoning which means the bird gets depressed.~~

~~#दीऩन dīpana~~

~~##Stimulating / promoting digestion~~

~~##To increase appetite~~

~~#दीप्त तेज dīpta teja Very brightly shining aura~~

##……….. divya sarpa Mysterious mythological celestial snakes which are radiant just like fire and it is said that they always roar, cause rain, shine by themselves and always support and sustain the world, when become angry convert the world to ashes by their sight and exhalation.

#दोष doṣa Principle constituents of the body that is responsible for homeostasis, when present in the state of equilibrium. Do.as also determine the psycho-physiological nature / constitution of an individual. Do.as are capable of vitiating the different bodily tissues, when deviate from the state of equilibrium and can lead to diseases. These are of two classes: a..r.rika (bodily): V.ta, Pitta and Kapha. b. M.nasa (psychological): Raja and Tama.

#दोषस्थानप्रकृती् प्राप्मान्मतभॊ वमुदीयमतत doṣasthānaprakṛtīḥ prāpyānyatamaṁ hyudīrayati Depending upon the location of doshas and the constitution of the patient, poisons provoke other doshas

~~##Dravya Materials of plant, animal & mineral origin~~

~~#दृत्ष्ट dṛṣṭi Look~~

#दुन्दुमबस्िनीम Dundubhisvanīya Name of a chapter which states treatment of the patients of poisoning by the sounds of beating medicated drums because of its anti venomous virtue.

~~#दुगशन्ध durgandha Bad smell, Fetid smell~~

~~#दुरुऩक्रभ durupakrama Difficult for therapeutic management due to increased risk~~

#दूषीविषभ् dūṣīviṣam chronic poisoning/Either inanimate, animate or artificial poison when it becomes less potent after its treatment and when its effects are not nullified radically, because of which it resides in the body that particular less potent part of the above said poison is called dushivisha

~~#एभ्मोऽन्मथा धचक्रकत्स्मा् Poisoned patients without the signs of (imminent) death should be treated.~~

~~#फ़णणन् faṇin snakes (cobra).~~

~~#गद्गद् gadgadaḥ Stuttering~~

~~#गभन gamana Motion, gait, process, or instance of changing place~~

~~#गन्ध gandha Smell : Odour~~

#……….. garasaṁjñam Garavisha is considered as one of the form of kritrim visha (artificial poison) which gets formed by the combination of two or more poisonous or non poisonous drugs and ultimately affects the whole body by vitiating all the dhatus (tissues) in the body. It can go to such extent that it alleviates the dhatus drastically which in turn could prove to be fatal. A phenomenon simillar to drug interaction.

~~#गयसॊमोगजॊ garasaṁyogajaṁ Artificially prepared poison by the combination Of various substances.~~

~~#गमबशणी garbhi Pregnant woman~~

~~#गतत Gati Motion, moving, gait~~

~~#गौयि gaurava Heavy feeling, Heaviness~~

~~#घोय दशशनॊ ghora darśanaṁ Bizzare look~~

~~#ग्रातन glāni Fatigue of mind or body, or loss of enthusiasm.~~

~~#गृहगोधधका gṛhagodhikā house lizard.~~

#गुण guṇa properties of a substance; present in the substance as a coinherent factor to perform a definite set of actions; might be physical, chemical, pharmacological, etc. but mainly pertains to the pharmacological properties.

~~#गुरुत्व Heaviness, Gravity~~

~~#हरयकेशो Harikeśo Tawny hair person~~

~~#हरयत Harita Green colour~~

~~#हतेत्न्द्रम् hatendriyaḥ Weakness of sense organs~~

#रृदमाियण hṛdayāvaraṇa Poisons, by their penetrating property, weaken the heart and in order to protect it the patient should be administered pure ghee, ghee mixed with honey, juices of sugarcane etc.

~~#रृदमोत्तरेश hṛdayotkleśa Nausea~~

~~#रृल्रास hṛllāsa Nausea~~

~~#इत्न्द्रमाणाॊ च िैकृत्मॊ indriyāṇāṁ ca vaikṛtyaṁ Food mixed with poison on it reaching stomach give rises to derangement of the sense organs.~~

~~#जाङ्गभ विष jāṅgama viṣa The poison of animate origin in creatures like snakes, insects, spiders, scorpions, leeches, fish, frog, dogs, lion, tiger, jackal, hyena, etc.~~

#जगत्व्दषण्णभ् jagavdiṣaṇṇam The whole world became despaired and gloomy after looking at the ferocious creature that emerged before the emergence of ambrosia during churning of the sea.

~~#जरसॊत्रास jalasaṁtrāsa hydrphobia.~~

~~## jaṅgamaṁsyād urdhvabhāgaṁ Gangadhar commentary on charak samhita says the tendency of animate poisons is to move upwards in the body.~~

#जङ्गभस्थािय विष मोतन jaṅgamasthāvar viṣa yoni Poison is of two types one is jangam (animal origin-mobile) & another is sthavar ( plant and mineral origin- immobile).

~~#तजविाशोप Jihvāśoph Swelling of the tongue.~~

~~#जीिजीिका् jīvajīvakāḥ A small bird.~~

~~#जृम्बा jṛmbhā It is a symptom produced in second impulse of poisoning, which means yawning.~~

~~#ज्िरनाकशसभप्रबा् jvalanārkasamaprabhāḥ Characteristic of mandali (viper snake variety) snakes which means they have the glow like the fire and sun.~~

#काकऩदॊ kākapadaṁ If there is no remedy for poisoning, it is the last line of treatment, in which incision is made on the scalp of the shape of crow’s feet, and on that the medicine is kept.

#कार भृत्मु kāla mṛtyu Timely death, death in due time which means the life force residing in the body being endowed with full vitality by nature and maintained in the right manner will come to an end only with the complete wearing out of itself.

~~#कारान्तय विऩाकी kālāntara vipākī Poison with delayed action, garavisha as it takes some time to get assimilated in the body to produce its toxic effects.~~

#काष्ठे यत्श्भमबिाश हतभ् kāṣṭhe raśmibhirvā hatam One bespattered with blood, with limbs broken or dislocated should be regarded as slain with sticks or whip.

~~#कणब kaṇabha Hornet .~~

~~#कण्डू kaṇḍū Itching~~

~~#कण्ठेश्िमथु kaṇṭheśvayathu Laryngeal oedema which is produced by Rajimān (kraits) snake bite.~~

#कपभव्मततयसत्िादन्नयसाॊश्चानुितशते शीघ्रभ् kaphamavyaktarasatvādannarasāṁścānuvartate śīghram. Because of indistinct taste property of poison it causes aggravation of kapha and it quickly distrubs taste of food.

~~#कणणशका karṇikā Polyp like granulomatous growth developed when there is bite of poisonous insect/ rat.~~

~~#कणणशकाऩातनॊ karṇikāpātanaṁ Removal or excision of granulomatous growth in the wound which is caused due to bite by the insects, spiders & rats.~~

~~#किचाबणेषु kavacabhar.e.u Mode of administration of poison via armour and ornaments.~~

~~#किर Kavala Holding the little quantity of liquid (medicinal decoctions/ luke warm water/medicinal oils) in buccal cavity ,make it move briskly inside and spitting out.~~

~~#केश Kesh Hair~~

~~#खातन तनरुध्म khāni nirudhya The blood vitiated due to poison transudates and obstructs the channels of blood circulation, leading to death of the patient~~

#खेभ्म् कृष्णॊ शोणणतॊ मातत तीव्रॊ khebhyaḥ kṛṣṇaṁ śoṇitaṁ yāti tīvraṁ A bite by a scorpion of keen (strong) poisoned species is accompanied by excessive discharge of black colored blood from the external openings (mouth & nostrils etc.)

~~#कीट Kita These are different types of insects which have powerful sting organs with which they inject poison into the body.~~

#कीटैदशष्टानुग्रविषै्सऩशित् सभुऩाचायेत् kīṭairdaṣṭānugraviṣaiḥsarpavat samupācāret A bite by a strongly poisoned insect should be treated like poisoned snake bite to all intents and purposes.

#षेचावऩ स्िेदो न प्रततवषध्मतेकीटवि kīṭaviṣecāpi svedo na pratiṣidhyate Measure of fomentation (sweda) is not forbidden in a case of insect bite because the poison of an insect is mild and applications of heat do not increase its potency.

~~#तरेद Kleda Moistened, Wet~~

~~#कोक्रकर् स्ियिैकृत्मॊ kokilaḥ svaravaikṛtyaṁ On being poisoned the voice of cuckoo becomes abnormal and hoarse.~~

~~#कोथ Kotha suppuration and sloughing,It is a symptom produced by insect of dooshivisha category (causing chronic poisoning).~~

~~#कोथ Kothah It is a symptom seen in third impulse of poisoning which means urticaria.~~

~~#क्रौञ्च Kraunca Heron~~

~~#कृकराब Karkalabha Chameleon~~

~~#कृकण्टक Karkantaka It is chameleon, belonging to reptile family, containing poison in its saliva.~~

~~#क्रोध Krodha Anger; Wrath~~

~~#क्रोधविषभ् krodhaviṣam Poisoning due to anger Powerful enemies and even the servant and relations of the sovereign in a fit of anger poison the king.~~

~~#कृष्णा Krsna Black colour~~

~~#कृष्णॊ चाततस्रित्मसृक् kṛṣṇaṁ cātisravatyasṛk Bite by a rabid animal results in copious flow of dark blood from the site of bite.~~

~~#कृत्रत्रभ विष kṛtrima viṣa Artificial/ synthetic poison~~

~~#ऺाभस्िय kṣāmasvarā feeble voice.~~

~~#ऺाय kṣāra Alkaline substances obtained from plants through a specific procedure.~~

#ऺऩमेच्चविकामशत्िा􀆧ोषान्धातून्भरानवऩ kṣapayeccavikāśitvāddoṣāndhātūnmalānapi Because of disintegration property of poison it annihilates the root principles dosas (dhatus) and the malas (excreta) of the body.

~~#ऺयतत kṣarati The blood transudates when vitiated due to dushivisha.~~

~~#ऺतजॊ ऺताच्च नामातत kṣatajaṁ kṣatācca nāyāti It is a sign of death of a poisoned person in which there is absence of bleeding from ulcers.~~

~~#ऺतॊ kṣataṁ ` Laceration.~~

~~#……… k...a Weak, Feeble~~

#क्षऺततप्रदेशॊ विषदूवषतॊ kṣitipradeśaṁ viṣadūṣitaṁ Land affected by poison which causes swelling and burning sensation in those parts of body which comes in contact with it and nails and hair tend to fall off due to its effect.

~~#ऺुत् k.ut Hunger~~

~~#कुणऩगन्ध kuṇapagandha Cadaverous smell~~

#……………….kupyatyebhreśu nirhṛtam The poison of venomous rat/ mole even though apparently eliminated from the system may, sometimes, still get aggravated repeatadly on cloudy days or in foul weather.

~~#……………… Kurmabha It is a characteristic feature of darvikara snake (group of cobra snake variety) bite having swelling resembling with shell of tortoise.~~

~~#तिाथ kvātha synonym of kashaya - boiled & filtered liquid of herbs for specific time used for the therapeutics & pharmaceutical manufacturing~~

~~#रारा Lala Saliva~~

~~#रारा स्त्रािी् lālā strāvīḥ excessive salivation,Symptom of a rabid dog.~~

#रघु Laghu Light/ lightness; one among 20 gurvadi gunas. opposite of guru guna; caused due to activated vayu, agni, akasha mahabhutas; denotes physiological & pharmacological lightness; manifested by lightness in the body, easy to digest, stimulates agni, decreases all body tissues, pacifies kapha, aggravates vata, heals wounds;

~~#रराट् lalāṭaḥ Forehead~~

~~#रसीका lasikā~~

~~##A watery componant of the body, lymph, serum.~~

~~##Mala of Rasa.~~

~~##A site of Pitta.~~

~~#रिण lavaṇa Salty; one of the six rasa.~~

~~#रेऩ् lepaḥ This is a method of treatment in which medicines are used topically in the form of paste or ointment.~~

~~#रोभ Loma Body hairs~~

~~#रोभहषशणभ् lomaharṣaṇam It is a symptom produced in animate type of poisoning which means raising of hairs.~~

~~#रूता Lūtā poisonous spiders which have poison in various sites in their body.~~

#रूताविषॊ घोयतभॊ दुविशऻेमतभॊ च तत् lūtāviṣaṁ ghoratamaṁ durvijñeyatamaṁ ca tat Cases of venomous spider bite are the most difficult to diagnose and treat.

~~#भाॊस धातु māṁsa dhātu Flesh. Third Dhātu among seven Dhātus, whose function is to provide covering over the skeleton. It is dominant of Pṛthvi Mahābhūta.~~

~~#भाॊसानाभिशातनॊ māṁsānāmavaśātanaṁ sloughing of the flesh produced by the bite of the Mandali (vipers) snake.~~

~~#भामसक प्राणहय मोग māsika prāṇahara yoga Harmful preparation made up of slow acting poisonous substances which prove to be fatal in a period of 1 month.~~

~~#भागाशियोध mārgāvarodha Obstruction of passage.~~

~~#भद Mada Intoxication~~

~~#भदकायी Madakārī Substances which intoxicates & vitiates intellect; e.g. wine~~

~~#भद्म Madya The liquid doses form containing alcohols obtained by fermentation process~~

~~#भहाबूत Mahābhūta Great Elements; the five proto-elements AAkaasa, Vaayu, Teja, Jala and Prithvi which are the basic constituents of all substances~~

~~#भहानस Mahānasa kitchen.~~

~~#भक्षऺका् makṣikāḥ flies with poisonous stings.~~

#भन्द Manda Dull/sluggish; One of the 20 gurvadi gunas. caused due activated prithvi & jala mahabhuta; denotes physiological & pharmacological slowing down of processes; instrumental for palliative therapy; pacifies pitta, increases kapha.

~~#भण्डर maṇḍala Circular patch, Round shaped~~

~~#भन्दिीमशत्िभ् Mandavīryatvam At the end of rainy season, the effect of poison becomes milder i.e. it becomes less potent and sluggish in action.~~

~~#भण्डूक maṇḍūka frog.~~

#भन्त्र mantra Mantra is a word or the combination of the words, which if recited in a prescribed manner, the person is able to reach the god or can possess the immortal power to heal, which is considered to be the best and most effective amongst all the types of the treatment of poisoning.

~~#भयकत् marakataḥ emerald.~~

~~#भकशट markaṭa Monkey .~~

~~#भशका् maśakāḥ mosquitoes.~~

~~#भौरॊ च दॊष्रजभ् maulaṁ ca daṁṣṭrajam Inanimate type of poison neutralizes the animate poison.~~

~~#भमूयकण्ठप्रततभो mayūrakaṇṭhapratimo When poisonous food is put into fire, color of the flame changes vividly like peacock’s throat.~~

~~#भोह moha disorientation,Because of the sharpness property of poison, it overwhelms the mind (produces disorientations) and tends to disintegrate the marmas (vital points).~~

#भृतसञ्जीिनभç mṛtasañjīvam Mruta sanjivan is an ancient classical therapy through which the life of even an almost dead person can be regained. This therapy can be used to nullify the toxic effects of almost all the types of toxins.

~~#भुहुभुशहु् मशयोन्मास् The symptom where repeated jerks of the head (frequent dropping of the head) are seen if the quadruped is bitten by a poisonous animal.~~

~~#भूकत्िॊ mūkatvaṁ Dumbness~~

~~#भुखॊ mukhaṁ Mouth, Face, Opening~~

~~#भुखगे त्िोष्ठधचमभधचभा mukhage tvoṣṭhacimicimā When poisonous food goes into the mouth, there is prickling sensation in the lips.~~

~~#भुखसन्दश mukhasandaśa suckers~~

~~#भुतत त्िक् mukta tvak Snake which has recently molted.~~

#भुतत्िा कीटविषॊ तवद्द शीतेनामबप्रिधशते muktvā kīṭaviṣaṁ taddhi śītenābhipravardhate As a rule poisons are treated with remedies which have cold property. keet vish is an exceptions as it increases with use of cold

~~#भूर mūla Root~~

~~#भूरजातन त्स्थयाणण च mūlajāni sthirāṇi ca It is a group of poisons of immobile origin in which poison is especially present in its roots.~~

~~#भूरभ् mūlam Root~~

~~#भूच्छाश Mūrcchā Partial loss of consciousness; Fainting; Unconciousness~~

#न फध्मन्ते na badhyante Not to be bandaged, ulcers due to scalds, in lepers, fleshy condylomata due to a bite from a poisonous rat or any other poisonous ulcers should not be bandaged.

#नामबहते दण्डयाजी स्मात् nābhihate daṇḍarājī syāt It is a sign of death of a poisoned person in which bruise does not occur on the skin of the person even when hit by sticks.

~~#नासा nāsā Nose~~

~~#नासािबङ्गश्च् nāsāvabhaṅgaśc Bad prognostic sign resulting in the cases of snake bite which means that the nose bridge of the patient becomes bent or collapses.~~

~~#नख nakha nails.~~

~~#नखशातभ् Nakhaśātam Falling of the fingernails.~~

~~#नकुर nakula It is a wild animal, which is included in animate group of poison, i.e. mangoose~~

~~#नकुरतनत्जशता् nakulanirjitāḥ If the snakes are afflicted by the attacks of mongoose, then the poison of such snakes is mild in nature.~~

~~#नऩुॊसक napuṁsaka Impotent.~~

~~#नऩुॊसक napuṁsaka hermophrodite.~~

#नस्म Nasya Administration of drugs by nasal route, all drugs and measures introduced through nose spread throughout the head and its constituent drugs may influence all the doshas, poisons and disease situated in these parts.

#नस्मधूभाञ्जनार्दशु nasyadhūmāñjanādiśu A way to cause harm by administering the poison through the way of nasal application, inhalation (smoking) and collyrium

~~#तनद्रा नाश nidrā nāśa Sleeplessness~~

#नीरादीनाॊ तभसश्च् दशशनॊ nīlā dīnāṁ tamasaśc darśanaṁ Blue/dark vision It is a symptom produced in fifth impulse of poisoning which means that one’s vision becomes blue or in dark color.

~~#नीरोष्ठ nīloṣṭha Bluishness of lips due to cyanosis (asphyxia) which is sign of (imminent) death of poisoned patient.~~

#तनविशष nirviṣa Type of a non venomous snake bite which is marked by presence of one or more fang marks and absence of swelling and presence of slightly vitiated blood at the spot and is not attended with any change in physiological condition of the person bitten.

~~#तनशाचय Niœacara Walking in night~~

~~#तनश्िास niśvāsa breath (exhalation)~~

~~#नष्ऩीडन् niṣpīḍan Compression, It is treatment procedure of poisoning in which expelling of poison is done by squeezing the area of bite where incision is not advisable.~~

~~#ओष oṣa Burning sensation with sweating and restlessness. Localized burning sensation.~~

~~#ओष्ठ् oṣṭhaḥ Lips~~

~~#ऩादुका ऩादऩीठेषु pādukā pādapīṭheṣu Mode of administration of poison along with shoes or foot cushions.~~

~~#ऩाक् pākaḥ Suppuration~~

~~#ऩाण्डुभुख pāṁḍumukha Pallor on face.~~

~~#ऩाण्डुत्िॊ pāṇḍutvaṁ Pale colour~~

~~#ऩाणण् pāṇiḥ Hand. The part of the body attached to the forearm at the wrist~~

~~#ऩाटनॊ pāṭanaṁ Cracks or breaking pain.~~

~~#ऩािकोऩभॊ p.vakoupama. Character of poison is similar to fire so it gives rise to paittika (heat) symptoms in the body.~~

~~#ऩऺसत्न्ध pakṣasandhi New moon or full moon, If a snake bites someone during the conjugation of two fortnights i.e. full moon day and new moon day, then it is incurable.~~

~~#...... pakvaœaya Large intestine. The major seat of Vata.~~

~~#ऩन्नग् pannagaḥ snakes.~~

~~##......Paridaha Burning sensation~~

~~#ऩरयकततशका parikartikā Cutting pain~~

#ऩरयषेक pari.eka Sprinkling or pouring the stream of medicated decoctions, milk, oil, ghee (clarified butter), takra (buttermilk) or meat juices over the body of the patients to minimize or to treat the effect of poison and disease.

~~#पेनागभनॊ phenāgamanaṁ foaming at the mouth.~~

~~#पेनिभी Phenavamī vomiting of frothy material~~

~~#वऩत्च्छर् picchilaḥ the property of the substance which causes Slimness and stickyness~~

~~#ऩीडा pīḍā Pain~~

~~#वऩडका piḍakā Papule~~

~~#वऩऩासा Pipāsā Thirst, a sensation of dryness in the mouth and throat associated with a desire for liquids. A synonym of Trsna.~~

~~#वऩवऩमरका् pipilikāḥ Type of insect which means ants. Bite causes inflammatory swelling and burning sensation at the seat of bite resembling those produced contact with fire.~~

~~#ऩीत pīta Yellow colour~~

#वऩत्त pitta One of the three bodily Doṣas that is responsible for digestion and metabolism in the body. It is situated in umbilicus, stomach, sweat, lymph, blood, watery fluids of the body, eye and skin. It is predominant of Agni mahābhūta. Its attributes are: Sasneha (slightly unctuous), Tīkṣṇa (sharp), Uṣṇa (hot), Laghu (light), Visra (of pungent odour), Sara (flowing) and Drava (liquid). Pitta is of five types: Pācaka, Ālocaka, Raṅjaka, Bhrājaka and Sādhaka

~~#प्रुष्टॊ pluṣṭaṁ Stage of a burn which is characterized by discoloring of its site and extreme burning and marked by absence of any vesicle or blister.~~

~~#प्रागुत्ऩत्त्त Prāgutpatti Mythological origin of poison which indicates first emerging of poisons.~~

~~#प्राणघ्नॊ तद्विकामसत्िात् prāṇaghnaṁ tadvikāsitvāt Because of vikasi attribute of poison, spreads all over the body, causes death.~~

#प्राप्त् प्रकृततविकाय् prāptaḥ prakṛtivikārah Abnormal behaviour, the person who administers poison to someone else can be identified as he is having derangement of his normal behavior.

~~#प्रकाश prakāśa enlightening; caused due to substance with Agni mahabhuta predominance~~

~~#प्रतरेद Prakleda Wet~~

~~#प्रकृततॊ बजेत् prakṛtiṁ bhajet Death.~~

~~#प्रराऩ pralāpa Incoherent speech; Delirious speech~~

~~#प्रसवम कन्माॊ अऩहतो prasahya kanyāṁ apaharto Kidnapping of a girl or woman for sexual exploitation .~~

~~#प्रसेक praseka silalorrhhea,during the first impulse of poisoning, the patient suffers from excessive salivation due to vitiation of rasa.~~

~~#प्रस्राविणी prasrāviṇī oozing, In bee sting, an eruption appears quickly which oozes blackish liquid.~~

~~#प्रततऩुयण pratipuraṇa prepacking,It is procedure in which sucking of the poisoned blood is done by filling the mouth cavity with linen before sucking~~

#प्रततविषॊ prativiṣaṁ Agonis antidote,When the spread of poison becomes uncontrollable by mantra and tantra procedures and when the fifth phase of poison is over but the seventh phase is not over, prativisha (antitoxic substances) are to be made use of. This is the last resort in the treatment of poison and hence should be used only in extreme cases. Inanimate poison act upwards and animate poisons act downwards these opposing nature of actions of the said poisons are effectively made use of in prativisha therapy.

~~#प्रविकीणशभात्रभ् pravikīrṇamātram with small spread.~~

~~#ऩृषतो विसृजत्मॊश्रु pṛṣato visṛjatyaṁśru spotted deer.~~

#ऩृष्ठेषु गजिात्जनाॊ pṛṣṭheṣu gajavājināṁ Mode of administration of poison to cause harm by applying the poison on the back of elephants & horses which were used as means of transport in ancient time.

~~#ऩुरुषामबदष्ट puruṣābhidaṣṭa Person bitten by a male snake.~~

#ऩृष्ठेषु गजिात्जनाॊ pṛṣṭheṣu gajavājināṁ Mode of administration of poison to cause harm by applying the poison on the back of elephants & horses which were used as means of transport in ancient time

~~#ऩुरुषामबदष्ट puruṣābhidaṣṭa Person bitten by a male snake.~~

~~#ऩुरुषो घोयदशशन् puruṣo ghoradarśanaḥ A fearful and unpleasant looking person which emerged even before the yield of amruta when gods and demons churned the sea.~~

~~#ऩुष्ऩभ् puṣpam flowers~~

~~#ऩूतत pūti Foul smell~~

~~#याग Raga Redness~~

~~#यात्जभान् rājimān Rajiman (kraits variety of snakes) snakes with characteristic pattern of variegated color with spots and streak~~

#यर्दत Radita A type of snake bite in which superficial puncture marks of snake fangs and the affected part being attended with reddish, bluish, whitish or yellowish lines or stripes and characterized by the presence of a very small quantity of venom in the punctured wound.

#यततभोऺण raktamokṣaṇa Blood letting.It means the procedure of blood-letting for the therapeutic purposes for removing morbid dosha/ poisons with blood. Blood can be eliminated through scraping, application of horn or leech or venesection. It is practiced in poisoned blood and blood born diseases in pitta (billeous) predominant diseases and also in a few vata (neurological) disorders.

~~#यौक्ष्म raukṣya Dryness~~

~~#योषणॊ roṣaṇaṁ Anger~~

~~#योभहषश् romaharṣaḥ Harripilaiton~~

~~#रुऺभ् rukṣam Dry parching, Poison aggravates the bodily vayu in virtue of its parching quality~~

~~#साद Sāda Depression,It is a symptom produced in first impulse of animal poisoning .~~

~~सद्म् sadyaḥ instant, immediate~~

~~#सद्मप्राणहय धूभ sadyaprāṇahara dhūma Harmful smoke/fumes from a preparation which turn out to be fatal almost instantaneously~~

~~#सद्मोव्रण sadyovraṇa fresh wound.~~

#सभन्त्रऩूताम्फु प्रोऺणभ् samantrapūtāmbu prokṣaṇam In the condition of fear of poison, water sanctified by the mantras should be sprinkled over the patient’s body.

~~#सॊदॊष्ट saṁdaṁṣṭa Bitten~~

#सॊतरेदॊ गुडिद्गतॊ saṁkledaṁ guḍavadgataṁ Jaggery like stickiness, as poison originates from water & become sticky like jaggery when it comes in contact with water & spreads throughout body during rainy season.

~~#सभुद्रभॊथन samudramaṁthana Churning of oceans for getting ambrosia/ nectar (mythology).~~

~~#षण्ड ṣaṇḍa impotent/sterile.~~

~~#सत्न्नर्हतागदभ् sannihitāgadam Physician should be fully provided with all kinds of antitoxic medicines~~

~~#सऩाकॊ sapākaṁ suppuration, it is a symptom produced in animate type of poisoning which means inflammation which after certain period converts into suppurative stage~~

~~#सऩाश् sarpāḥ snakes.~~

~~#सऩशकीटहतॊ sarpakīṭahataṁ death due to snake bite/ insect sting~~

~~#सऩशभणण sarpamaṇi Wearing of sarp-mani (a type of pearl or gem collected from the head of the snake) is useful as anti poison (antidote) and gives immunity against poisons (folklore).~~

#सऩाशङ्गमबहतॊ sarpāṅgabhihataṁ It is a pseudo snake bite in which snake does not bite the body part but comes in contact but in a naturally timid person this may cause the aggravation of his bodily vayu (neurological signs) and causing swelling of part. Such a man is said affected by the touch of a snake.

#सवऩशत् sarpit A type of snake bite in which marks (punctures) of fangs of considerable depth are found on the affected part attended with a slight bleeding as well as those which are extremely slender and own their origin to the turning aside and lowering of snakes’ mouth (head) immediately after the bite are attended with swelling and the characteristic changes (systemic).

~~#शाखादष्ट śākhādaṣṭa bitten on limb.~~

~~#शायीय व्रण śārīravraṇa Wounds caused by vitiation of doshas.~~

#शङ्का विषॊ śaṅkā viṣaṁ suspension of poison,this is a psychological manifestation resulting from extreme nervousness and doubt due to dubious feeling of being bitten by a poisonous creature causes manifestation of symptoms of pseudo poison in the form of fever, vomiting, fainting, burning sensation, prostration, unconsciousness, diarrhoea. This condition is called fear poison.

~~#शि Śava dead body.~~

~~#शय्मा śayyā Bed, mode of administration of poison along with bedding.~~

~~#शीघ्रगामभन् śīghragāminaḥ Swift, a feature which is characteristic of darvikar (cobra snake variety) snakes.~~

~~#मशयोऽमबताऩी śiro'bhitāpī rage of sightest provocation, It is a symptom of rabid dog.~~

~~#श्भशान śmaśāna Area for disposal of dead crematorium.~~

#शोणणतागभनभुध्िशभधश्च śoṇitāgamanamurdhvamadhaśca It is a specific symptom of mandali (group of viper type snakes) which means that there is haemorrhage through both mouth and anus of the person being bitten.

~~#शोणणतदुत्ष्ट śoṇitaduṣṭi Blood disorders.~~

~~#शोप śopha Swelling; Oedema~~

~~#श्रॄङ्गीविषॊ śrṝṅgīviṣaṁ Aconitum chasmanthum -STAPF HOLMES EX , a plant mentioned in poisonous plant category having poison in its root.~~

~~#शुक Śūka sting (small,thorn like).~~

~~#शुक्रविष śukraviṣA Animals with pisonous semen.~~

~~#शून्म् śūnyaḥ Expressionless blank, it is a symptom produced in the third impulse of animal poisoning.~~

~~##... Œva dog.~~

~~#श्िास Śvāsa Breathing; Often used in sense of Abnormal Breathing; Dyspnoea~~

~~#श्िैत्मॊ śvaityaṁ White colour~~

~~#श्िमथु Śvayathu Swelling; Oedema~~

~~#श्िेत Śveta White colour~~

~~##..... Śyāva Bluish colour ; Cyan Colour~~

~~#स्नामु Snāyu Tendon~~

#त्स्नग्ध snigdha slimmy/unctous/oily; one of the 20 gurvadi gunas; caused due activated Jala mahabhuta; denotes physiological & pharmacological slimminess; manifested by moistening of body parts, increased strength and lusture; pacifies vata, increases kapha

~~#सोग्रगन्ध्मसृक् sogragandhyas.k blood with intense odor.~~

~~#स्राि srāva Exudation, Discharge~~

~~#स्रस्ताङ्गश्च srastāṅgaśca Loosened limbs,it is a symptom produced in the third impulse of bird poisoning which means the bird develops slothness of the limbs.~~

#स्रस्तौष्ठ कणशत srastauṣṭhakarṇatā pendulous lips and ears,the symptom of drooping (hanging down) of the lips and ears is seen if the quadruped is bitten by poisonous creature.

~~##......stabdha Stiffness~~

~~#स्तम्ब Stambha Fixedness , stiffness , rigidity , torpor , paralysis , stupefaction~~

~~#स्थाियॊ sthāvaraṁ The poison obtained from inanimate things such as aconite, opium, cannabis, oleander, arsenic, orpiment etc.~~

##......sthira Stabitlity; Immobility; One of the 20 gurvadi gunas; caused due activated prithvi; denotes physiological & pharmacological stability & immobility; causes obstruction; An attribute of Kapha

~~##सूक्ष्भदॊष्राऩद suk.mada...rapado minute fang marks~~

~~#सुक्ष्भ् suk.ma. the property of the substance which causes minuteness and decrease body mass~~

~~#सूक्ष्भॊ sūkṣmaṁ minute,Poison penetrates into and deranges the minutest capillaries owing to its extreme subtle essence.~~

~~##......suptiḥ Numbness~~

~~#सुयासुय Surāsura Group of gods and demons who gathered for churning the sea to get ambrosia, in the quest of immortality~~

~~#सूततकमा दष्ट sutikaya da..a bite by a recently delivered snake.~~

~~#स्ियबेद Svarabheda Hoarseness of voice~~

~~#स्िेद sveda Sweat, perspiration. Mala of Meda Dhātu. The function of Sveda is to withhold Kleda (watery portion) in the skin.~~

~~#ताऩ tāpa Heat; Hotness; Temperature~~

~~##.. ...tama praveśa Black out~~

~~#तन्द्रा tandrā Drowsiness; Torpor: lassitude ; characterized by a lack of vitality or energy~~

#तीक्ष्ण tik..a sharpness/fast; one of the 20 gurvadi gunas; caused due activated agni; denotes physiological & pharmacological quickening of processes; instrumental for eliminative therapy; pacifies kapha & vata, increases pitta; causes irritation, burning & excretion. An attribute of Pitta.

~~##... toda Needling pain~~

~~##......tuṇḍāhat It is a type of snake bite in which the place of contact is wet by the saliva of the snake but no marks of fangs are seen.~~

~~#उदफॊध udabaṁdha Death by hanging~~

~~#उदफॊधनीकृत कण्ठ udaba.dhan.k.ta ka..ha Hanging a corpse of murdered person to simulate suicide~~

~~#उदकहतभ् Udakahatam Drowned.~~

~~#उन्दुय undura Rats.~~

##..... Upadhāna A modality for treatment of poisoning Incision made on scalp (vertex) resembling the feet of the crow and then applying medicated paste or placing meat of goat, cow or buffalo over the incised scalp, which will absorb the poison from the body

~~#उऩनाह Upanaha Poultice- application of these poultice which are prepared by substances which are unctuous, heavy, hot in properties, helps to pacify the vitiated vata.~~

~~##......upaviṣaḥ A class of following semi poisonous plants~~

~~##......rdhvabh.ga. tu m.lajam The tendency of poison of plant origin is to move upwards and affect the upper body .~~

~~##......Utkarika Poultice- like preparation prepared with anti venomous drugs to soothe or aggravate and release the local doshas (impure body elements).~~

~~#िैिण्मश vaivar.ya Discolouration.~~

~~#िल्भीक valmīka Ant hill or termatorium.~~

~~#िभन vamana Therapeutic emesis.~~

~~#िभथु Vamathu Vomiting.~~

~~#िस्त्र vastra Clothes.~~

~~#...... Vatsanabha A Poisonous Root Aconitum ferox having an appearance similar to that of the navel of a calf.~~

~~#िेगान्तय Vegāntara Interval between two attacks (impulses) of poison~~

~~#िेष्टन veṣṭana Envelop~~

~~#विद्द Viddha sting/arrow poison~~

~~#विकयण vikaraṇa derangement , because of subtle property of poison it penetrates into and deranges the minutest capillaries~~

~~#विकणश नामसकॊ vikarṇa nāsikaṁ One whose ear and nose are cut.~~

~~#विरूनऩऺ vilūnapakṣa Bird with wings cut off.~~

~~#वियेक vireka therapeutic purgation.~~

~~#विष दूवषत तृण viṣa dūṣita tṛṇa Poisoned grass.~~

~~#विष आश्रमस्थान viṣa āśrayasthāna part containing poison in animals~~

~~#विष अधधष्ठान viṣa adhiṣṭhāna poisonous part/ source of inanimate poison~~

~~#विषाद vi..da Dejection; Depression~~

~~#विषाधानॊ viṣādhānaṁ Vehicle of poison, blood is a vehicle for poison through which it circulates readily throughout the body producing fatal symptoms in the body.~~

~~#विषान्िम viṣānvaya Potantially poisonous contamination~~

~~#विषप्रद viṣāprada poisoner.~~

~~#विषदाता viṣadātā poisoner~~

~~#विषघाततमोग viṣaghātiyoga Antitoxic medication~~

~~#विषघ्न viṣaghna Antitoxic medication~~

~~#विषघ्नैगशदै् स्ऩृष्टभ् viṣaghnairgadaiḥ spṛṣṭam (The food) detoxified by antitoxic medication~~

~~#विषहतभ् vi.ahatam death due to poisoning.~~

~~#विषकन्मा viṣakanyā A girl/woman made poisonous by administering small amount of poison to her, right from birth becomes poisonous.~~

~~#विषॊ vi.a. Poison~~

~~##......vi.ap.ta. Person who had ingested poison.~~

~~#विषसिाि viṣasadbhāva presence of toxicity~~

#विषसॊकटॊ vi.asa.ka.a. catastrohic stage of poisoning, a combination of factors like bodily constitution, season, food, vitiated body elements which on being present simultaneously produce fulminating symptoms in the victim

~~#विषसूदन viṣasūdana Antitoxic~~

~~#विषिगश viṣavarga Class of poisons~~

~~#विषिेग् impulse (attacks) of poison, a poison produces 7 attacks in human, 4 in animals, 3 in bird. Impuse occurwhen poison cross one compartment/ membrane (kala) to invade the next.~~

~~##......vi.av.rya Power of poison.~~

~~#विशद viśada Non adhesiveness~~

~~#विशधधशत Viśardhita flatus~~

~~##......viśīrṇa Decaying~~

~~#विषोऩद्रि viṣopadrava Complications/secondary diseases due to poisoning.~~

~~#विषोऩसगश viṣopasarga Poisoning.~~

~~#व्रण vraṇa Ulcer~~

~~##..... vraṇa viddha Punctured or stab wound~~

~~##......v.scika scorpions.~~

~~#व्माघ्र vyāghra tiger.~~

~~#व्मारीढ vyali.ha It is a type of snake bite in which marks of one- two fangs are seen but there is no bleeding~~

~~##......Vyaluptam It is a type of snake bite in which marks of two fangs are seen along with bleeding~~

~~#मभरा छामा yamalā chāyā Dual shadow~~

~~##Krodhapracuratä Excessive anger A disease caused due to vitiation of the blood, the term denotes wrath / excessive anger~~

~~##kandu Itching sensation A peculiar irritating sensation in the skin that arouses the desire to scratch.~~

~~# दाहः dāhaḥ Generalized or severe burning sensation. An abnormal condition characterized by generalized or severe burning sensation.~~

~~##shotha. Edema / swelling An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in tissues or serous cavities of the body, generally getting accumulated between the layer of skin and muscles.~~

~~##murcha Syncope. A fatal condition characterized by loss of consciousness and postural tone due to vitiation of blood.~~

##Aruci Ageusia, lack of interest The term signifies the complete or partial loss of the taste. Disapproval of food even after it has been taken in the mouth due to lack of perception of the taste in the mouth.

~~##bhraṁśa Downward displacement. The term signifies an abnormal act of getting displaced downwards form its normal place.~~

~~##Hikkä Hiccoughs Hiccoughs A disease characterized by production of peculiar sound like hic-hic by mouth.~~

~~##Chardi Vomiting. A disease in which vomiting is the main symptom.~~

##aṁsābhitāpaḥ. Paraesthesia, Increased temperature at shoulder region The term signifies altered sensation characterized by intense feeling of burning sensation or rise of the temperature in the vicinity of the shoulder region.

~~##arti asthnoh Pain in bones The term signifies churning like pain in bones.~~

~~#अवसादः avasādaḥ Depression / Fatigue / Sinking The term signifies many meanings like depression,fatigue, and sinking.~~

~~#असिहुता asahiṣṇutā Intolerance physical and psychological The term signifies severely sensitivity or allergic to an act/ substance.~~

~~##Ama From of toxins It is used as a technical word for anything that exists in a state of incomplete transformation. It is mentioned in various contexts like~~

~~###In particular, it can refer to a toxic byproduct generated due to improper or incomplete digestion.~~

~~###Toxins that were produced at any stage of metabolism and that are circulating through the channels are also sometimes.~~

~~###The first stage of any disease is also frequently.~~

###Any substance which is present in its abnormal state and is unwanted in the body. It represents, in a gross sense, mere indigestion which begins in the stomach, to, in a finer sense, even a faulty enzymatic pathway that prevents or hampers a metabolic cycle or chain. It is a very important factor playing a pivotal role in the genesis of any disease. It is also important in determining the prognosis, drug selection and all other stages of therapy.

#आवृ. āvṛttaḥ Enveloped,Covered, Overlapped The term signifies to be complete enclosure of one entity by another in the body. A movable entity only can be enveloped or get fully covered by another entity which is either stable or mobile in the body leading to hindrance to their movements or functions.

~~##Tiktāsyatā Bitterness in mouth A form of Dysgeusia characterized by bitter taste in the mouth.~~

##Upadrava Secondary diseases The diseases that develop subsequent to a disease or during, the course of the main disease that is being treated, and is dependent upon the main disease for its origination, nature and the strength. It is called secondary in the sense that its onset follows the presence of the primary disease.

##Kämala Jaundice. A disease originating due to increased pitta doña , which may be a resultant of pittaja Paandu; wherein there is generalized yellowish discoloration of the body, and passing orange colored red urine and normal colored stools.

~~##Kasa Cough A disease characterized by excessive cough either dry or with mucous~~

~~# गौरवम gauravam Heaviness.The term signifies heaviness or a feeling of heaviness.~~

~~#इिय गौरवंindriya gauravaṁ Heaviness of sense organ, it means inability of the sense organs to perceive their objects.~~

~~## gauravaṁ aṅgasyac. Feeling of heaviness of body parts.~~

~~##nidrädhikyam Hypersomnia An abnormal condition characterized by excessive sleep~~

##Pandu Pallor of body, Anemia. The term literally means paleness of the skin and mucosa along with yellowish discoloration of urine and feces; marked by lack of blood, strength complexion, body fat and essence of the body tissues.

~~##picchilaù Stickiness The term signifies stickiness or sliminess.~~

~~##bhrama. Vertigo / dizziness A sensation of spinning or whirling motion or a definite sensation of rotation of the subject or of objects about the subject in any plane.~~

~~##Rija Uncomfortable feelings. The term signifies any kind of uncomfortable feelings like pain etc.~~

~~##Vedanä Sensation of pain, discomfort. The term signifies sensation of discomfort or pain in the body.~~

##sannyäsa. Coma . A state of profound unconsciousness where the person becomes like a log of wood which leads to death unless untreated; may be due to the action of an ingested toxic substance or of one formed in the body, to trauma, or to disease.

~~##Suptatä Numbness Term for abnormal sensation, including absent or reduced sensory perception as well as paresthesias.~~

~~##stambhaù Stiffness Restricted movements~~

~~##mukhasräva Excessive salivation An abnormal condition characterized by excessive salivation~~

~~##Hrilläsa Nausea Sensation of nausea caused due to upward (towards mouth) movement of the aggravation of the doñä; associated with excessive salivation and discomfort in the chest and abdomen.~~

~~##Agada Drug, Antidote, antitoxic drug. Literally means drug or medicine, the expression agada is specifically used in the sense of treatment of poisonous or toxic conditions~~

~~##Sanjna nasha Unconsciousness Complete loss of consciousness either reversible or non reversible. It is the state devoid of sensorial or psychological perception.~~

~~##shiroruk. headache. A symptom occurring in many diseases and it indicates headache.~~

==== Drugs to be identified ====

#बन्धुजीव

#कपित्थ

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#चुञ्चु

#गोरोचना

==== ~~Glossary to be made for the following words ====~~

~~#दंश~~

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<div id="BackToTop" class="noprint" style="background-color:#DDEFDD; position:fixed;

bottom:32px; left:2%; z-index:9999; padding:0; margin:0;"><span style="color:blue;

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{CiteButton}}
 {{#seo:
 |title=Visha Chikitsa
 |titlemode=append
-|keywords=Agada, visha, toxins, poisons, dushi visha, slow poisons, snake bite, snake venoms, mosquito bite, antidotes, shanka visha (pseudo poison), gara visha (slow poisons)
+|keywords=Agada, visha, toxins, poisons, dushi visha, slow poisons, snake bite, snake venoms, mosquito bite, antidotes, shanka visha (pseudo poison), gara visha (slow poisons),Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.
 |description=Chikitsa Sthana Chapter 23. Management of Visha (various types of poisoning)
+|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
+|image_alt=charak samhita
+|type=article
 }}
 <big>'''[[Chikitsa Sthana]] Chapter 23. Management of Visha (various types of poisoning) </big>'''
-<big>'''Abstract </big>'''
-Among the Ashtangas, ''agada tantra'' (toxicology) stands separate in its concept, clinical approach, management and result. This is the only chapter which guides us in the management of poison and the conditions of poisoning. As we all know ''visha'' and ''visha chikitsa'' requires a special mention in any medical system. It is rightly justified by the following facts:
-Treatment of poisoning is an emergency and should be managed as a house on fire, earlier its extinguished, lesser the damage, and the result for the effort of ''vaidya'' is immediate when compared to the other disorders. This chapter deals with study of the poison, its origin and criterion of classification. The group of ''sthavara'' (poisons of plant origin, minerals and metal, poison of immobile origin or vegetable poison) and ''jangama'' (poisons of animal origin) are described. A special category called ''kritrima visha'' (artificial poison) with a significant role for a good physician in treating severe cases. ''Dushivisha'' (slow poisons) is explained in a sentence but, has lot of hidden meaning and is a treasure in innovating the treatment skills of a physician. Various treatment methods for the poisons and ''chaturvimshati upakrama'' (24 fold treatments) is a special contribution of Charak. Medicines as a single drug and as a combination are told as remedial measures and also as symptomatic treatments as per the requirement of condition are described. Together with this, ''jangama vishas'' (poison of animal origin) and specific approach for their management are very systematically mentioned.
-'''Keywords''': ''Agada, visha,'' toxins, poisons, ''dushi visha,'' slow poisons, snake bite, snake venoms, mosquito bite, antidotes, ''shanka visha'' (pseudo poison), ''gara visha'' (slow poisons).
 {{Infobox
 |title = Visha Chikitsa
@@ Line 27: / Line 21: @@
 |label5 = Other Sections
 |data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
+|label6 = Translator and commentator
+|data6 = Gopikrishna, Bhatt S., Binorkar S.
+|label7 = Reviewer
+|data7  = Binorkar S.
+|label8 = Editors
+|data8  = Binorkar S., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]
+|label9 = Year of publication
+|data9 = 2020
+|label10 = Publisher
+|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
+|label11 = DOI
+|data11  = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.024 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.024]
 |header3 =
@@ Line 32: / Line 38: @@
 }}
-=== Introduction ===
+<big>'''Abstract </big>'''
+<p style="text-align:justify;">Among the Ashtangas, ''agada tantra'' (toxicology) stands separate in its concept, clinical approach, management and result. This is the only chapter which guides us in the management of poison and the conditions of poisoning. As we all know ''visha'' and ''visha chikitsa'' requires a special mention in any medical system. It is rightly justified by the following facts:
+<br/>
+Treatment of poisoning is an emergency and should be managed as a house on fire, earlier its extinguished, lesser the damage, and the result for the effort of ''vaidya'' is immediate when compared to the other disorders. This chapter deals with study of the poison, its origin and criterion of classification. The group of ''sthavara'' (poisons of plant origin, minerals and metal, poison of immobile origin or vegetable poison) and ''jangama'' (poisons of animal origin) are described. A special category called ''kritrima visha'' (artificial poison) with a significant role for a good physician in treating severe cases. ''Dushivisha'' (slow poisons) is explained in a sentence but, has lot of hidden meaning and is a treasure in innovating the treatment skills of a physician. Various treatment methods for the poisons and ''chaturvimshati upakrama'' (24 fold treatments) is a special contribution of Charak. Medicines as a single drug and as a combination are told as remedial measures and also as symptomatic treatments as per the requirement of condition are described. Together with this, ''jangama vishas'' (poison of animal origin) and specific approach for their management are very systematically mentioned.
+<br/>
+'''Keywords''': ''Agada, visha,'' toxins, poisons, ''dushi visha,'' slow poisons, snake bite, snake venoms, mosquito bite, antidotes, ''shanka visha'' (pseudo poison), ''gara visha'' (slow poisons), poisoning.
+ </p>
+== Introduction ==
+<div style="text-align:justify;">
 ''Agada'' is enlisted in one of the eight branches of ayurveda. Management of poisoning is an important aspect of medical system. ''Visha'' is a substance that leads to decline of overall functions of the person. The ''vaidya'' should have knowledge and training in ''visha gara vairodhika prashamana'' (anti-toxin treatment). In India especially in Kerala, the role of traditional practitioners in this field is significant. Their simple, but effective treatments, has really been astonishing. They are also well versed in the details regarding the good and bad omen based on ''doota'' (messenger), the happenings the ''vaidya'' sees when he is going to make house call for treating such cases and also what he observes in the house and in the patient. He is also well versed in astrology.
@@ Line 40: / Line 55: @@
 With the advancement in medical technology, the new methods of treatments of poisoning have evolved with time. However the basic treatments like applying tourniquet at the site of bite to prevent spread of poison, therapeutic emesis in the form of gastric lavage in case of ingested poison, or purgation are the same as in contemporary medicine. However with the development of forensic medicine, the investigations of types of poisons, their identification and their blood levels are newer additions. The chapter describes ancient methods of management of poisoning cases that need to be highlighted and blended with todays modern techniques.
-=== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation ===
+== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation ==
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 69: / Line 84: @@
 </div></div>
-Now we shall expound the chapter on management of ''visha'' (poisoning). Thus said Lord Atreya.
+Now we shall expound the chapter "Visha chikitsa"(Management of different types of poisoning). Thus said Lord Atreya.
-Agnivesha, hear me carefully. Next I will explain about ''visha'' with the following aspects. ''Utpatti'' (origin), ''guna'' (properties), ''yoni'' (source), ''vegas'' (stages), ''lakshana'' (signs and symptoms) and ''chikitsa'' (therapeutic measures).[1-3]
+Agnivesha, hear me carefully. Next I will explain about ''visha'' with the following aspects. ''Utpatti'' (origin), [[guna]] (properties), ''yoni'' (source), ''vegas'' (stages), ''lakshana'' (signs and symptoms) and ''chikitsa'' (therapeutic measures).[1-3]
-==== History of origin of ''visha'' ====
+=== History of origin of ''visha'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 104: / Line 119: @@
 While the ocean was being churned by ''devas'' and ''asuras'' for obtaining ''amrita'' (nectar of life), before the formation of ''amrita'' a ferocious looking person with fiery eyes, four fangs and greenish locks emerged. After seeing him the whole world became desperate and from that desperation, ''visha'' originated. [4-5]
-==== Sources of poison ====
+=== Sources of poison ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 129: / Line 144: @@
 Lord Brahma deposited these ''visha'' in ''jangama''(animal origin) and ''sthavara'' (earthen and plant origin) categories. Hence in general ''visha'', originated from water; it is (hot) like fire and is of two types. Its action is manifested in 8 stages; it has 10 properties and can be treated with 24 therapeutic measures.[6-7]
-==== Aggravation and pacification of potency ====
+=== Aggravation and pacification of potency ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 154: / Line 169: @@
 During rainy season, due to its origin from water, when it comes in contact; it becomes moist similar to ''gud'' (jaggery)  due to its ''kleda guna'' and after that it spreads. However the star Agastya at the end of rainy season, counteracts the effects of ''visha'' thereby getting milder in potency.[7-8]
-==== Animal origin ====
+=== Animal origin ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 185: / Line 200: @@
 ''Sarpa'' (snakes), ''kita'' (insects), ''loota'' (spiders), ''vrishchika'' (scorpions), ''griha godhika'' (house lizards), ''jalauka'' (leeches), ''matsya'' (fish), ''manduka'' (frogs), ''kanabha'' or ''salabha'' (locusts), ''krkantaka'' (chameleon), ''shwa'' (dogs), ''simha'' (lion), ''vyaghra'' (tiger), ''gomayu'' (jackal), ''taraksu'' (hyena), ''nakula'' (mongoose), etc., are the fanged animals through whose fangs the poison is transmitted. The poisons of these creatures constitute animal poisons (poisons of mobile origin).[9-10]
-==== Earthen and plant origin ====
+=== Earthen and plant origin ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 228: / Line 243: @@
 The poisons of the immobile (earthen and plant) origin are: the roots (including rhizomes) of ''mustaka, puskara, kraunca, vatsanabha'' (Aconitum ferox), ''balahaka, karkata, kalakuta, karavira'' (Nerium indicum / Cerbera thevetia), ''palaka, indrayudha  taila, meghaka, kusa-puspaka, rohisa, pundarika, langalaki'' (Gloriosa superb), ''anjanabhaka, sankoca, markata, sringi-visa, halahala,'' and such other poisonous roots.[11-13]
-==== ''Gara visha'' ( artificial poison) ====
+=== ''Gara visha'' ( artificial poison) ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 247: / Line 262: @@
 There is another variety of poison called ''gara-visha'' which is prepared artificially by the combination of various substances. It produces various diseases. Since it takes time to get metabolized and to produce its toxic effects, it does not cause instantaneous death of a person.[14]
-==== Clinical features of poisoning ====
+=== Clinical features of poisoning ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 294: / Line 309: @@
 The animal poison moves downwards whereas the vegetable poison moves upwards in the alimentary canal. Therefore, the animal poison cures poisoning by vegetable-poison and the poisoning caused by animal-poison is cured by vegetable poison.[15-17]
-==== Stage wise clinical features in humans ====
+=== Stage wise clinical features in humans ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 342: / Line 357: @@
 In human beings, the effects of poisons are manifested in eight different stages as follows:
-*In the first stage, because of the vitiation of ''rasa'', the patient suffers from morbid thirst, unconsciousness, tingling sensation in teeth, salivation, vomiting and mental fatigue;
+*In the first stage, because of the vitiation of [[rasa dhatu]], the patient suffers from morbid thirst, unconsciousness, tingling sensation in teeth, salivation, vomiting and mental fatigue;
-*In the second stage, because of the vitiation of ''rakta'' the patient suffers from discoloration of the skin, giddiness, trembling; fainting, yawning, tingling sensation in the limbs and dyspnea.
+*In the second stage, because of the vitiation of [[rakta dhatu]] the patient suffers from discoloration of the skin, giddiness, trembling; fainting, yawning, tingling sensation in the limbs and dyspnea.
-*In the third stage, because of the vitiation of ''mamsa'', the patient suffers from ''mandala'' (skin rash), pruritus, edema and urticaria;
+*In the third stage, because of the vitiation of [[mamsa dhatu]], the patient suffers from ''mandala'' (skin rash), pruritus, edema and urticaria;
-*In the fourth stage, because of the vitiation of ''vayu'', etc., the patient suffers from vomiting, burning sensation, pain in the limbs, fainting, etc.;
+*In the fourth stage, because of the vitiation of [[vayu]], etc., the patient suffers from vomiting, burning sensation, pain in the limbs, fainting, etc.;
 *In the fifth stage, the patient suffers from blue-vision, or dark- vision, etc.;
 *In the sixth stage, the patient suffers from hiccup.;
@@ Line 353: / Line 368: @@
 The above mentioned eight stages of poisoning are manifested in human beings.[18-23]
-==== Stage wise features in animals and birds ====
+=== Stage wise features in animals and birds ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 402: / Line 417: @@
 #In the third stage, the bird develops looseness of the limbs resulting in death.[21-23]
-==== Properties of ''visha'' and its effect on body ====
+=== Properties of ''visha'' and its effect on body ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 455: / Line 470: @@
 </div></div>
-''Laghu'' (lightness for digestion), ''ruksha'' (dryness), ''ashu'' (rapid), ''vishada'' (non sliminess), ''vyavayi'' (which pervades whole body before getting digested), ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''vikashi'' (causing looseness of joints by diminution of ''dhatus'')'', sukshma'' (subtleness), ''ushna'' (hot), and ''anirdeshya rasa'' (indistinct taste)- these are the ten properties of poison according to the expert ''vaidyas''.
+''Laghu'' (lightness for digestion), ''ruksha'' (dryness), ''ashu'' (rapid), ''vishada'' (non sliminess), ''vyavayi'' (which pervades whole body before getting digested), ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''vikashi'' (causing looseness of joints by diminution of [[dhatu]])'', sukshma'' (subtleness), ''ushna'' (hot), and ''anirdeshya rasa'' (indistinct taste)- these are the ten properties of poison according to the expert ''vaidyas''.
-Because of dryness property, ''vayu'' gets aggravated; due to hot property, ''pitta'' gets vitiated; subtleness leads to vitiation of ''rakta''; Due to ''avyakta rasa'' (indistinct taste), ''kapha'' is vitiated;  due to rapidly acting, it quickly permeates through the nutrient fluid; ''vyavayi guna'' spreads it throughout the body instantaneously. ''Tikshna guna'' (sharply acting) property causes injury to ''marmas, vikashi guna'' results in death of the patient. Due to ''laghu guna'' it becomes difficult to manage therapeutically; because of ''vaishadya guna'', it pervades all over the body with ''doshas'' without any obstruction in circulation. Depending upon the location of ''doshas'' and ''prakriti'' of patient, ''visha'' produces several other complications. [24-27]
+Because of dryness property, [[vayu]] gets aggravated; due to hot property, [[pitta]] gets vitiated; subtleness leads to vitiation of [[rakta]]; Due to ''[[Avyakta|avyakta]] rasa'' (indistinct taste), [[kapha]] is vitiated;  due to rapidly acting, it quickly permeates through the nutrient fluid; vyavayi [[guna]] spreads it throughout the body instantaneously. Tikshna [[guna]] (sharply acting) property causes injury to marmas, vikashi [[guna]] results in death of the patient. Due to laghu [[guna]] it becomes difficult to manage therapeutically; because of vaishadya [[guna]], it pervades all over the body with [[dosha]] without any obstruction in circulation. Depending upon the location of [[dosha]] and [[prakriti]] of patient, ''visha'' produces several other complications. [24-27]
-==== Clinical features as per site of ''dosha'' ====
+=== Clinical features as per site of [[dosha]] ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 500: / Line 515: @@
 </div></div>
-If ''visha'' is situated at ''vata sthana'' in a person having ''vatika prakriti'', then he suffers from ''trit'' (excessive thirst), ''moha'' (loss of consciousness), ''arati'' (dislikness for everything), ''moorchha'' (fainting), ''galagraha'' (obstruction in the throat), ''phena chhardi'' (vomitus containing froth). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of ''kapha'' and ''pitta''.
+If ''visha'' is situated at [[vata]] sthana in a person having vatika [[prakriti]], then he suffers from ''trit'' (excessive thirst), ''moha'' (loss of consciousness), ''arati'' (dislikness for everything), ''moorchha'' (fainting), ''galagraha'' (obstruction in the throat), ''phena chhardi'' (vomitus containing froth). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of ''kapha'' and ''pitta''.
-If the poison gets lodged in ''pitta sthana'' in a person having ''paittiika prakriti'' he will suffer from ''trit'' (excessive thirst), ''kasa'' (cough), ''jwara'' (fever), ''vamadhu'' (vomiting sensation), ''klama'' (mental fatigue), ''daha'' (burning sensation), ''tama'' (appearance of darkness), ''atisara'' (diarrhea). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of ''kapha'' and ''vayu''.
+If the poison gets lodged in [[pitta]] sthana in a person having paittiika [[prakriti]] he will suffer from ''trit'' (excessive thirst), ''kasa'' (cough), ''jwara'' (fever), ''vamadhu'' (vomiting sensation), ''klama'' (mental fatigue), ''daha'' (burning sensation), ''tama'' (appearance of darkness), ''atisara'' (diarrhea). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of [[kapha]] and [[vayu]].
-If the poison gets lodged in ''kapha sthana'' in a person having ''kapha prakriri'' then he will be suffering from ''shwasa'' (dyspnea), ''galagraha'' (obstruction of throat), ''kandu'' (itching), ''laala vamana'' (excessive salivation). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of ''vayu'' and ''pitta''.[28-30]
+If the poison gets lodged in [[kapha]] sthana in a person having [[kapha]] prakriri then he will be suffering from ''shwasa'' (dyspnea), ''galagraha'' (obstruction of throat), ''kandu'' (itching), ''laala vamana'' (excessive salivation). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of [[vayu]] and [[pitta]].[28-30]
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 521: / Line 536: @@
 </div></div>
-''Dushi-visha'' (a type of artificial poison) vitiates blood and produces symptoms like ''aru'' (eczema in the head), ''kitibha'' (psoriasis) and ''kotha'' (urticaria). This type of poison afflicts each one of the ''doshas'' and causes death of the patient.[31]
+''Dushi-visha'' (a type of artificial poison) vitiates blood and produces symptoms like ''aru'' (eczema in the head), ''kitibha'' (psoriasis) and ''kotha'' (urticaria). This type of poison afflicts each one of the [[dosha]] and causes death of the patient.[31]
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 542: / Line 557: @@
 If the poison is taken orally it stays in heart and if the poison is transmitted by bite or from poisoned arrow, it gets lodged in the place of bite.[32]
-==== Fatal signs ====
+=== Fatal signs ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 573: / Line 588: @@
 Bluish lips, loose teeth, ''kesha pathana'' (hair fall), ''anga bhanga'' (cutting type of pain in all over body), ''vikshepa'' (convulsions), absence of horripilation even if touched by cold things, non-formation of contusion marks when hit by stick, absence of bleeding from ulcers- these are the signs of imminent death of a poisoned patient. Patients without such signs should be treated with the following therapeutic measures.[33-34]
-==== Twenty four treatment modalities ====
+=== Twenty four treatment modalities ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 623: / Line 638: @@
 #''Parisheka'' (affusion);
 #''Avagaha'' (bath with medicated water);
-#''Rakta-Mokshana'' (blood-letting);
+#[[Raktamokshana]] (blood-letting);
-#''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis);
+#[[Vamana]] (therapeutic emesis);
-#''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation);
+#[[Virechana]] (therapeutic purgation);
 #''Upadhana'' (application of medicine after making an incision over the scalp);
 #''Hridayavaram'' (giving medicines-to protect the heart);
 #''Anjana'' (application of collyrium);
-#''Nasya'' (inhalation of medicated oil, etc.);
+#[[Nasya]] (inhalation of medicated oil, etc.);
 #''Dhuma'' (smoking therapy);
 #''Leha'' (drugs in the form of linctus given for licking);
@@ Line 640: / Line 655: @@
 #''Mrita-sanjivana'' (measures for the revival of life of an apparently dead person).[35-37]
-==== First aid treatment ====
+=== First aid treatment ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 665: / Line 680: @@
 Immediately after bite, before the spreading of the poison from the place of the bite, the ''venika'' (string or rope or torniquet) should be tied (at the proximal part of the bite), the site of the bite should be squeezed frequently and forcefully; the place of bite should be excised unless it is a vital part (''arma''); and the poison should be sucked out with the help of mouth filled with the flour of barley or dust.[38-39]
-==== Blood letting ====
+=== Blood letting ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 726: / Line 741: @@
 Thereafter bloodletting should be done with ''prachhana'' (scratching with the help of rough instruments), ''shringa'' (horn), ''jalauka'' (leech), or ''siravyadhana'' (venesection).
-The blood vitiated by ''visha'' can cause vitiation of other ''dhatus'' there by resulting in death. Therefore blood does not come out of site of bite, then ''pragharshana'' (rubbing therapy) should be employed to cause the blood to flow out.
+The blood vitiated by ''visha'' can cause vitiation of other [[dhatu]] there by resulting in death. Therefore blood does not come out of site of bite, then ''pragharshana'' (rubbing therapy) should be employed to cause the blood to flow out.
-''Pragharshana'' done with the help of powdered ''trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum), ''grihadhooma, haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''panchalavana'' (five varieties of salts) and ''varthaka''. Excessive bleeding can be treated with ''sheetalepa'' with the paste of ''vata'' (Ficus bengalensis), etc.
+''Pragharshana'' done with the help of powdered ''trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum), ''grihadhooma, haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''panchalavana'' (five varieties of salts) and ''varthaka''. Excessive bleeding can be treated with ''sheetalepa'' with the paste of [[vata]] (Ficus bengalensis), etc.
-''Rakta dhatu'' is abode of ''visha'' (circulates ''visha'' all over the body) just like wind spreads the fire. With the help of ''pradeha'' (external application) and ''seka'' which are cooling in effect, blood gets coagulated thereby arresting the spread of poison. Due to the ''vega avastha'' of ''visha'' (different stages), patient suffers from ''mada'' (intoxication), ''murchha'' (fainting), ''vishada'' (depression), ''hridaya drava'' (palpitation) etc. Application of cooling therapies alleviates such complication. The patient should sufficiently ventilated till the occurrence of horripilation.[39-43]
+[[Rakta dhatu]] is abode of ''visha'' (circulates ''visha'' all over the body) just like wind spreads the fire. With the help of ''pradeha'' (external application) and ''seka'' which are cooling in effect, blood gets coagulated thereby arresting the spread of poison. Due to the ''vega avastha'' of ''visha'' (different stages), patient suffers from ''mada'' (intoxication), ''murchha'' (fainting), ''vishada'' (depression), ''hridaya drava'' (palpitation) etc. Application of cooling therapies alleviates such complication. The patient should sufficiently ventilated till the occurrence of horripilation.[39-43]
-==== Benefits of first aid treatments ====
+=== Benefits of first aid treatments ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 753: / Line 768: @@
 The process of ''achooshana'' (suction) induces the poison mixed with blood to flow out. As the flow of water is arrested by a dam so also the flow and spread of poison can be arrested by tying ''arishtas'' (tourniquet).[44]
-==== Treatment of first stage ====
+=== Treatment of first stage ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 772: / Line 787: @@
 ''Agnikarma'' (cauterization) causes burning of poison located in skin and flesh. ''Sravana'' (drugs used to cause exudation of liquid) helps in flowing out of poison from the blood.
-''Vamana'' (emesis) helps in eliminating poison which has been taken orally. The second stage of poisoning ''virechana'' (purgation) places a definite role in eliminating the ''visha'' from the body. [45]
+[[Vamana]] (emesis) helps in eliminating poison which has been taken orally. The second stage of poisoning [[virechana]] (purgation) places a definite role in eliminating the ''visha'' from the body. [45]
-==== Treatment of second stage ====
+=== Treatment of second stage ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 805: / Line 820: @@
 In the second stage, ''hridaya'' (heart) should be protected and an ''avarana'' (covering) should be made according to the availability of drugs. ''Madhu'' (honey), ghee (clarified butter), ''majja'' (bone marrow), ''payas'' (milk), ''gairikam'' (red ochre), ''gomaya rasa'' (juice of cow dung), well boiled sugar cane juice or the juice squeezed out of meat of crow should be given to the patient for protecting the heart. Patient can be treated immediately with blood of goat etc, ashes or mud diluted with water to drink. [46-47]
-==== Treatment of third to eighth stage ====
+=== Treatment of third to eighth stage ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 850: / Line 865: @@
 During the 4th stage, patient should be administered with juice of cow dung along with ''kapita rasa'', honey and ghee.
-During the 5th stage, patient administered with ''aschothana, anjana'' and ''nasya'' with the juice of ''kakanda'' (Diospyros Montana or Strychnos nuxvomica) and ''shireesha'' (Albizzia procera).
+During the 5th stage, patient administered with ''aschothana, anjana'' and [[nasya]] with the juice of ''kakanda'' (Diospyros Montana or Strychnos nuxvomica) and ''shireesha'' (Albizzia procera).
 During the 6th stage, patient should be administered with ''samjnasthapana'' drugs (drugs for regaining the consciousness). For that patient should be given to drink ''gopitta'' (cows bile) mixed with ''rajani'' (Curcuma longa), ''manjishta'' (Rubia cordifolia), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum) and ''pippali'' (Piper longum).
@@ Line 856: / Line 871: @@
 At the end, patient should be given poison to drink if he is afflicted with the poison caused by bite, if he is afflicted by oral poison then he should be made to be bitten by a poisonous animal.[48-50]
-==== Treatment in eighth stage ====
+=== Treatment in eighth stage ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 890: / Line 905: @@
 Alternatively, this pill should be prepared of ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''granthi'' (pippalimula), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''madhuka'' (Glycerrhiza glabra) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa)  by triturating with the juice of the flower of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) and the juice of ''kakandaka'' (Canavalia ensiformis).[51-52]
-==== Treatment in case of hanging and drowning ====
+=== Treatment in case of hanging and drowning ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 909: / Line 924: @@
 If the patient appears to be dead because of ''udbandhana'' (hanging), poisoning or drowning in water (''jalamrita''), then the potion comprising ''kakanda'' (Canavalia ensiformis), ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''gavakshi'' (Citrullus colocynthis), ''punarnava'' (Boerhavia diffusa), ''vayasi'' (Solanum nigrum) and fruits of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) should be administered in the form of ''lepa'' (ointment) along with ''aupadhi'' (application of the paste over the head after making incisions in the form of ''kaakapaada'' or the paw of a crow, ''nasya'' and ''pana'' for his revival. [53]
-==== ''Mritasanjivana agada'' ====
+=== ''Mritasanjivana agada'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 1,010: / Line 1,025: @@
 If inhaled, applied externally as an ointment, carried in the body as an amulet, smoked or kept in the house, it annihilates the afflictions by evil spirits, poisons, germs, ''alaksmi'' (inauspiciousness), ''karmana'' (black magic), ''mantra'' (incantations recited to inflict injury to others), fire, thunder-bolt and enemies. It counteracts the evil effects of bad dreams and ''stri-dosha'' (poisons secretly given by women). It prevents untimely death, fear of water and fear of thieves. It endows a person with wealth, food-grains and success in undertakings. It promotes auspiciousness, nourishment and longevity. This excellent recipe is called ''mrtasanjivana'' (recipe that helps in the revival of a dead person). Lord Brahma propounded this recipe prior to the discovery of ''amrita''(ambrosia).[54-60]
-==== Principle of treatment as per site of ''dosha'' ====
+=== Principle of treatment as per site of [[dosha]] ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 1,065: / Line 1,080: @@
 ''Dhamani bandha'' (application of tourniquet), ''avamarjana'' (eliminating the poison), and ''atmaraksha'' (protecting ourselves from the attack of evil spirits) should be done with the help of ''mantras''.
-The predominant site of ''dosha'' in whose place where ''visha'' lodged should be treated first.
+The predominant site of [[dosha]] in whose place where ''visha'' lodged should be treated first.
-If the ''visha'' is located in ''vata sthana'' (site of ''vata''),then the patient should be administered with ''swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and should be given to drink the paste of ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa)  mixed with curd.
+If the ''visha'' is located in [[vata]] sthana (site of [[vata]]),then the patient should be administered with [[swedana]] (fomentation therapy) and should be given to drink the paste of ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa)  mixed with curd.
-If the ''visha'' is located in ''pitta sthana'' (site of ''pitta''),then the patient should be administered with ghee, honey, milk and water to drink. He should also be given ''avagaha'' and ''parisheka'' (types of fomentation therapies).
+If the ''visha'' is located in [[pitta]] sthana (site of [[pitta]]),then the patient should be administered with ghee, honey, milk and water to drink. He should also be given ''avagaha'' and ''parisheka'' (types of fomentation therapies).
-If the ''visha'' is located in ''kapha sthana''(site of ''kapha''), then the patient should be administered with ''ksharagada, swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and ''siravydhana'' (bloodletting).
+If the ''visha'' is located in [[kapha]] sthana(site of [[kapha]]), then the patient should be administered with ''ksharagada, [[swedana]] (fomentation therapy) and ''siravydhana'' (bloodletting).
-If the ''visha'' is located in ''rakta sthana'' (site of ''rakta''), or if the patient is afflicted with ''dooshivisha'' then the patient should be administered with ''siravyadhana'' (bloodletting) and [[Panchakarma]] (five types of elimination therapies).
+If the ''visha'' is located in ''rakta sthana'' (site of [[rakta dhatu]]), or if the patient is afflicted with ''dooshivisha'' then the patient should be administered with ''siravyadhana'' (bloodletting) and [[Panchakarma]] (five types of elimination therapies).
-==== Treatment of obstruction by ''kapha'' and ''kakapada'' (incision in the shape of paw of crow) ====
+=== Treatment of obstruction by [[kapha]] and ''kakapada'' (incision in the shape of paw of crow) ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 1,116: / Line 1,131: @@
 </div></div>
-When the channel of circulation of ''kapha'' gets vitiated by poison, then this causes obstruction in the channel because of which the movement of ''vayu'' gets obstructed. As a result of this, the patient breaths as if he is going to die very soon. If he is free from signs and symptoms of incurability, then incisions should be made on his scalp resembling the paw of the crow (''kakapada''), and one bilva (nearly 40 grams) of the paste of ''charmakasha'' (''saptala'' – Acacia concinna) should be applied over it. He may also be given ''pradhamana'' (a type of inhalation therapy in which the recipe in powder form is blown into the nostrils) with ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera), ''katu'' (''shunti'' – Zingiber officinale, ''pippali'' – Piper longum and ''maricha'' – Piper nigrum) and ''katphala'' (Luffa cylindrica).
+When the channel of circulation of [[kapha]] gets vitiated by poison, then this causes obstruction in the channel because of which the movement of [[vayu]] gets obstructed. As a result of this, the patient breaths as if he is going to die very soon. If he is free from signs and symptoms of incurability, then incisions should be made on his scalp resembling the paw of the crow (''kakapada''), and one bilva (nearly 40 grams) of the paste of ''charmakasha'' (''saptala'' – Acacia concinna) should be applied over it. He may also be given ''pradhamana'' (a type of inhalation therapy in which the recipe in powder form is blown into the nostrils) with ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera), ''katu'' (''shunti'' – Zingiber officinale, ''pippali'' – Piper longum and ''maricha'' – Piper nigrum) and ''katphala'' (Luffa cylindrica).
 Over the ''kakapada'' (incisions in the scalp), the meat of goat, cow, buffalo or cock should be applied which will absorb the poison from the body.[65-67]
-==== ''Nasya'' and ''anjana'' administration ====
+=== [[Nasya]] and ''anjana'' administration ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 1,149: / Line 1,164: @@
 </div></div>
-If there is obstruction to the nose, eyes (vision), ears, tongue and throat, then the patient should be given ''nasya'' (inhalation therapy) with the help of the paste of ''vartaku'' (Solanum melongena), ''bijapura'' (Citrus medica), ''jyotishmati'' (Celastrus paniculatus), etc.
+If there is obstruction to the nose, eyes (vision), ears, tongue and throat, then the patient should be given [[nasya]] (inhalation therapy) with the help of the paste of ''vartaku'' (Solanum melongena), ''bijapura'' (Citrus medica), ''jyotishmati'' (Celastrus paniculatus), etc.
 If there is obstruction to the eyes (vision), then the collyrium prepared of ''devadaru'' (Cedrus deodara), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''pippali'' (Piper longum) and ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''karavira'' (Nerium indicum), ''karanja'' (Pongamia pinnata), ''nimba'' (Azadirechta indica) and ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum) by triturating with goat’s urine should be applied over the eyes.[68-69]
-==== ''Gandhahasti agada'' ====
+=== ''Gandhahasti agada'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 1,260: / Line 1,275: @@
 This recipe which is an antidote of poisons is called ''gandhahasti''. As trees are destroyed by an elephant, so also all the ailments caused by poisoning are cured by this recipe.[70-76]
-==== ''Mahagandhahastinama agada'' ====
+=== ''Mahagandhahastinama agada'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 1,571: / Line 1,586: @@
 Thus, ends the description of the recipe called ''mahagandhahasti''.[77-94]
-==== ''Rushabhakadi agada'' ====
+=== ''Rushabhakadi agada'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 1,590: / Line 1,605: @@
 Intake of ''rishabhaka'' (Microstylis wallichii), ''jeevaka'' (Microstylis musifera), ''bharngi'' (Clerodendrum serratum), ''madhuka'' (Glycerrhiza glabra), ''utpala'' (Nymphaea stellata), ''dhanya'' (Coriandrum sativum), ''kesara''(Mesua ferrea), ''ajaji'' (Cuminum cyminum), ''sitagiri'' (Clitoria ternatea) and the pulp of ''kola'' (Zizyphus jujube) in the form of a ''peya'' (thin gruel made up of rice) cures ''shwasa'', fever etc., caused by poisoning.[95]
-==== ''Hingvadi yoga'' ====
+=== ''Hingvadi yoga'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 1,609: / Line 1,624: @@
 Intake of ''hingu'' (Ferula foetida) and ''krishna'' (Piper longum) along with honey and sugar, or the juice of ''kapittha'' (Feronia limonia) and ''saindhava'' (rock salt) along with honey and sugar cures fever, hiccup, dyspnea and cough caused by poisoning. [96]
-==== Treatment of vomiting and hiccups ====
+=== Treatment of vomiting and hiccups ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 1,630: / Line 1,645: @@
 ''Dhumavarti'' (inhalation of the fume from an incense stick) of ''brihati'' (Solanum indicum), ''kantakari'' and leaves of ''adhaki'' cures hiccups caused by poisoning.[97]
-==== Fumigation ====
+=== Fumigation ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 1,649: / Line 1,664: @@
 The fumigation with peacock’s feather, crane’s bone, ''sarshapa'' (Brassica campestris) and ''chandana'' (Santalam album) added with ghee (clarified butter) removes the toxicities in the home, beds, seats and clothes. [98]
-==== Medicated fumigation for swelling ====
+=== Medicated fumigation for swelling ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 1,668: / Line 1,683: @@
 Fumigation with ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii), ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa), head of ''bhujagapati'' (snake having two heads or fangs) and flower of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia labbec) by adding ghee is called ''dhumagada'', and it cures all types of poison and edema.[99]
-==== ''Jatwadi'' medicated fumigation ====
+=== ''Jatwadi'' medicated fumigation ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 1,687: / Line 1,702: @@
 The fumigation with ''jatu'' (lac), ''sevya'' (Vetiveria zizanoides), ''patra'' (Cinnamomum tamala), ''guggulu'' (Commiphora mukul), ''bhallataka'' (Semecarpus anacardium), flower of ''kakubha'' (Terminalia arjuna), ''sarjarasa'' (Vateria indica) and ''shveta'' (Clitoria ternatea) is an excellent remedy for curing poisoning by snake and rat bite. It also helps in destroying the insects (counteracting their poison) and ''vastrakrimi'' (''yuka'' or lice). [100]
-==== ''Ksharagada'' ====
+=== ''Ksharagada'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 1,777: / Line 1,792: @@
 The details regarding the ''lakshanas'' and ''chikitsa'' of those who has consumed ''sthavara visha'' or who has been bitten by poisonous animals or who has been injured by the weapons smeared in poisons or whose cloths have been afflicted by poisons are explained so far in this chapter. Now, hear carefully about the treatment of different types of poison which are to be elaborated separately.[105-106]
-==== Characteristics of poison giver and intoxicated poisonous food ====
+=== Characteristics of poison giver and intoxicated poisonous food ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 1,853: / Line 1,868: @@
 If the poison is added to drinks like water, milk or alcohol, blue lines appear over its surface or it becomes discolored. A person’s own shadow is not reflected through such drinks or the shadow is reflected in a distorted manner. If such drinks are added with salt, then there is froth.[110-111]
-==== Effects of food poisoning ====
+=== Effects of food poisoning ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 1,929: / Line 1,944: @@
 If the oil for application over the head is poisoned, then the patient suffers from hair-fall, headache and tumors in the head.[112-116]
-==== Clinical features of poison through various routes of consumption/exposure ====
+=== Clinical features of poison through various routes of consumption/exposure ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,022: / Line 2,037: @@
 A poisoned garland loses its aroma and gets withered soon. It causes headache and horripilation. The poisoned fume causes stiffness in the channels of circulation and impairment of the functioning of the nose and eyes.
-If the water of wells and ponds are poisoned, then the water becomes foul-smelling, dirty and discolored. Intake of this poisoned water causes edema, urticaria and pimples, and even death. If the poison has reached the stomach, then the physician in the beginning should administer emetic therapy. If the poisonous material is located in the skin, then ointments and fomentation therapy etc. should be administered. These therapeutic measures should be administered, keeping in view the nature of the ''doshas'' and the strength of the patient. [117-123]
+If the water of wells and ponds are poisoned, then the water becomes foul-smelling, dirty and discolored. Intake of this poisoned water causes edema, urticaria and pimples, and even death. If the poison has reached the stomach, then the physician in the beginning should administer emetic therapy. If the poisonous material is located in the skin, then ointments and fomentation therapy etc. should be administered. These therapeutic measures should be administered, keeping in view the nature of the [[dosha]] and the strength of the patient. [117-123]
-==== Description of snakes and poisoning ====
+=== Description of snakes and poisoning ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,043: / Line 2,058: @@
 Let us now discuss on the various aspects of animal poisoning. At first, let us discuss on the various aspects of snakes and the special treatment of ailments caused by the snake-bite. [123]
-==== Types of snakes and their effect on ''dosha'' ====
+=== Types of snakes and their effect on [[dosha]] ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,060: / Line 2,075: @@
 </div></div>
-Snakes are classified into three categories- ''darvikara, mandali'' and ''rajiman'' and they cause aggravation of ''vayu, pitta'' and ''kapha'' respectively.[124]
+Snakes are classified into three categories- ''darvikara, mandali'' and ''rajiman'' and they cause aggravation of [[vayu]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] respectively.[124]
-==== Identification of snakes ====
+=== Identification of snakes ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,081: / Line 2,096: @@
 The ''darvikara'' snake has a hood; the ''mandali'' snakes are hoodless but possess rounded marks on their body whereas the ''rajiman'' type of snakes possess variegated spots and streaks on its body.[125]
-==== Properties of snake poisons ====
+=== Properties of snake poisons ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,102: / Line 2,117: @@
 The poison of ''mandali'' snake is sour and hot due to which it aggravates pitta ,whereas that of ''rajiman'' snake is sweet and cold due to which it aggravates ''kapha''.[126]
-==== Characteristics of ''darvikara'' snake bite ====
+=== Characteristics of ''darvikara'' snake bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,119: / Line 2,134: @@
 </div></div>
-The bite by the ''darvikara sarpa'' is characterized by minute fang marks, is black, there is absence of bleeding, swelling having the shape of back of a tortoise and it produces several disorders due to aggravation of ''vata''.[127]
+The bite by the ''darvikara sarpa'' is characterized by minute fang marks, is black, there is absence of bleeding, swelling having the shape of back of a tortoise and it produces several disorders due to aggravation of [[vata]].[127]
-==== Characteristics of ''mandali'' snake bite ====
+=== Characteristics of ''mandali'' snake bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,138: / Line 2,153: @@
 </div></div>
-The fang marks due to the bite by ''mandali sarpa'' is deep, the wound is spread over a large surface area, associated with edema. There is yellowish discoloration at the site of bite and the exudates at the bite site are yellowish and bloody. They cause several other disorders due to aggravation of ''pitta''.[128]
+The fang marks due to the bite by ''mandali sarpa'' is deep, the wound is spread over a large surface area, associated with edema. There is yellowish discoloration at the site of bite and the exudates at the bite site are yellowish and bloody. They cause several other disorders due to aggravation of [[pitta]].[128]
-==== Characteristics of ''rajimana'' snake bite ====
+=== Characteristics of ''rajimana'' snake bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,157: / Line 2,172: @@
 </div></div>
-The bite by the ''rajimana sarpa'' is characterized by a soft and stable edema.The bite site is unctuous and pale. The bloody exudates coming from the bite site is thick and several disorders due to aggravation of ''kapha'' are produced. [129]
+The bite by the ''rajimana sarpa'' is characterized by a soft and stable edema.The bite site is unctuous and pale. The bloody exudates coming from the bite site is thick and several disorders due to aggravation of [[kapha]] are produced. [129]
-==== Gender wise characteristics of snakes ====
+=== Gender wise characteristics of snakes ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,184: / Line 2,199: @@
 The snake which is round coiled has a large body, that hisses loudly, that which looks upward, has a large head and an even body is a male. The ones with an opposite characteristics is a female. The eunuch snake is timid in nature.[130]
-==== Differentiation in features in snake bite of different genders ====
+=== Differentiation in features in snake bite of different genders ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,209: / Line 2,224: @@
 The patient bitten by a female snake looks downwards, has feeble voice and trembles. In a patient bitten by a male snake, the features contrary to the above are found.if mixed characters is found, one should be known as bitten by an eunuch snake.Thus characters of female, male and eunuch snakes are said.[131-132]
-==== Bite of a pregnant snake ====
+=== Bite of a pregnant snake ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,262: / Line 2,277: @@
 The bite which is deeply performed, elevated, painful, placed lengthwise and having marks of fangs and inflammation is very troublesome, while the other bites are not so much distressing.[135]
-==== Characters of snakes of different ages ====
+=== Characters of snakes of different ages ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,281: / Line 2,296: @@
 Black snakes in young age, ''gonasa'' in old age, ''rajimana'' in middle age are like a ''sivisha'' (dreadful snakes with poisoned vision and breadth).[136]
-==== Fangs of snakes ====
+=== Fangs of snakes ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,334: / Line 2,349: @@
 The bites caused by fangs have the quantity of poison increased in progressive order and are similar (to fangs) in color. The later ones have profuse poison and are very troublesome.[139]
-==== ''Dooshi visha'' (slowly acting poison) ====
+=== ''Dooshi visha'' (slowly acting poison) ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,376: / Line 2,391: @@
 The bites of ''dooshivisha'' insects shows the signs and symptoms as the part become red, white, black or blackish, covered with boils, associated with itching, burning, spreading and inflammation and gets ''necrosed''.[141]
-==== Bad prognostic fatal signs ====
+=== Bad prognostic fatal signs ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,407: / Line 2,422: @@
 Now listen to the symptoms of deadly poison. The swelling increases as in snake bite, the bitten spot contains blood with intense odor, there is heaviness in eyes, fainting, pain, dyspnea, thirst and anorexia. [142-143]
-==== Characteristics of insect bite with ''dooshi visha'' ====
+=== Characteristics of insect bite with ''dooshi visha'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,432: / Line 2,447: @@
 The bite is black or blackish in center, covered with membrane, burn like, exceedingly inflaming and associated with moistening, swelling and fever. These are the signs and symptoms of bite by ''Dooshivisha Lootha'' (spider).[144]
-==== General features ====
+=== General features ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,457: / Line 2,472: @@
 In general the following are the signs and symptoms of spider bite-swelling, boils, white-black-red or yellow, fever, terrible dyspnea, burning sensation, hiccups and stiffness in head.[146]
-==== Characteristics of rat bite ====
+=== Characteristics of rat bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,476: / Line 2,491: @@
 Pale blood coming out in the region of bite, rashes, fever, anorexia, horripilation and burning sensation- these are the signs and symptoms in the bite by the ''dooshi visha'' rats. [147]
-==== Features of rat bite ====
+=== Features of rat bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,495: / Line 2,510: @@
 In incurable rat poisoning there is fainting, swelling in the part, discoloration, moistening, deafness, fever, heaviness in head, salivation and hematemesis.[148]
-==== Characteristics of chameleon bite ====
+=== Characteristics of chameleon bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,514: / Line 2,529: @@
 In bite by chameleon, there is blackish discoloration or other discoloration, mental confusion and diarrhea. [149]
-==== Characteristics of scorpion bite ====
+=== Characteristics of scorpion bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,550: / Line 2,565: @@
 If bitten by scorpion with incurable poison the patient loses the senses of vision, smell and taste, has flesh falling down excessively, suffers from intense pain and finally dies.[151]
-==== Characteristics of hornet bite ====
+=== Characteristics of hornet bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,569: / Line 2,584: @@
 Spreading affliction, swelling, pain, fever, vomiting and decomposition of the bitten part- these are the symptoms of hornet bite.[152]
-==== Characteristics of crab bite ====
+=== Characteristics of crab bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,588: / Line 2,603: @@
 If bitten by ''uchittinga'' (crab), the patient suffers from horripilation, stiffness of penis, intense pain, and feels as if the body parts are sprinkled over by cold water. [153]
-==== Characteristics of frog bite ====
+=== Characteristics of frog bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,607: / Line 2,622: @@
 If bitten by poisonous frogs, the part is pierced with single fang, is swollen, painful and yellow associated with general symptoms like thirst, vomiting and sleep.[154]
-==== Effects of poisonous fish ====
+=== Effects of poisonous fish ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,620: / Line 2,635: @@
 The poisonous fish produce burning, swelling and pain.[155]
-==== Effects of poisonous leech ====
+=== Effects of poisonous leech ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,633: / Line 2,648: @@
 The poisonous leech causes itching, swelling, fever and fainting.[155]
-==== Effects of poisonous lizards ====
+=== Effects of poisonous lizards ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,646: / Line 2,661: @@
 The house lizard produces burning piercing pain, sweating and swelling. [156]
-==== Effects of poisonous centipede ====
+=== Effects of poisonous centipede ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,659: / Line 2,674: @@
 The poison of ''shatapadi'' (centipede) causes sweating pain and burning in the site of sting.[156]
-==== Effects of mosquito bite ====
+=== Effects of mosquito bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,678: / Line 2,693: @@
 By the sting of ''mashaka'' (mosquito) the site is affected with itching, slight swelling and mild pain. The sting of incurable mosquito poison causes symptoms similar to those in incurable insect bites.[157]
-==== Effects of bee sting ====
+=== Effects of bee sting ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,697: / Line 2,712: @@
 In ''makshika'' (bee) stings, there is pimple oozing quickly and blackish associated with general symptoms such as burning, fainting and fever. Of them ''sthagika'' bee is fatal.[158]
-==== Prognosis as per place and time of bite ====
+=== Prognosis as per place and time of bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,745: / Line 2,760: @@
 The above said is observed in bites by snakes as well as the insects born by them.[161]
-==== Aggravating factors of effects of poison ====
+=== Aggravating factors of effects of poison ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,764: / Line 2,779: @@
 Effect of poison aggravates in persons who are afraid, drunken, weak and afflicted with heat, hunger and thirst and also if the body constitution and time are similar. Otherwise it has mild effect.[162]
-==== Snakes with mild poisonous effect ====
+=== Snakes with mild poisonous effect ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,783: / Line 2,798: @@
 The snakes which are affected with water, are weak, terrorized, defeated by mongoose, old, of tender age, sloughed are known as having mild poison.[163]
-==== Effect of anger, hunger and fear on releasing snake poison ====
+=== Effect of anger, hunger and fear on releasing snake poison ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,802: / Line 2,817: @@
 The poison though situated in whole body is released by the snake when angry, but the same is not released due to hunger or fear.[164]
-==== ''Dosha'' dominance in insects poison ====
+=== [[Dosha]] dominance in insects poison ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,819: / Line 2,834: @@
 </div></div>
-Poisons of crab and scorpion are predominant in ''vata'', those of ''keeta'' (insects) are predominant in ''vata'' and ''pitta'' and ''kanabha'' (hornets) etc. are predominant in ''kapha''.[165]
+Poisons of crab and scorpion are predominant in [[vata]], those of ''keeta'' (insects) are predominant in [[vata]] and [[pitta]] and ''kanabha'' (hornets) etc. are predominant in [[kapha]].[165]
-==== Treatment as per ''dosha'' dominance ====
+=== Treatment as per [[dosha]] dominance ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,838: / Line 2,853: @@
 </div></div>
-Treatment is given with the measures having qualities contrary to those of the ''dosha'' exhibiting predominant symptoms.[166]
+Treatment is given with the measures having qualities contrary to those of the [[dosha]] exhibiting predominant symptoms.[166]
-==== Clinical effects of ''vata'' dominant ''visha'' ====
+=== Clinical effects of [[vata]] dominant ''visha'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,857: / Line 2,872: @@
 </div></div>
-In ''vatika'' poisoning the symptoms are – cardiac pain, upward movement of ''vayu'', stiffness, dilatation of blood vessels, pain in the bone joints, giddiness, twisting and blackishness in the body.[167]
+In ''vatika'' poisoning the symptoms are – cardiac pain, upward movement of [[vayu]], stiffness, dilatation of blood vessels, pain in the bone joints, giddiness, twisting and blackishness in the body.[167]
-==== Clinical effects of ''pitta'' dominant ''visha'' ====
+=== Clinical effects of ''pitta'' dominant ''visha'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,878: / Line 2,893: @@
 In ''paittika'' poisoning, the symptoms are loss of consciousness, hot expiration (feeling heat while long exhalation), heart burning, pungent taste in mouth, tearing down of flesh, swelling red or yellow.[168]
-==== Clinical effects of ''kapha'' dominant ''visha'' ====
+=== Clinical effects of ''kapha'' dominant ''visha'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,897: / Line 2,912: @@
 Poison predominant in ''kapha'' should be known by vomiting, anorexia, nausea, salivation, excitement, heaviness, feeling of cold and sweetness of mouth.[169]
-==== Treatment of ''vata'' dominant ''visha'' ====
+=== Treatment of ''vata'' dominant ''visha'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,916: / Line 2,931: @@
 The case of ''vatika'' poisoning should be treated with local application of ''khanda'', oil massage, fomentation with tubular method or ''pulaka'' (flesh) and bulk promoting regimens.[170]
-==== Treatment of ''pitta'' dominant ''visha'' ====
+=== Treatment of ''pitta'' dominant ''visha'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,953: / Line 2,968: @@
 In all poisons and those located in all parts mostly the cold measures are adopted except in cases of ''vrishchika'' (scorpion) and ''ucchitinga'' (crab).[172]
-==== Treatment of scorpion bite ====
+=== Treatment of scorpion bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,972: / Line 2,987: @@
 In ''vrishchika'' (scorpion) sting fomentation, massage with ghee and salt, hot sprinklings and food and beverages with ghee shall be used. [173]
-==== Treatment of crab bite ====
+=== Treatment of crab bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 2,991: / Line 3,006: @@
 The same should be adopted in case of ''uchhitinga''. In addition, rubbing with dust in direction reverse to that of skin hair, intake of tepid water and covering the part with hot and thick layer of dust are prescribed.[174]
-==== Features of dog bite ====
+=== Features of dog bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,008: / Line 3,023: @@
 </div></div>
-Rabid dog bite: due to the vitiation of ''tridosha'' and aggravation of ''dhatus'' suffers from headache, salivation and drooped face. [175]
+Rabid dog bite: due to the vitiation of tri[[dosha]] and aggravation of [[dhatu]] suffers from headache, salivation and drooped face. [175]
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,025: / Line 3,040: @@
 </div></div>
-Other such fierce animals too vitiate ''kapha'' and ''vata'' and cause cardiac pain, headache, fever, stiffness, thirst and fainting.[176]
+Other such fierce animals too vitiate [[kapha]] and [[vata]] and cause cardiac pain, headache, fever, stiffness, thirst and fainting.[176]
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,056: / Line 3,071: @@
 Itching, piercing pain, discoloration, numbness, moistening, drying heat, redness, pain, suppuration, swelling, formation of cysts, shriveling, tearing down of flesh, boils, growths, rashes and fever- these are the signs and symptoms of the poisonous bites. The contrary ones are found in the non poisonous one.[178-179]
-==== Treatment of dog bite ====
+=== Treatment of dog bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,092: / Line 3,107: @@
 In heart burning or salivation, purgation or emesis should be administered frequently according to condition. After purification, the dietetic order should be followed.[180]
-==== Treatment of poisonous effects in head region ====
+=== Treatment of poisonous effects in head region ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,113: / Line 3,128: @@
 ''bandhujiva'' (Pentopetes phoenicea), ''bharangi''( Clerodendrum serratum) and ''surasa''(Ocimum sanctum).[181]
-==== Treatment of poisonous effects in upper and lower parts of body ====
+=== Treatment of poisonous effects in upper and lower parts of body ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,132: / Line 3,147: @@
 Moreover flesh with blood of chicken, crow and peacock should be applied on the incised scalp if the bite is below and feet if the bite is above.[182]
-==== Treatment of poisonous effects in eye region ====
+=== Treatment of poisonous effects in eye region ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,151: / Line 3,166: @@
 ''Pippali'' (Piper longum), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''yavakshara'' (obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare), ''vacha'' (Acorus calamus) , ''saindhava'' (rock salt) and ''shigru'' (Moringa oleifera) pounded with bile of ''rohita'' fish and applied to the eyes as  collyrium destroys the poison in the eyes.[183]
-==== Treatment of poisonous effects in throat region ====
+=== Treatment of poisonous effects in throat region ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,164: / Line 3,179: @@
 If the poison is in the throat, unripe fruit of ''kapittha'' (Feronia limonia) should be taken mixed with sugar and honey.[184]
-==== Treatment of poisonous effects in stomach region ====
+=== Treatment of poisonous effects in stomach region ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,177: / Line 3,192: @@
 In case of poison located in the stomach, 40gms of powder of ''tagara'' (Valeriana wallichii) mixed with sugar and honey should be taken.[184]
-==== Treatment of poisonous effects in colon region ====
+=== Treatment of poisonous effects in colon region ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,196: / Line 3,211: @@
 If the poison is located in the ''pakwashaya'' (colon), one should take ''pippali'' (Piper longum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and ''manjishta'' (Rubia cordifolia) each in equal quantity pounded with cow bile.[185]
-==== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''rasa dhatu'' ====
+=== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''rasa dhatu'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,215: / Line 3,230: @@
 In poisoning of the ''rasa dhatu'', one should take blood and flesh of ''godha'' (giant lizard or alligator), dried and powdered mixed with the juice of ''kapittha'' (Feronia limonia).[186]
-==== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''rakta dhatu'' ====
+=== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''rakta dhatu'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,234: / Line 3,249: @@
 In poisoning of the ''rakta dhatu'', root bark of ''shleshmataka'' (Cordia dichotoma), shoots of ''badara'' (Ziziphus mauritiana), ''udumbara'' (Ficus racemosa) and ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera) should be taken.[187]
-==== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''mamsa dhatu'' ====
+=== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''mamsa dhatu'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,253: / Line 3,268: @@
 In poisoning of the ''mamsa dhatu'', roots of ''khadira'' (Acacia catechu), ''nimba'' (Azadiracta indica) and ''kutaja'' (Holarrhena antidysentrica) should be taken mixed with honey and along with water.[187]
-==== Treatment of poisonous effects in all ''dhatu'' ====
+=== Treatment of poisonous effects in all [[dhatu]] ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,266: / Line 3,281: @@
 In all types of poisoning, two types of ''bala'' (Sida cordifolia and Abutilon indicum), ''madhuka'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra), ''madhooka'' (Madhuca longifolia), and ''tagara'' (Valeneria wallichii) should be taken.[188]
-==== Treatment of poisonous effects in ''kapha'' dominance ====
+=== Treatment of poisonous effects in [[kapha]] dominance ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,283: / Line 3,298: @@
 </div></div>
-''Pippali'' (Piper longum), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''yavakshara'' (Yavakshara (obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare) mixed with fresh ''navaneeta'' (butter) should be painted on the site if there is aggravation of ''kapha dosha''. [189]
+''Pippali'' (Piper longum), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''yavakshara'' (Yavakshara (obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare) mixed with fresh ''navaneeta'' (butter) should be painted on the site if there is aggravation of [[kapha]] [[dosha]]. [189]
-==== Various formulations ====
+=== Various formulations ===
-===== ''Mamsyadi'' formulation =====
+==== ''Mamsyadi'' formulation ====
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,312: / Line 3,327: @@
 ''Mamsi'' (Nordostachys jatamansi), ''kumkuma'' (Crocus sativus), ''patra'' (Abies webbiana), ''twak'' (Cinnamomnm zeylanicum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''tagara'', (Valeneria wallichii), ''chandana'' (Pterocarpus santalinus), ''manashila'' (Arsenic disulphide), ''vyagranakha'' (tiger nails), ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum) pounded with water and used for internal administration (''pana''), in snuff, collyrium and paste counteracts all poisonous edema.[190]
-===== ''Chandanadi'' formulation =====
+==== ''Chandanadi'' formulation ====
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,343: / Line 3,358: @@
 ''Chandana'' (Santalum album), ''tagara'' (Valeriana wallichii), ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''twak'' (Cinnamomnm zeylanicum), ''manashila'' (realgar (Arsenic disulphide), ''tamala'' (Nicotiana tabacum), juice of ''nagakesara'' (Mesua ferrea) and ''shardoolanakha'' (nail of a jackal) pounded with rice water destroys all poisons as Indra’s thunderbolt kills the demons.[191-192]
-===== ''Shirishadi nasya'' and ''anjana'' =====
+==== ''Shirishadi nasya'' and ''anjana'' ====
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,362: / Line 3,377: @@
 White ''maricha'' (decorticated) impregnated with the juice of ''shireesha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) flowers for a week is efficacious in snake bite as snuff, ''pana'' (internal administration) and collyrium.[193]
-===== ''Nata-Kushtha'' formulation =====
+==== ''Nata-Kushtha'' formulation ====
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,381: / Line 3,396: @@
 ''Tagara'' (Valeriana wallichii ) and ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa )- 80gms, ghee and honey- 160gms – this potion renders relief even in bites by ''takshaka'' (king of snakes).[194]
-==== Treatment of ''darvikara'' snake bite ====
+=== Treatment of ''darvikara'' snake bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,400: / Line 3,415: @@
 ''Sinduvara'' root (Vitex negundo), ''shweta'' (Clitoria ternatia) and ''girikarnika'' (Variety of Clitoria ternatia ) this is a liquid remedy for the bite by ''darveekara'' type of snake along with snuffing with ''kushta'' mixed with honey.[195]
-==== Treatment of ''mandali'' snake bite ====
+=== Treatment of ''mandali'' snake bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,419: / Line 3,434: @@
 ''Manjishta'' (Rubia cordifolia), ''madhuyashti'' (Glycyrrhia glabra), ''jeevaka'' (Microstylis musifera), ''rishabaka'' (Microstylis wallichii), ''sita, kashmarya,'' leaf buds of ''vata'' (Ficus bengalensis) - this is the potion for the bite by ''mandali'' (viper) type of snake.[196]
-==== Treatment of ''rajimana'' snake bite ====
+=== Treatment of ''rajimana'' snake bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,438: / Line 3,453: @@
 ''Trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum), ''ativisha'' (Aconitum hetrophylum), ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa), ''soot, harenuka'' (Vitex negundo), ''tagara'' (Valeneria wallichii), ''katuka'' (Picrorhiza kurrora)- powder of all these mixed with honey destroys the poison of ''rajimana'' type of snake.[197]
-==== ''Grihadhumadi'' formulation ====
+=== ''Grihadhumadi'' formulation ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,457: / Line 3,472: @@
 ''Grihadhooma'' (soot), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) all with root mixed with ''tanduleeyaka'' (Amaranthus blitum) and plenty of honey and ghee can be taken by a person bitten even by a ''vasuki''.[198]
-==== External application in insect bite ====
+=== External application in insect bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,481: / Line 3,496: @@
 The paste of ''mukta'' is good for alleviating swelling, burning sensation, piercing pain and fever.[200]
-==== Treatment of spider poison ====
+=== Treatment of spider poison ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,565: / Line 3,580: @@
 Bark of ''katabhy'' (Albizzia procera), ''arjuna'' (Terminalia arjuna), ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''shleshmataka'' (Cordia dichotoma) and bark of ''kshiridruma'' (Ficus bengalensis, Ficus recemosa, Ficus lacor, Thespesia poulnea, Ficus religiosa) used as decoction, paste and powder destroy the wounds caused by insects and spiders.[204]
-==== Treatment of rat bite ====
+=== Treatment of rat bite ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,584: / Line 3,599: @@
 ''Twak'' (Cinnamomnm zeylanicum) and ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale) in equal quantity pounded finely should be taken with hot water. It destroys poison of all sorts of rats.[205]
-==== ''Kutajadi'' formulation ====
+=== ''Kutajadi'' formulation ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,624: / Line 3,639: @@
 </div></div>
-All these anti-poison formulations may be used in chameleon poisoning according to ''dosha''.[208]
+All these anti-poison formulations may be used in chameleon poisoning according to [[dosha]].[208]
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,685: / Line 3,700: @@
 </div></div>
-Moreover mostly the measures alleviating ''vata'' and ''pitta'' are prescribed.[211]
+Moreover mostly the measures alleviating [[vata]] and [[pitta]] are prescribed.[211]
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,698: / Line 3,713: @@
 In case of poisoning by ''ucchitinga'' and ''kanabha'' remedies applicable to that by scorpion and rat are prescribed respectively.[211]
-==== Best ''agada'' ====
+=== Best ''agada'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,741: / Line 3,756: @@
 ''Vacha'' (Acorus Calamus), ''vamsha'' bark (Bambusa arundinacea), ''patha'' (Cissambelos Pereira), ''nata'' (Valeneria wallichii), flower stalk of ''tulasi'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''bala'' (Sida cordifolia), ''atibala'' (Abutilon indicum), ''nakuli'' (Alpinia galangal), ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa), ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''guha'' (''krishnaparni'' - Uraria picta), ''atiguha'' (''shalaparni'' - Desmodium gangeticum), ''shveta'' (Clitoria ternacia), ''ajagandha'' (Carum roxburghianum), ''shilajatu,  kattruna'' (Cymbopogon citrates), ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera), ''yava kshara'' ((obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare),  ''grihadhuma'' (soot), ''manahshila'' (Arsenic disulphide) are pounded with bile of ''rohita'' fish. This is an excellent anti-poison efficacious in bite of insects like ''vishwambara,'' etc when used as snuff, collyrium and paste.[212-214]
-==== Treatment of centipede poison ====
+=== Treatment of centipede poison ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,760: / Line 3,775: @@
 ''Swarjika,'' excrements of goat, ''yavakshara'' (obtained by incinerating Hordeum vulgare), ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum), ''akshipeedaka''- this taken with wine scum is efficacious in centipede poisoning.[215]
-==== Treatment of house lizard poison ====
+=== Treatment of house lizard poison ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,796: / Line 3,811: @@
 ''Tanduleeyaka'' (Amaranthus blitum) mixed with the juice of ''kaakanda'' (Mucuna prurita) is the prominent one among the anti poisonous and so is ''kakapiluka'' mixed with peacock's bile.[217]
-==== ''Pancha shirisha agada'' ====
+=== ''Pancha shirisha agada'' ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,821: / Line 3,836: @@
 The five parts- root, fruit, bark, flower and leaf of ''shireesha'' (Albizzia lebbeck) taken together in equal quantity is known as ''panchashireesha agada'' which is the best one for destroying the poison.[218]
-==== Treatment of nail or teeth bite of animals ====
+=== Treatment of nail or teeth bite of animals ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,852: / Line 3,867: @@
 If the wound caused by the nails of teeth of quadrupeds or bipeds is swollen, inflamed and oozing and associated with fever, the paste of ''somavalka'' (Acacia catechu), ''ashwakarna'' (Dipterocarpus alatus), ''gojivha'' (Onosma bracteatum), ''hamsapaadi'' (Adiantum lunulatum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa),  ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and ''gairika'' (red ochre) should be applied. It alleviates poisoning due to nails and teeth.[219-220]
-==== ''Shanka visha'' (pseudo poisoning) ====
+=== ''Shanka visha'' (pseudo poisoning) ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,896: / Line 3,911: @@
 The wise physician should console the patient and administer the portion of ''sharkara'' (sugar candy), ''saugandhika'' (Nymphaea alba), ''draksha'' (Vitis vinifera), ''payasya'' (Ipomea dioitata), ''madhuka'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and honey. At the same time the body should be sponged with water purified with incantations besides consoling and exhilarating measures.[221-223]
-==== Suitable diet in treatment of poisoning ====
+=== Suitable diet in treatment of poisoning ===
   <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,966: / Line 3,981: @@
 Soups and meat juices prepared with drugs curative of poisons and the food which is non irritant are the remedies in cases of poison.[227]
-==== Unsuitable diet and lifestyle ====
+=== Unsuitable diet and lifestyle ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 3,985: / Line 4,000: @@
 The person though cured of poison should avoid antagonistic diet, over feeding, anger, fear, exertion and sexual intercourse and day sleep particularly.[228]
-==== Signs of poisoning in quadruped animals ====
+=== Signs of poisoning in quadruped animals ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 4,016: / Line 4,031: @@
 Repeated jerks of the head, edema, drooping of the lips and the ears, fever, rigidity of the eyes and limbs, tremors of the jaw, contortions of the body, falling of hair, exhaustion, depression, trembling, and circumambulation are the symptoms in quadrupeds bitten by poisonous creatures.[229-230]
-==== Treatment of poisoning in animals ====
+=== Treatment of poisoning in animals ===
 <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
@@ Line 4,047: / Line 4,062: @@
 ''Devadaru'' (Cedrus deoda), ''haridra,'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata), ''sarala'' (Pinus longifolia), ''chandana'' (Santalum album), ''aguru'' (Aqualaria agallocha), ''rasna'' (Alpinio officinarum), ''gorochana'' (Bile of cow), ''ajaji'' (Cuminum cyminum), ''guggulu'' (Commiphora mukul), ''ikshurasa'' (Saccharum officinarum), ''nata churna, saindhava'' (rock salt), ''ananta'' along with cows bile and honey makes a universal remedy for poisonous bites in the quadrupeds.[231-232]
-==== ''Gara visha'' (slow acting artificial poison) ====
+=== ''Gara visha'' (slow acting artificial poison) ===
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@@ Line 4,066: / Line 4,081: @@
 With the view to gain the favor of their husbands, women administer to them their sweat, menstrual discharge, saliva and excreta from other parts of the body and also the ''gara'' or artificial poison prepared by enemies, mixing these with the food.[233]
-==== Effects of ''gara visha'' ====
+=== Effects of ''gara visha'' ===
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@@ Line 4,121: / Line 4,136: @@
 As a result of such administration of poison, the person will show symptoms of anemia, emaciation, weakness of the digestive power, palpitation of the heart, distension of the abdomen and edema of hands and feet, abdominal diseases, assimilation disorders, ''gulma,'' depletion of ''dhatus'', fever and similar other disorders. He perceives in his dreams generally cats, jackals, cruel animals, mangoose and monkey, dried up rivers or other sources of water and withered trees. If he be of dark complexion, he sees himself as bright in dreams and vice versa. He also sees himself in dreams without ears and nose or injured in his sense organs.[234-237]
-==== Treatment of ''gara visha'' ====
+=== Treatment of ''gara visha'' ===
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@@ Line 4,169: / Line 4,184: @@
 Fine powder of copper mixed with honey is shall be administered first for ''hrid shodhana''. or ''hridayaavarana''. This induces emesis. He should then be administered with ''shana matra'' (three grams )of ''suvarna bhasma''. Gold quickly destroys all poisons even ''gara visha''. Just as water fallen on lotus leaves cannot wet it, ''visha'' cannot destroy a person who is administered with ''swarna bhasma''.[239-240]
-==== ''Nagadantyadi'' ghee ====
+=== ''Nagadantyadi'' ghee ===
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@@ Line 4,194: / Line 4,209: @@
 Ghee obtained from buffalo’s milk and processed with ''nagadanti'' (Croton oblongifolius), ''trivrit'' (Operculina turpethum), ''danti, dravanti'' (Balliospermum montanum), ''snukpaya, madanaphala'' and one ''adhaka'' of cow's urine is an effective remedy in case of poison due to snake and insect bite and in ''gara visha''.[241-242]
-==== ''Amrita'' Ghee ====
+=== ''Amrita'' Ghee ===
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@@ Line 4,297: / Line 4,312: @@
 One ''adhaka'' of ghee cooked by adding the paste of one ''aksha'' each of bark of ''shirisha'' (Albizzia lebbeck), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''pippali'' (Piper longum), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''triphala'' (Terminalia chebula, Emblica officinalia, Terminalia bellerica), ''chandana'' (Santalum album), ''utpala'' (Nelumbo nucifera), ''bala'' (Sida cordifolia),  ''atibala'' (Abutilon indicum), ''sariva'' (Hemidismus indicus), ''asphota'' (Semicarpus anacardium), ''surabhi, nimbi'' (Azardirachta indica), ''patala'' (Stereospermum suaveolens), ''bandhujiva'' (Pentopetes phoenicea), ''adhaki'' (Cajanus cajan), ''murva'' (Marsdenia tenacissima), ''vasa'' (Adathoda vasica), ''surasa'' (Occimum sanctum), ''vatsaka'' (Holarrhena antidysentrica), ''patha'' (Cissambelos Pereira), ''ankola'' (Alangium saufolium), ''ashvagandha'' (Withania somnifera), ''arkamula'' (Calotropis procera), ''yashtimadhu'' (Glycyrrhiza glabra), ''padmaka'' (Prunus cerasoides), ''vishala'' (Trichosanthes bracteata), ''brihati'' (Solanum indicum), ''laksha, kovidara'' (Bauhninia variegate), ''shatavari'' (Asparagus recemosa), ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera), ''danti'' (Maliospermum montanum), ''apamarga'' (Achyranthus aspera),  ''prushniparni  rasanjjana'' (Extracts of Berberis aristata), ''shvetabhanda'' (Albizzia procera), ''ashvakhuraka'' (Clitoria ternatea), ''kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa), ''daru'' (Cedrus deodara), ''priyangu'' (Calicarpa macrophylla), ''vidari'' (Puraria tuberose), ''madhuka sara'' (Glycerrhiza glabra) , ''karanja'' fruit (Pongamia pinnata), bark ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and ''lodhra'' (Symplocos racemosa), two ''adhaka'' of water, three ''adhaka'' of cows urine and goats urine each. This recipe cures poison, epilepsy, depletion of ''dhatus'', insanity, ''gara, udara,'' anemia, parasitic infestation, ''gulma,'' splenic disorders, stiffness of thighs, jaundice, stiffness of jaws and shoulders, etc. when used in the form of drink, massage and inhalation therapy. It helps in the revival of persons who appear to be dead due to poisons and hanging. This combination is called as ''amrita ghrita'' and is best suited in all cases of poisoning.[242-249]
-==== Lifestyle to avoid snake bite ====
+=== Lifestyle to avoid snake bite ===
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@@ Line 4,339: / Line 4,354: @@
 Immediately after a snake bite, the person should bite the snake itself if possible or otherwise bite a clod of earth. Thereafter a tourniquet should be tied above the site of bite and the place of bite should be incised as well as cauterized.[251]
-==== Wearing gems for preventing poisonous effects ====
+=== Wearing gems for preventing poisonous effects ===
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@@ Line 4,370: / Line 4,385: @@
 Wearing of diamond, emerald, and other precious gems gives immunity against poisons. Keeping or domesticating different birds is also useful to overcome poisons.[252-253]
-==== Summary ====
+=== Summary ===
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@@ Line 4,412: / Line 4,427: @@
 Thus ends the twenty third chapter of the [[Chikitsa Sthana]] dealing with the treatment of poisons of Agnivesha’s work as redacted by Charak.[23]
-=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles===
+== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
 *''Visha'' (poison) is of two categories viz. ''jangama'' (animal origin) and ''sthavara'' (earthen and plant origin).
@@ Line 4,419: / Line 4,434: @@
 *The action of animal poison is manly in lower gastrointestinal tract, while the action of plant poison is mainly in upper gastrointestinal tract. The clinical features are well differentiated in both cases. Therefore, the animal poison is used in treatment of poisoning by vegetable-poison and vice versa.
 *The effect of ''visha'' in humans can be assessed clinically in eight stages. The severity increases as per stage, finally leading to death.
-*The poisonous effect depends upon site of ''dosha, prakriti'' of patient and nature of poison.
+*The poisonous effect depends upon site of [[dosha]], [[Prakriti]] of patient and nature of poison.
-*''Dushi-visha'' (a type of artificial poison) vitiates blood and produces symptoms like ''aru'' (eczema in the head), k''itibha'' (psoriasis) and ''kotha'' (urticaria). This type of poison afflicts all ''doshas'' and causes death of the patient.
+*''Dushi-visha'' (a type of artificial poison) vitiates blood and produces symptoms like ''aru'' (eczema in the head), kitibha (psoriasis) and kotha (urticaria). This type of poison afflicts all ''doshas'' and causes death of the patient.
 *Due to power of poison, vitiated blood transudes to obstruct srotas (channels) leading to death of the patient. If the poison is taken orally, it stays in heart ( generalized affect) and if the poison is transmitted by bite or from poisoned arrow (local affect), it gets lodged in the place of bite.
 *Immediate treatment should be done to prevent spread of poison in the body through circulation. Application of tourniquet at the site of bite and  suction are first measures.
 *''Rakta dhatu'' is abode of ''visha'' and circulates ''visha'' all over the body. Hence bloodletting shall be done in various modalities at site of bite.
 *The treatment shall be administered after assessment of stage of poisoning and condition of the patient.
-*The treatment of ''visha'' includes twenty four modalities that are categorized under emergency treatments and conservative treatments. viz. Recitation of mantras; ''Arishta'' (tying an amulet impregnated with ''mantra'' or tying a bandage above the place of bite); ''Utkartana'' (excision of the part afflicted with the poisonous bite); ''Nishpidana'' (squeezing out blood from the place of the bite); ''Chushana'' (sucking out the poison from the place of the bite); ''Agni'' (cauterization); ''Parisheka'' (affusion); ''Avagaha'' (bath with medicated water); ''Rakta-Mokshana'' (blood-letting); ''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis); ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation); ''Upadhana'' (application of medicine after making an incision over the scalp); ''Hridayavaram'' (giving medicines-to protect the heart); ''Anjana'' (application of collyrium); ''Nasya'' (inhalation of medicated oil, etc.); ''Dhuma'' (smoking therapy); ''Leha'' (drugs in the form of linctus given for licking); ''Aushadha'' (administration of anti-toxic drugs or wearing as an amulet); ''Prashamana'' (sedatives); ''Pratisarana'' (application of alkalies); ''Prativisha'' (administration of poisons as medicines to counteract the original poison); ''Sanjna-samsthapana'' (administration of medicines for the restoration of consciousness); ''Lepa'' (application of medicines in the form of a paste or ointment); and ''Mrita-sanjivana'' (measures for the revival of life of an apparently dead person).
+*The treatment of ''visha'' includes twenty four modalities that are categorized under emergency treatments and conservative treatments. viz. Recitation of mantras; ''Arishta'' (tying an amulet impregnated with ''mantra'' or tying a bandage above the place of bite); ''Utkartana'' (excision of the part afflicted with the poisonous bite); ''Nishpidana'' (squeezing out blood from the place of the bite); ''Chushana'' (sucking out the poison from the place of the bite); [[Agni]] (cauterization); ''Parisheka'' (affusion); ''Avagaha'' (bath with medicated water); ''Rakta-Mokshana'' (blood-letting); [[Vamana]] (therapeutic emesis); [[Virechana]] (therapeutic purgation); ''Upadhana'' (application of medicine after making an incision over the scalp); ''Hridayavaram'' (giving medicines-to protect the heart); ''Anjana'' (application of collyrium); ''Nasya'' (inhalation of medicated oil, etc.); ''Dhuma'' (smoking therapy); ''Leha'' (drugs in the form of linctus given for licking); ''Aushadha'' (administration of anti-toxic drugs or wearing as an amulet); ''Prashamana'' (sedatives); ''Pratisarana'' (application of alkalies); ''Prativisha'' (administration of poisons as medicines to counteract the original poison); ''Sanjna-samsthapana'' (administration of medicines for the restoration of consciousness); ''Lepa'' (application of medicines in the form of a paste or ointment); and ''Mrita-sanjivana'' (measures for the revival of life of an apparently dead person).
-*''Dhamani bandha'' (application of tourniquet), ''avamarjana'' (eliminating the poison), and ''atmaraksha'' (protecting ourselves from the attack of evil spirits) should be done with the help of mantras. At first ''dosha'', where ''visha'' is lodged should be treated.
+*''Dhamani bandha'' (application of tourniquet), ''avamarjana'' (eliminating the poison), and ''atmaraksha'' (protecting ourselves from the attack of evil spirits) should be done with the help of mantras. At first [[dosha]], where ''visha'' is lodged should be treated.
-*If, ''visha'' is located in ''vata sthana'' then the patient should be administered with ''swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and should be given to drink the paste of ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa) mixed with curd.
+*If, ''visha'' is located in [[vata]] sthana then the patient should be administered with [[swedana]] (fomentation therapy) and should be given to drink the paste of ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa) mixed with curd.
-*If, ''visha'' is located in ''pitta sthana'' then the patient should be administered with ghee (clarified butter), honey, milk and water to drink. He should also be given ''avagaha'' and ''parisheka'' (types of fomentation therapies).
+*If, ''visha'' is located in [[pitta]] sthana then the patient should be administered with ghee (clarified butter), honey, milk and water to drink. He should also be given ''avagaha'' and ''parisheka'' (types of fomentation therapies).
-*If, ''visha'' is located in ''kapha sthana'' (chest region) then the patient should be administered with ''ksharagada'' (..), ''swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and ''siravydhana'' (bloodletting).
+*If, ''visha'' is located in [[kapha]] sthana (chest region) then the patient should be administered with ''ksharagada'' (..), [[swedana]] (fomentation therapy) and ''siravydhana'' (bloodletting).
-*If, ''visha'' is located in ''rakta sthana'' or if the patient is afflicted with ''dooshivisha'' (..) then the patient should be administered with ''siravyadhana'' (bloodletting) and [[Panchakarma]] (5 types of elimination therapies).
+*If, ''visha'' is located in [[rakta]] sthana or if the patient is afflicted with ''dooshivisha'' (..) then the patient should be administered with ''siravyadhana'' (bloodletting) and [[Panchakarma]] (5 types of elimination therapies).
 *Fumigation with herbs is useful in cleaning the atmosphere in home, things of daily use like  bed, seats, cloths.
-*If the poison has reached the stomach, then first principle is to administer emetic therapy. If the poisonous material is located in the skin, then ointments and fomentation therapy etc. should be administered. These therapeutic measures should be administered, keeping in view the nature of the ''doshas'' and the strength of the patient.
+*If the poison has reached the stomach, then first principle is to administer emetic therapy. If the poisonous material is located in the skin, then ointments and fomentation therapy etc. should be administered. These therapeutic measures should be administered, keeping in view the nature of the [[dosha]] and the strength of the patient.
 *Effect of poison gets aggravated in person who is afraid, drunken, weak and afflicted with heat, hunger and thirst and also if the body constitution and time are similar. Otherwise it has mild effect.
-*Assessment of ''dosha'' dominance shall be done first for diagnosis. Then the poisoning cases shall be treated as per ''dosha'' dominance.
+*Assessment of [[dosha]] dominance shall be done first for diagnosis. Then the poisoning cases shall be treated as per [[dosha]] dominance.
 *The case of ''vatika'' poisoning, person should be treated with local application of ''khanda'', oil massage, fomentation with tubular method or ''pulaka'' (flesh) and bulk promoting regimens.
 *''Paittika'' poisoning should be treated with very cold sprinkling and anointments.
-*''Kaphaja'' poisoning should be overcome with scraping, excision, fomentation and vomiting.
+*[[Kapha]]ja poisoning should be overcome with scraping, excision, fomentation and vomiting.
 *In poisoning with systemic symptoms, mostly the cold measures are adopted except in cases of ''vrishchika'' (scorpion) and ''ucchitinga'' (crab).
-=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences===
+== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==
-==== Similes in historical origin ====
+=== Similes in historical origin ===
 As per the historical origin, the appearance of ''visha'' can be interpreted as follows. ''Deeptha teja'' denotes very strong nature of poison, ''chaturdamshtro'' denote the fangs of a snake, ''hari/ harith kesha'' (''pingala varna kesha'') depicting the color of the venom which is straw colored, ''analekshana'' denotes to the potency or ''taikshnya'' of the ''visha''.
@@ Line 4,450: / Line 4,465: @@
 Therefore, the effects of poison become milder after the rains are over. Similarly, poison becomes more virulent and persons afflicted with ''dushi visha'' become worse, during this season.
-==== ''Gara visha'' (artificial poison) ====
+=== ''Gara visha'' (artificial poison) ===
 The third category of poison that may affect the man is called ''samyogaja visha'' and it is said to be inducted deliberately to cause harm. Chakrapanidatta mentions two types in it. One is named as ''gara'' which is a combination of non poisonous substances and the second one is ''kritrima'' (artificial) which is a combination of poisonous substances.
@@ Line 4,456: / Line 4,471: @@
 The same things are mentioned by the other authors also with a little difference or without any sub classification in it. It was one of the major practices in olden days. Today the practitioners have a common opinion that it is only a psychological aspect of some disorders and no such toxin can be seen as such which acts as explained in ''gara''. In Ashtanga Hridaya and Sushruta Samhita, detailed symptomatology which can be clearly demarcated on the basis of those which are related to the body and those which affect the mind. In conditions like ''shopha'' (inflammation), ''udara'' (ascitis) and ''pleeha'' (spleenomegaly) show the involvement of the hepatic system predominantly and also metabolic disorders.
-==== Properties and affects ====
+=== Properties and affects ===
-The ten ''gunas'' of ''visha'' with their impact on the ''doshas'' and the body are dealt in this section. Some ''gunas'' can be interpreted as follows: ''Sookshma guna'' has a property of ''vivarana'' i.e.; to spread which makes the ''rakta'' to spread all over and make the ''visha'' reach all over the body. ''Kapha'' and ''visha'' have the same origin from ''jala'' (water) and also the ''avyakta rasata'' leads to intrude into the ''anna rasa'' and spreads fast. ''Vyavayi vuna'' is responsible for the quick spreading of ''visha'' as like a drop of oil spreads on water surface. ''Taikshnya'' is responsible for ''marmaghna'' effect. Basically ''marma'' is ''saumya'' in nature. The ''vishada guna'' of ''visha'' makes it unsticky and there by not allowing getting it adhered at single place. The ''teekshna guna'' of ''visha'' destroys it and causes the ''marmaghna'' effect. It is very difficult to keep a ''laghu dravya'' stagnant. It keeps on changing its form or function. So it becomes very difficult to treat ''visha'' that is ''laghu'' and constantly changing its site of action in the body. Sushruta has also attributed the effect of poisons corresponding to its ''guna''. The illustration is precise and understandable. (Su. K. 2/19-21)
+The ten [[guna]] of ''visha'' with their impact on the [[dosha]] and the body are dealt in this section. Some [[guna]] can be interpreted as follows: Sookshma [[guna]] has a property of ''vivarana'' i.e.; to spread which makes the [[rakta]] to spread all over and make the ''visha'' reach all over the body. [[Kapha]] and ''visha'' have the same origin from ''jala'' (water) and also the ''[[Avyakta|avyakta]] rasata'' leads to intrude into the ''anna rasa'' and spreads fast. Vyavayi [[guna]] is responsible for the quick spreading of ''visha'' as like a drop of oil spreads on water surface. ''Taikshnya'' is responsible for ''marmaghna'' effect. Basically ''marma'' is ''saumya'' in nature. The ''vishada guna'' of ''visha'' makes it unsticky and there by not allowing getting it adhered at single place. The teekshna [[guna]] of ''visha'' destroys it and causes the ''marmaghna'' effect. It is very difficult to keep a ''laghu dravya'' stagnant. It keeps on changing its form or function. So it becomes very difficult to treat ''visha'' that is ''laghu'' and constantly changing its site of action in the body. Sushruta has also attributed the effect of poisons corresponding to its [[guna]]. The illustration is precise and understandable.<ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.2 Sthavaravishavijnaneeya Kalpa Adhyaya verse 3. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1 </ref>
-==== Treatment modalities ====
+=== Treatment modalities ===
-''Visha'' is managed by the above said 24 fold treatment principles. Any of the above said methods can be implemented in the treatment. They can be classified in to two as per the usage. One is emergency management and the other is conservative and ''rasayana'' treatment. The procedures like ''mantra, arishta, utkartana, nishpeedana, aachooshana, agni, parisheka, avagaha, raktamokshana'' are all emergencies as they will arrest the spread of ''visha''. The ''vamana, virechana, samjna sthapana'' (restoration of consciousness) etc are helpful in the removal of the absorbed poison. The set of treatments like ''prashamana'' (pacification), ''aushadha'' etc. are self explanatory. ''Mrita sanjeevana'' (restoring life in about to die or apprantly dead person) acts as a life saving and ''rasayana''. To say, ''rasayana'' has an inverse relation with ''visha''. This is told very clearly by Vagbhata while explaining the Ashtangas of [[Ayurveda]]. ''Rasayana'' comes next to ''visha'' in the chronology. [[Visha Chikitsa]] completes only after ''rasayana prayoga'' as it rejuvenates the damaged cells and tissues. The one which stands separate is ''kakapada chikitsa''. It is a trump card management in [[Visha Chikitsa]] when all other treatments fail. In olden days of practice it was very much used by various ''vaidyas''. Now it is restricted only to a limited area like Kerala. There are still some incidents of life saved by this procedure. Smilar references about the line of management in cases of poisoning can be cross referred in Sushruta Samhita & Ashtanga Samgraha (Su.K.5/3-4) (A.S.U. 42/8 & 42/19-23)
+''Visha'' is managed by the above said 24 fold treatment principles. Any of the above said methods can be implemented in the treatment. They can be classified in to two as per the usage. One is emergency management and the other is conservative and [[rasayana]] treatment. The procedures like ''mantra, arishta, utkartana, nishpeedana, aachooshana, agni, parisheka, avagaha, raktamokshana'' are all emergencies as they will arrest the spread of ''visha''. The [[vamana]], [[virechana]], samjna sthapana (restoration of consciousness) etc are helpful in the removal of the absorbed poison. The set of treatments like ''prashamana'' (pacification), ''aushadha'' etc. are self explanatory. ''Mrita sanjeevana'' (restoring life in about to die or apprantly dead person) acts as a life saving and [[rasayana]]. To say, [[rasayana]] has an inverse relation with ''visha''. This is told very clearly by Vagbhata while explaining the Ashtangas of [[Ayurveda]]. [[Rasayana]] comes next to ''visha'' in the chronology. [[Visha Chikitsa]] completes only after [[rasayana]] prayoga as it rejuvenates the damaged cells and tissues. The one which stands separate is ''kakapada chikitsa''. It is a trump card management in [[Visha Chikitsa]] when all other treatments fail. In olden days of practice it was very much used by various ''vaidyas''. Now it is restricted only to a limited area like Kerala. There are still some incidents of life saved by this procedure. Smilar references about the line of management in cases of poisoning can be cross referred in Sushruta Samhita & Ashtanga Samgraha. <ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.5 Sarpadashtavisha Chikitsitakalpa Adhyaya verse 3-4. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1</ref> <ref>Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha, Uttara Sthana, 42, Sarpavishapratishedha  Adhyaya. Verse 8 translated to English by Prof. Murthy KR, 9 th edition, Varanasi,Chaukhambha Orientalia Publisher, 2005; 229.</ref> <ref>Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha, Uttara Sthana, 42, Sarpavishapratishedha  Adhyaya. Verse 19-23 translated to English by Prof. Murthy KR, 9 th edition, Varanasi,Chaukhambha Orientalia Publisher, 2005; 229.</ref>
-==== First aid or immediate treatment after bite ====
+=== First aid or immediate treatment after bite ===
 Application of tourniquet should be to such an extent that the pressure exerted thereby should allow the passing of the little finger underneath it and above the skin. It remains always a matter of debate whether to incise the bite site or not. One school of thought combat the procedure as there are chances of infection of the wound created thereby. It may also get worsen especially in cases of viper bites as the open injuries get necrosed due to vasculotoxic effect of the venom ultimately results in amputation of the organ involved.
-''Chushana'' (sucking) may also be done after putting ''gomaya'' (dried cowdung) ''agada churnas'', or ''bhasma'' in mouth. (A.H.U.36/46-47)
+''Chushana'' (sucking) may also be done after putting ''gomaya'' (dried cowdung) ''agada churnas'', or ''bhasma'' in mouth.<ref>Vagbhata. Uttara Sthana, Cha.36 Sarpavishapratishedha Adhyaya verse 46-47. In: Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya, Editors. Ashtanga Hridayam. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.p.4.</ref>
-==== ''Agnikarma'' and its contraindications ====
+=== ''Agnikarma'' and its contraindications ===
-''Agnikarma'' was performed with the help of ''shalaka'' (rod) made up of ''hema'' (gold) or ''lauha'' (iron). Nowadays a rod made up of ''pancha dhatu'' (mixture of five metals) is utilized for the purpose. The procedure is contra-indicated in ''mandali'' (viper) bites. (A.H.U.36/45)
+''Agnikarma'' was performed with the help of ''shalaka'' (rod) made up of ''hema'' (gold) or ''lauha'' (iron). Nowadays a rod made up of ''pancha dhatu'' (mixture of five metals) is utilized for the purpose. The procedure is contra-indicated in ''mandali'' (viper) bites. <ref>Vagbhata. Uttara Sthana, Cha.36 Sarpavishapratishedha Adhyaya verse 45. In: Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya, Editors. Ashtanga Hridayam. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.p.4.</ref>
-==== Importance of protection of heart ====
+=== Importance of protection of heart ===
-''Hridayavarana'' (covering heart area with external local application of specific medicines) should be performed first before applying any treatment as it is the most vital organ in case of poisoning. ''Hridayavarana'' is to be done daily (Sushruta). It was specifically intended to the Kings as they were constantly under threat from various external factors. If done daily the person will not get affected by the poison. It has to be followed by ''vamana'' as the procedure causes ''kapha vriddhi'' i.e. ''shleshma upachaya''. It is directed to administer ''ghrita'', combination of ''ghrita'' and ''madhu'' (honey), or ''agada'' with ''ghrita''. It is also indicated some other drugs like ''gomaya rasa'' (juice of cow dung), ''krishna mrid'' (black soil) etc. (A.S.U.42/15-16)
+''Hridayavarana'' (covering heart area with external local application of specific medicines) should be performed first before applying any treatment as it is the most vital organ in case of poisoning. ''Hridayavarana'' is to be done daily (Sushruta). It was specifically intended to the Kings as they were constantly under threat from various external factors. If done daily the person will not get affected by the poison. It has to be followed by [[vamana]] as the procedure causes [[kapha]] vriddhi i.e. ''shleshma upachaya''. It is directed to administer ''ghrita'', combination of ''ghrita'' and ''madhu'' (honey), or ''agada'' with ''ghrita''. It is also indicated some other drugs like ''gomaya rasa'' (juice of cow dung), ''krishna mrid'' (black soil) etc.<ref>Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha, Uttara Sthana, 42, Sarpavishapratishedha Adhyaya. Verse 15-16 translated to English by Prof. Murthy KR, 9 th edition, Varanasi,Chaukhambha Orientalia Publisher, 2005; 229</ref>
-==== Stage wise treatment of poisoning ====
+=== Stage wise treatment of poisoning ===
 It can be interpreted that the treatments mentioned are in chronological order and can be used as per the stage in which the patient has been brought to the ''vaidya''. As the complication is increased the treatment methodology has to be changed from simple local techniques to highly evolved methods like the ''kakapada chikitsa''. It is mentioned in some of the Malayalam texts of toxicology that when ''visha'' enters the body it starts hunting the ''prana''/life of the person and the chase begins where the ''visha'' is after the ''prana''. It is the amount of poison and the strength of the person together with the rapidity of the action of the drugs given which decides the prognosis. There is also a concept called ''visha kala'' and ''amritha kala'' which says that there are 15 vital points in the body and the poison affected to any one of these points on the days as per the ''tithi'' mentioned in the Indian calendar decides the prognosis and the intensity of the treatment required. Similar is the concept of ''kalavanchana'' where the poison in its total virulence in the body is nullified by the treatment methods aptly adopted.
-==== ''Mahagandhahasti agada'' ====
+=== ''Mahagandhahasti agada'' ===
+This ''agada'' is said to be very effective in all the modes of induction. It has the effect of ''vishahara'' and at the same time it acts as a good prophylactic drug with a [[rasayana]] property. The ''agada'' is not available now and also not practised by any of the ''visha vaidyas'' in Kerala.
-This ''agada'' is said to be very effective in all the modes of induction. It has the effect of ''vishahara'' and at the same time it acts as a good prophylactic drug with a ''rasayana'' property. The ''agada'' is not available now and also not practised by any of the ''visha vaidyas'' in Kerala.
+=== Various formulations ===
-==== Various formulations ====
 The ''agada yogas'' help in managing the complications due to the ''sthavara visha''. The Ashtanga Samgraha specifically mentions sixteen ''lakshanas'' as the ''upadravas'' of ''visha''. If we see the above reference we can come across a few of the features like ''jwara, kasa, shwasa, hikka,'' and ''swayathu''. The drugs dealt above like ''nalada'' (Vetiveria zinzanioides), ''jeevaka'' (M. musifera), ''rishabhaka'' (Microstylis wallichii), ''bharangi'' (Clerodendrum serratum) are also effective in [[Visha Chikitsa]] which makes us understand that the selection of drug is an important factor in treating the complication in ''visha'' and the conventional drugs have to be replaced.
-===== ''Ksharagada'' =====
+==== ''Ksharagada'' ====
 The site of affliction of ''visha'' explains the site of action and the mode of action of the ''agada''. If we go through the indications of the ''agada'', we can easily come to a conclusion that the drug has a GIT level action (where there is ''grathitha kapha''), very specifically in conditions of ''garavisha'' with a ''nidana'' and ''samprapti'' of the ''udara'' (''dooshyodara'') and ''shotha''. It also has a role in the management of disorders of the “acute or chronic” pattern like ''dooshivishaja'' origin.
-==== Characteristics of poisonous food ====
+=== Characteristics of poisonous food ===
 There are the methods to detect the poisons present in various foods provided. The characteristics of person giving poison and poisonous food are described in the text. It signifies the relevance of a good forensic lab to detect the toxicities in food.
-Probably this is the oldest reference we get regarding the forensic lab. Other than this we can get ample references regarding this in the ''artha shastra'' of Kautilya. Similar explanation is seen in Sushruta Samiha regarding the testing of food before consuming if suspected to be poisoned. (S.K. 1/28-33)
+Probably this is the oldest reference we get regarding the forensic lab. Other than this we can get ample references regarding this in the ''artha shastra'' of Kautilya. Similar explanation is seen in Sushruta Samiha regarding the testing of food before consuming if suspected to be poisoned. <ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.1 Annapanaraksha Adhyaya verse 28-33. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>
-==== Identification and types of snakes ====
+=== Identification and types of snakes ===
 Based on the appearance the poisonous snakes available in India, till date, can be characterized into three varieties- the ones with hood, the ones which possess rounded marks on their body and the ones with streaks on its body.
@@ Line 4,506: / Line 4,521: @@
 The hooded snakes include the cobra and the king cobra, the ones with rounded marks include the vipers- different varieties of viper: Russels viper, pit vipers and saw scaled vipers and the ones with streaks includes the two varieties of krait- the common krait and banded krait.
-Acharya Sushruta has explained other classification of snakes which includes the above three under ''savisha'' variety, ''nirvisha'' snakes and ''vaikaranja'' or hybrid snakes (Su.Ka.4/9-10) He has further sub classified each of these three snakes into several varieties. (Su.Ka.4/34).
+Acharya Sushruta has explained other classification of snakes which includes the above three under ''savisha'' variety, ''nirvisha'' snakes and ''vaikaranja'' or hybrid snakes<ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.4 Sarpadashtavishavijnaaneeya Adhyaya verse 9-10. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>. He has further sub classified each of these three snakes into several varieties.<ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.4 Sarpadashtavishavijnaaneeya Adhyaya verse 34. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>
-===== ''Darveekara'' snake – comparison: King cobra and cobra =====
+==== ''Darveekara'' snake – comparison: King cobra and cobra ====
-====== Cobra ======
+==== Cobra ====
 Spectacled cobra is the most common and found all throughout India. It is often seen in or near agricultural fields, human habitations and granaries in search of rats. It commonly moves during evenings and early mornings. It is in different shades of brown, yellow, grey or black. It is about 3- 7 ft in length.When provoked, the cobra will raise its forebody spread it as a hood and may hiss. Its distinctive mark is the spectacle on rear of the hood. Undersides of the hood are broad faint stripes, above these are 2 dark spots surrounded by white borders.
@@ Line 4,520: / Line 4,535: @@
 File:Visha3.jpg|Fig 3. Central Asian Cobra (''Naja Oxiana'')
 File:Visha4.jpg|Fig 4. Andaman Cobra (''Naja Sagittifera'')
 </gallery>
-====== King cobra: Ophiophagus hennah ======
+==== King cobra: Ophiophagus hennah ====
 It is common in Western Ghats. Its average length is 10 ft, max-15 ft. It is the longest venomous snake, stout bodied, black, grey, dark olive green or yellowish brown. It has white or yellowish cross bands over entire length of the body.
@@ Line 4,532: / Line 4,547: @@
 </gallery>
-===== ''Mandali sarpa'': Comparision- Russell's viper, pit vipers, saw scaled vipers =====
+==== ''Mandali sarpa'': Comparision- Russell's viper, pit vipers, saw scaled vipers ====
-====== Russell’s viper (Daboia russelli) ======
+==== Russell’s viper (Daboia russelli) ====
 Is the most beautiful of all snakes, average 3 ft. stout with 3 longitudinal series of conspicuous, large, brown or black oval marks on brown or yellowish brown body. Its head is flat, triangular with a ‘V’ shaped mark on it, pointed end towards the front. Its tail is short and thin. Its head is covered by small scales.
-====== Saw scaled viper ======
+==== Saw scaled viper ====
 It is small and thin snake with 1-1.5 ft in length. Has a triangular head and possesses small scales on the top of head. Has a short and thin tail. Is brown/ brick red/ gray/sand coloured with zig-zag patterns on the back. Head has arrow shaped mark over it.
-====== Pit vipers ======
+==== Pit vipers ====
 species of pit vipers found in India all in Viperidae, different genus. They are so called because of pit located between nostril and eye.The membrane in the pit is extremely sensitive to heat- this helps the snake to locate its warm blooded prey even in pitch darkness. Usually found in forest areas and plantations.1-3.5 ft.Has a triangular head broader than the neck. All have vertical pupils. It is venomous, anyhow out of 20 species in India- fatalities less reported.
@@ Line 4,552: / Line 4,567: @@
 </gallery>
-===== ''Rajiman Sarpa''- Comparision- Common and Banded Krait =====
+==== ''Rajiman Sarpa''- Comparision- Common and Banded Krait ====
-====== Common Krait: Bungarus caeruleus ======
+==== Common Krait: Bungarus caeruleus ====
 This snake is seen in fields, jungle, in vicinity of human habitation, inside houses also. It is about 3-5ft. Steel blue, bluish grey, glossy black, brownish black with cross bands of narrow white colour. Fore body may sometimes be free from cross bands.Is nocturnal.Is shy in day, active at night.
-====== Banded krait: Bungarus fasciatus ======
+==== Banded krait: Bungarus fasciatus ====
 Has limited distribution in India. Found in south, west or north east India.Is about 5 ft.Its body is triangular in cross section with a prominent raised vertebral ridge.Uppermost row of scales on the back is very large and 6 sided.Moves in night.
-===== Gender wise classification of snakes =====
+==== Gender wise classification of snakes ====
-The gender wise classification of snakes is based on several features. The same is explained in Sushruta samhita.(Su.Sam.Ka.4/35). Presently the classification of a snake based on the sex can be made only after proper examination of the sex organs or by popping probing ( methods used to confirm the sex of a snake). Apart from this, the sexual dimorphism is also explained based on body size etc which stimulates the above mentioned description.
+The gender wise classification of snakes is based on several features. The same is explained in Sushruta samhita.<ref>Sushruta. Kalpa Sthana, Cha.4 Sarpadashtavishavijnaaneeya Adhyaya verse 35 In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>. Presently the classification of a snake based on the sex can be made only after proper examination of the sex organs or by popping probing ( methods used to confirm the sex of a snake). Apart from this, the sexual dimorphism is also explained based on body size etc which stimulates the above mentioned description.
 <gallery>
@@ Line 4,572: / Line 4,587: @@
 </gallery>
-===== ''Godha'' (monitor) =====
+==== ''Godha'' (monitor) ====
-The same description of ''godha'' has been explained in Ashtanga Hridaya. (A.H.U.36/7). Though there is no such cross breed between a snake and a lizard, in the process of evolution, the snakes are derived from the lizards and both have several features in common. Some lizards can even spread out their upper neck stimulating a cobra or ''Darveekara Sarpa''.(animals.pawnation.com/characteristics-lizards-snakes-have-8612.html) may be such varieties are explained as ''gaudheyaka''.
+The same description of ''godha'' has been explained in Ashtanga Hridaya. <ref>Vagbhata. Uttara Sthana, Cha.36 Sarpavishapratishedha Adhyaya verse 7. In: Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya, Editors. Ashtanga Hridayam. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.p.4.</ref> Though there is no such cross breed between a snake and a lizard, in the process of evolution, the snakes are derived from the lizards and both have several features in common. Some lizards can even spread out their upper neck stimulating a cobra or ''Darveekara Sarpa''.(animals.pawnation.com/characteristics-lizards-snakes-have-8612.html) may be such varieties are explained as ''gaudheyaka''.
-=== Glossary ===
+=== Drugs to be identified ===
-#आध्भान	ādhamānaṁ	Distention of abdomen due to gas.
-#आरस्म	ālasya		Loss of enthusiasm, idleness , want of energy, apathetic, Reluctance to work or make an effort, laziness
-#आरेऩभ्	ālepaṁ		Coating
-#आभ	Āma
-##Raw, uncooked, unbaked, immature, unripe
-##May be associated with food or other physiological entities to mean incomplete transformation or metabolism causing a harmful effect on health.
-#आभाशम्	āmāśayaḥ	Stomach -A dilated sac like distensible portion of alimentary canal between the esophagus and the duodenum which contains partially digested food. It is a major seat of Pitta.
-#आभविष	āmaviśa	        It is a kind of disorder which results from incompatible food or from eating before digestion of previous meals, similar to intestinal toxemia because it simulates the symptoms of toxemia.
-#आशु	āśu		Fast or rapid.
-#आशुकारय	 āśukāri
-##Operating quickly,swiftly
-##Of sudden onset /acute
-#आश्िासन āśvāsana	In the condition of fear of poison, psychological morale boosting of the patient is advised by consoling the patient.
-#.... 	 ātopa		Painful distension of abdomen accompanied by rumbling noise
-#आियणॊ	 āvaraṇaṁ	Enveloping raw material with same or other material
-#आविर	 āvila	        Turbid
-#आमास	 ayasa	        Physical exertion, Toil
-#अफद्दिाक्	 abaddhavāk	Incoherent speech
-#अमबष्मत्न्द abhiṣyandi	substances which cause obstruction to srotas and are slimy & heavy in nature; e.g. Curd
-#अभ्मॊग	 abhyaṅga	Manually manipulating technique in which oil is applied over various part of body to get desired effect.It’s a part of daily regimen which is adopted for preservation and promotion of health. It includes massage over the head (shiro abhyamga), massage over feet (pada abhyamga) & oiling of ears (Karna Purana).
-#अचेतनॊ	 acetana	Loss of tactile sensation.
-#अधधष्ठानभ् adhiṣṭhānam	seat (of poison)
-#अगद	 Agada		Antitoxic medication.
-#अगदानाॊ र्ह सॊमोगो विषजुष्टस्म मुज्मते	agadānāṁ hi saṁyogo viṣajuṣṭasya yujyate Agadas should be used only in cases of poisoning.
-#अत्ग्न फरनाशॊ	agni balanāśaṁ	Loss of digestive power
-#अत्ग्नभान्द्म	 agnimāndya	Lack of digestive power
-#अजीणश	 ajīrṇa	        Indigestion
-#अकृत्रत्रभ विष akṛtrima viṣa Poison from natural source.
-#अक्षऺकूट	 akṣikūṭa	Orbital or Ocular margin, Eye ball or oculas. Superciliary ridge.  The bony  pyramid-shaped cavity of the skull that contains and protects the eyeball.
-#अल्ऩ	 alpa		Less, Scanty, Diminished
-#....	 amla		Sour; One among six Rasa
-#अभृत	amṛta		Ambrosia
-#अनरेऺण्	analekṣaṇaḥ	Fiery, dreadful eyes.
-#अनेकिणश	anekavarṇa	Multiple color
-#अङ्गभदश	aṅgamarda	Pressing pain
-#अतनद्रा	anidrā		Sleeplessness, disturbed sleep
-#अञ्जन	añjana		It’s a process of anointing, smearing, mixing, collyrium or black pigment used to paint the root of eye lashes. Anointment is done with a stick or pencil called as ''anjana shalaka''. There are two types of añjana which are used by healthy individuals, one is ''savira anjana'' should be applied to eyes daily and other is ''Rasanjana'' which is applied once in every five or eight days for stimulating secretion.
-#अनुरेऩन	anulepana	Mode of administration of poison through an ointment.
-#आनूऩ	anūpa		marshy lands
-#अनुऩान	anupana	        Any liquid which is taken soon after food. Drink should have properties opposite to that of food, but should not be incompatible with the particular food. It helps in easy movement, digestion and assimilation of the food particles.
-#अऩाक	apāka		Indigestion
-#.......apāṅgasandhi	Outer junction of the eye lids. The angle at lateral side of the slit between the eyelids.
-#अऩर्थम	apathy	        Food and behaviors which are not conducive or not wholesome to body and mind is called as apathy. Contrast to Pathya.
-#अयतत	arati	        Restlessness due to dissatisfaction
-#अफुशद	arbuda		Tumor
-#अरुणिणश	aruṇavarṇa	Downy red
-#अश्रु	aœru		Lacrimal fluids (Tears) - The liquid excreted into the eyes by the lacrimal glands
-#असृग	asṛga	Blood
-#a..avegam	aṣṭavegam	The action of poison is manifested in eight virulent stages or impulses (vega).
-#असुखभ्	Asukham	        Discomfort or unpleasantness, If agadas (antitoxic medicines) are used in healthy, non poisoned persons it would produce all kinds of discomfort.
-#अस्िेदनॊ	asvedana.	Loss of Sweating
-##      atipravṛtti	Hyperactive
-#अततसाय्	atisāraḥ	Diarrhea
-#औषध	au.adha		medicine / drug
-#......	au..ya	        Hotness
-#अिगाहन	Avagāhana	Immersion of anointed body in to a tub of warm water. It is one among the daily regimen which nourishes whole body, bestows strength, gives stability and enhances physical resistance power
-##……….	avaleha		A pharmaceutical dosage form- confectionery the decoctions are further concentrated to semisolid consistency after adding sweetening and other substances over fire
-##………….	Avalekhana	Modes of administration of poison through comb
-#अिऩीडन		avapīḍana	massaging the body parts by applying pressure. This method is used for relaxation therapy.
-#अविष/ तनविशष्	aviṣa/ nirviṣ	Detoxified state
-#अविषमरॊगभ्	aviṣaliṁgam	Absence of sign of poison, a bite a non- venomous serpent is marked by the absence of any of the specific symptoms of poisoning.
-##………..	avyakta		Unmanifestated state, unapparent, indistinct, invisible, imperceptible. A feature of Vāta.
-#फाधधमश	Bādhirya	Loss of hearing
-#फहरॊ	bahala.		Thick
-#फरऺम	balakṣaya       Loss of physical strength or weakness
-#फन्ध	bandha		Suppressed
-#फत्स्त	Basti	        Bladder
-#बस्भ	bhasma		Ashes of metals/minerals obtained through incineration/calcinations process
-##…….	bhauma sarpa	Terrestrial snakes
-##……..	bhayaḥ		Fear
-#बेदन	Bhedana	        Breaking pain
-##……..	bhe.aja		Medicine
-#मबन्न स्िय् bhinna svara	Hoarseness of voice
-##…….	bhinna vi.ka	Loose motion
-#भ्रभ     bhrama		Giddiness, Dizziness or tremor.
-#भ्रॊश	bhraṁśa	        Prolapse
-#त्रफरेशमा	Bileśayā	Includes animals living in burrows. Exp- toad, Iguana, snake, porcupine
-#फुवद्दविभ्रभBuddhivibhrama	Perverted intelligence
-#चऺु	cakṣu	        Eye. One of the five sense organs.
-#चर	Cala	        To move
-#चन्द्राकृतत दृत्ष्ट भण्डर		candrākṛti dṛṣṭi maṇḍala	Moon shaped pupil
-##…….	caturdaṁṣṭro	Animals having four poisonous fangs
-#चेष्टा	ceṣṭā	        Motion, action, function
-#छर्दश	Chardi	        Vomiting
-#छेद	cheda		Cutting pain
-#तछनत्त्त इि chinatti iva	Cutting pain
-#धचमभधचभामन cimicimāyana Formication
-#धचयात्	Cirāt	        Delayed
-#चोष्	coṣaḥ	        Sucking type of sensation
-#चूषण	cūṣaṇa		Suction.
-#दाहॊ	dāhaṁ	        Burning sensation.
-#दारुण	dāruṇa		Hard
-#दहत्मत्ग्नरयिादौ तु मबनत्तीिोध्िशभाशु dahatyagnirivādau tu bhinattīvordhvamāśu In scorpion bite, there is intense burning pain in the beginning and thereafter there is pinching pain which spreads upwards instantaneously.
-#दॊश	daṁśa		Biting
-#दॊश विशीमशते		daṁśa viśīryate	Symptom of the hornet sting is suppuration of the bitten part
-#दॊशा फहुत्तयवि षा बृशा्	daṁśā bahuttaravi ṣā bhṛśāḥ	Poison coming out of the snake fangs viz., lower left, upper left, lower right and upper right is progressively more and more virulent and incurable
-#दॊशदेश	daṁśadeśa	site of bite/sting
-#दॊशकोथ्	da..akotha	Putrefaction/ suppuration of the affected part.
-#दॊष्रा	daṁṣṭrā		Ayurvedic term for poisonous teeth which is counted as site of poison and medium of spreading poison/infection by the way bite of animal
-#दॊष्राविषॊ भौरॊ हत्न्त	daṁṣṭrāviṣaṁ maulaṁ hanta Animate type of poison is neutralized by the use of inanimate poisons
-#दन्त्	dantaḥ	        Tooth
-#दन्तहषं	dantaharṣaṁ	Hypersensitivity in teeth.
-#दिॉकय	Darvīkara	Hooded snake/cobras.
-#दशगुणभ्	daśaguṇam	Ten attributes or properties of poison by which it acts on the body and produces harmful effects.
-#दष्ट् शीतोदकेनेि मसततान्मङ्गातन भन्मते	daṣṭaḥ śītodakeneva siktānyaṅgāni manyate It bitten by uchchiting (poisonous crab/ cricket), the person feels as if the whole body is effused with cold water.
-#दष्टकभ्	daṣṭakam	It is a type of snake bite in which three marks of the fangs are seen accompanied with tearing of the muscle but not of blood vessels
-#दष्टतनऩीडडत daṣṭanipīḍita It is a type of snake bite in which four fang marks are seen with tearing of the muscles but not of the blood vessels.
-#दौफशल्म	Daurbalya	Loss of strength
-#देह	deha		The living body. Indicative of growth in the bodily tissues.
-#देश	Deśa	        habitat, the place or environment where a plant or animal naturally or normally lives and grows
-#धातु प्रदूषण dhātu pradūṣaṇa vitiation of dhatus commonly used to denote the substances that are harmful to the living system
-#धिस्त	Dhavasta	Chocked
-#धीविभ्रभ	Dhīvibhrama	Perverted intelligence
-#धूभ	dhūma		Medicated smoke
-#धूभामन		        Smoky sensation
-#धूऩन	Dhūpana	        Smoke is made to spread in the ambient air to maintain the purity and clean air.
-#धूसय्	dhūsaraḥ	Ash color, Grey color
-#ध्मामतत (विहग्) dhyayati (vihaga.)	It is a symptom produced in the first of impulse of bird poisoning which means the bird gets depressed.
-#दीऩन	dīpana
-##Stimulating / promoting digestion
-##To increase appetite
-#दीप्त तेज	dīpta teja	Very brightly shining aura
-##………..	divya sarpa	Mysterious mythological celestial snakes which are radiant just like fire and it is said that they always roar, cause rain, shine by themselves and always support and sustain the world, when become angry convert the world to ashes by their sight and exhalation.
-#दोष	doṣa	        Principle constituents of the body that is responsible for homeostasis, when present in the state of equilibrium. Do.as also determine the psycho-physiological nature / constitution of an individual. Do.as are capable of vitiating the different bodily tissues, when deviate from the state of equilibrium and can lead to diseases. These are of two classes: a..r.rika (bodily): V.ta, Pitta and Kapha. b. M.nasa (psychological): Raja and Tama.
-#दोषस्थानप्रकृती् प्राप्मान्मतभॊ वमुदीयमतत	doṣasthānaprakṛtīḥ prāpyānyatamaṁ hyudīrayati	Depending upon the location of doshas and the constitution of the patient, poisons provoke other doshas
-##Dravya		Materials of plant, animal & mineral origin
-#दृत्ष्ट	dṛṣṭi	        Look
-#दुन्दुमबस्िनीम Dundubhisvanīya	Name of a chapter which states treatment of the patients of poisoning by the sounds of beating medicated drums because of its anti venomous virtue.
-#दुगशन्ध	durgandha	Bad smell, Fetid smell
-#दुरुऩक्रभ	durupakrama	Difficult for therapeutic management due to increased risk
-#दूषीविषभ्	dūṣīviṣam	chronic poisoning/Either inanimate, animate or artificial poison when it becomes less potent after its treatment and when its effects are not nullified radically, because of which it resides in the body that particular less potent part of the above said poison is called dushivisha
-#एभ्मोऽन्मथा धचक्रकत्स्मा्	Poisoned patients without the signs of (imminent) death should be treated.
-#फ़णणन्	faṇin	        snakes (cobra).
-#गद्गद्	gadgadaḥ	Stuttering
-#गभन	gamana		Motion, gait, process, or instance of changing place
-#गन्ध	gandha		Smell : Odour
-#………..	garasaṁjñam	Garavisha is considered as one of the form of kritrim visha (artificial poison) which gets formed by the combination of two or more poisonous or non poisonous drugs and ultimately affects the whole body by vitiating all the dhatus (tissues) in the body. It can go to such extent that it alleviates the dhatus drastically which in turn could prove to be fatal. A phenomenon simillar to drug interaction.
-#गयसॊमोगजॊ garasaṁyogajaṁ	 Artificially prepared poison by the combination  Of  various substances.
-#गमबशणी	garbhi  	Pregnant woman
-#गतत	Gati	        Motion, moving, gait
-#गौयि	gaurava		Heavy feeling, Heaviness
-#घोय दशशनॊ ghora darśanaṁ Bizzare look
-#ग्रातन	glāni		Fatigue of mind or body, or loss of enthusiasm.
-#गृहगोधधका gṛhagodhikā	house lizard.
-#गुण	guṇa	        properties of a substance; present in the substance as a coinherent factor to perform a definite set of actions; might be physical, chemical, pharmacological, etc. but mainly pertains to the pharmacological properties.
-#गुरुत्व		        Heaviness, Gravity
-#हरयकेशो	Harikeśo	Tawny hair person
-#हरयत	Harita	        Green colour
-#हतेत्न्द्रम्	hatendriyaḥ	Weakness of sense organs
-#रृदमाियण	hṛdayāvaraṇa	Poisons, by their penetrating property, weaken the heart and in order to protect it the patient should be administered pure ghee, ghee mixed with honey, juices of sugarcane etc.
-#रृदमोत्तरेश	hṛdayotkleśa	Nausea
-#रृल्रास	hṛllāsa	        Nausea
-#इत्न्द्रमाणाॊ च िैकृत्मॊ	indriyāṇāṁ ca vaikṛtyaṁ	Food mixed with poison on it reaching stomach give rises to derangement of the sense organs.
-#जाङ्गभ विष jāṅgama viṣa	The poison of animate origin in creatures like snakes, insects, spiders, scorpions, leeches, fish, frog, dogs, lion, tiger, jackal, hyena, etc.
-#जगत्व्दषण्णभ् jagavdiṣaṇṇam	The whole world became despaired and gloomy after looking at the ferocious creature that emerged before the emergence of ambrosia during churning of the sea.
-#जरसॊत्रास	jalasaṁtrāsa	hydrphobia.
-##      jaṅgamaṁsyād urdhvabhāgaṁ Gangadhar commentary on charak samhita says the tendency of animate poisons is to move upwards in the body.
-#जङ्गभस्थािय विष मोतन	jaṅgamasthāvar viṣa yoni Poison is of two types one is jangam (animal origin-mobile) & another is sthavar ( plant and mineral origin- immobile).
-#तजविाशोप	Jihvāśoph	Swelling of the tongue.
-#जीिजीिका्	jīvajīvakāḥ	A small bird.
-#जृम्बा	jṛmbhā	        It is a symptom produced in second impulse of poisoning, which means yawning.
-#ज्िरनाकशसभप्रबा्	jvalanārkasamaprabhāḥ	Characteristic of mandali (viper snake variety) snakes which means they have the glow like the fire and sun.
-#काकऩदॊ	kākapadaṁ	If there is no remedy for poisoning, it is the last line of treatment, in which incision is made on the scalp of the shape of crow’s feet, and on that the medicine is kept.
-#कार भृत्मु	kāla mṛtyu	Timely death, death in due time which means the life force residing in the body being endowed with full vitality by nature and maintained in the right manner will come to an end only with the complete wearing out of itself.
-#कारान्तय विऩाकी	kālāntara vipākī Poison with delayed action, garavisha as it takes some time to get assimilated in the body to produce its toxic effects.
-#काष्ठे यत्श्भमबिाश हतभ् kāṣṭhe raśmibhirvā hatam One bespattered with blood, with limbs broken or dislocated should be regarded as slain with sticks or whip.
-#कणब	kaṇabha	        Hornet .
-#कण्डू	kaṇḍū		Itching
-#कण्ठेश्िमथु kaṇṭheśvayathu Laryngeal oedema which is produced by Rajimān (kraits) snake bite.
-#कपभव्मततयसत्िादन्नयसाॊश्चानुितशते शीघ्रभ्	kaphamavyaktarasatvādannarasāṁścānuvartate śīghram.	Because of indistinct taste property of poison it causes aggravation of kapha and it quickly distrubs taste of food.
-#कणणशका karṇikā	Polyp like granulomatous growth developed when there is bite of poisonous insect/ rat.
-#कणणशकाऩातनॊ	karṇikāpātanaṁ	Removal or excision of granulomatous growth in the wound which is caused due to bite by the insects, spiders & rats.
-#किचाबणेषु	 kavacabhar.e.u	Mode of administration of poison via armour and ornaments.
-#किर	Kavala	Holding the little quantity of liquid (medicinal decoctions/ luke warm water/medicinal oils) in buccal cavity ,make it move briskly inside and spitting out.
-#केश	Kesh	Hair
-#खातन तनरुध्म khāni nirudhya	The blood vitiated due to poison transudates and obstructs the channels of blood circulation, leading to death of the patient
-#खेभ्म् कृष्णॊ शोणणतॊ मातत तीव्रॊ	khebhyaḥ kṛṣṇaṁ śoṇitaṁ yāti tīvraṁ	A bite by a scorpion of keen (strong) poisoned species is accompanied by excessive discharge of black colored blood from the external openings (mouth & nostrils etc.)
-#कीट	Kita	These are different types of insects which have powerful sting organs with which they inject poison into the body.
-#कीटैदशष्टानुग्रविषै्सऩशित् सभुऩाचायेत् kīṭairdaṣṭānugraviṣaiḥsarpavat samupācāret	A bite by a strongly poisoned insect should be treated like poisoned snake bite to all intents and purposes.
-#षेचावऩ स्िेदो न प्रततवषध्मतेकीटवि	kīṭaviṣecāpi svedo na pratiṣidhyate	Measure of fomentation (sweda) is not forbidden in a case of insect bite because the poison of an insect is mild and applications of heat do not increase its potency.
-#तरेद	Kleda	Moistened, Wet
-#कोक्रकर् स्ियिैकृत्मॊ	kokilaḥ svaravaikṛtyaṁ	On being poisoned the voice of cuckoo becomes abnormal and hoarse.
-#कोथ	Kotha	suppuration and sloughing,It is a symptom produced by insect of dooshivisha category (causing chronic poisoning).
-#कोथ	Kothah	It is a symptom seen in third impulse of poisoning which means urticaria.
-#क्रौञ्च	Kraunca	Heron
-#कृकराब	Karkalabha	Chameleon
-#कृकण्टक	Karkantaka	It is chameleon, belonging to reptile family, containing poison in its saliva.
-#क्रोध	Krodha	Anger; Wrath
-#क्रोधविषभ्	krodhaviṣam	Poisoning due to anger Powerful enemies and even the servant and relations of the sovereign in a fit of anger poison the king.
-#कृष्णा	Krsna	Black colour
-#कृष्णॊ चाततस्रित्मसृक्	kṛṣṇaṁ cātisravatyasṛk	Bite by a rabid animal results in copious flow of dark blood from the site of bite.
-#कृत्रत्रभ विष	kṛtrima viṣa	Artificial/ synthetic poison
-#ऺाभस्िय	kṣāmasvarā	feeble voice.
-#ऺाय	kṣāra	Alkaline substances obtained from plants through a specific procedure.
-#ऺऩमेच्चविकामशत्िा􀆧ोषान्धातून्भरानवऩ	kṣapayeccavikāśitvāddoṣāndhātūnmalānapi Because of disintegration property of poison it annihilates the root principles dosas (dhatus) and the malas (excreta) of the body.
-#ऺयतत	kṣarati	The blood transudates when vitiated due to dushivisha.
-#ऺतजॊ ऺताच्च नामातत	kṣatajaṁ kṣatācca nāyāti It is a sign of death of a poisoned person in which there is absence of bleeding from ulcers.
-#ऺतॊ	kṣataṁ	`	Laceration.
-#………	k...a		Weak, Feeble
-#क्षऺततप्रदेशॊ विषदूवषतॊ	 kṣitipradeśaṁ viṣadūṣitaṁ	Land affected by poison which causes swelling and burning sensation in those parts of body which comes in contact with it and nails and hair tend to fall off due to its effect.
-#ऺुत्	k.ut	Hunger
-#कुणऩगन्ध	kuṇapagandha	Cadaverous smell
-#……………….kupyatyebhreśu nirhṛtam		The poison of venomous rat/ mole even though apparently eliminated from the system may, sometimes, still get aggravated repeatadly on cloudy days or in foul weather.
-#………………	Kurmabha	It is a characteristic feature of darvikara snake (group of cobra snake variety) bite having swelling resembling with shell of tortoise.
-#तिाथ	kvātha	 synonym of kashaya - boiled & filtered liquid of herbs for specific time used for the therapeutics & pharmaceutical manufacturing
-#रारा	Lala	Saliva
-#रारा स्त्रािी्	lālā strāvīḥ	excessive salivation,Symptom of a rabid dog.
-#रघु	Laghu	Light/ lightness; one among 20 gurvadi gunas. opposite of guru guna; caused due to activated vayu, agni, akasha mahabhutas; denotes physiological & pharmacological lightness; manifested by lightness in the body, easy to digest, stimulates agni, decreases all body tissues, pacifies kapha, aggravates vata, heals wounds;
-#रराट्	lalāṭaḥ	Forehead
-#रसीका	lasikā
-##A watery componant of the body, lymph, serum.
-##Mala of Rasa.
-##A site of Pitta.
-#रिण	lavaṇa	Salty; one of the six rasa.
-#रेऩ्	lepaḥ	This is a method of treatment in which medicines are used topically in the form of paste or ointment.
-#रोभ	Loma	Body hairs
-#रोभहषशणभ्	lomaharṣaṇam	It is a symptom produced in animate type of poisoning which means raising of hairs.
-#रूता	Lūtā	poisonous spiders which have poison in various sites in their body.
-#रूताविषॊ घोयतभॊ दुविशऻेमतभॊ च तत्	lūtāviṣaṁ ghoratamaṁ durvijñeyatamaṁ ca tat	Cases of venomous spider bite are the most difficult to diagnose and treat.
-#भाॊस धातु	māṁsa dhātu	Flesh. Third Dhātu among seven Dhātus, whose function is to provide covering over the skeleton. It is dominant of Pṛthvi Mahābhūta.
-#भाॊसानाभिशातनॊ	māṁsānāmavaśātanaṁ sloughing of the flesh produced by the bite of the Mandali (vipers) snake.
-#भामसक प्राणहय मोग	māsika prāṇahara yoga	Harmful preparation made up of slow acting poisonous substances which prove to be fatal in a period of 1 month.
-#भागाशियोध	mārgāvarodha	Obstruction of passage.
-#भद	Mada	Intoxication
-#भदकायी	Madakārī Substances which intoxicates & vitiates intellect; e.g. wine
-#भद्म	Madya	The liquid doses form containing alcohols obtained by fermentation process
-#भहाबूत	Mahābhūta Great Elements; the five proto-elements AAkaasa, Vaayu, Teja, Jala and Prithvi which are the basic constituents of all substances
-#भहानस	Mahānasa	kitchen.
-#भक्षऺका्	makṣikāḥ	flies with poisonous stings.
-#भन्द	Manda	 Dull/sluggish; One of the 20 gurvadi gunas. caused due activated prithvi & jala mahabhuta; denotes physiological & pharmacological slowing down of processes; instrumental for palliative therapy; pacifies pitta, increases kapha.
-#भण्डर	maṇḍala	Circular patch, Round shaped
-#भन्दिीमशत्िभ्	Mandavīryatvam	At the end of rainy season, the effect of poison becomes milder i.e. it becomes less potent and sluggish in action.
-#भण्डूक	maṇḍūka	frog.
-#भन्त्र	mantra	Mantra is a word or the combination of the words, which if recited in a prescribed manner, the person is able to reach the god or can possess the immortal power to heal, which is considered to be the best and most effective amongst all the types of the treatment of poisoning.
-#भयकत्	marakataḥ emerald.
-#भकशट	markaṭa	Monkey .
-#भशका्	maśakāḥ	mosquitoes.
-#भौरॊ च दॊष्रजभ् maulaṁ ca daṁṣṭrajam Inanimate type of poison neutralizes the animate poison.
-#भमूयकण्ठप्रततभो	mayūrakaṇṭhapratimo When poisonous food is put into fire, color of the flame changes vividly like peacock’s throat.
-#भोह	moha	disorientation,Because of the sharpness property of poison, it overwhelms the mind (produces disorientations) and tends to disintegrate the marmas (vital points).
-#भृतसञ्जीिनभç mṛtasañjīvam	Mruta sanjivan is an ancient classical therapy through which the life of even an almost dead person can be regained. This therapy can be used to nullify the toxic effects of almost all the types of toxins.
-#भुहुभुशहु् मशयोन्मास्	 The symptom where repeated jerks of the head (frequent dropping of the head) are seen if the quadruped is bitten by a poisonous animal.
-#भूकत्िॊ	mūkatvaṁ	Dumbness
-#भुखॊ	mukhaṁ		Mouth, Face, Opening
-#भुखगे त्िोष्ठधचमभधचभा	mukhage tvoṣṭhacimicimā	When poisonous food goes into the mouth, there is prickling sensation in the lips.
-#भुखसन्दश	mukhasandaśa	suckers
-#भुतत त्िक् mukta tvak	Snake which has recently molted.
-#भुतत्िा कीटविषॊ तवद्द शीतेनामबप्रिधशते	muktvā kīṭaviṣaṁ taddhi śītenābhipravardhate	As a rule poisons are treated with remedies which have cold property. keet vish is an exceptions as it increases with use of cold
-#भूर	mūla		Root
-#भूरजातन त्स्थयाणण च		mūlajāni sthirāṇi ca	It is a group of poisons of immobile origin in which poison is especially present in its roots.
-#भूरभ्	mūlam		Root
-#भूच्छाश	Mūrcchā	Partial loss of consciousness; Fainting; Unconciousness
-#न फध्मन्ते	na badhyante	Not to be bandaged, ulcers due to scalds, in lepers, fleshy condylomata due to a bite from a poisonous rat or any other poisonous ulcers should not be bandaged.
-#नामबहते दण्डयाजी स्मात्	nābhihate daṇḍarājī syāt	It is a sign of death of a poisoned person in which bruise does not occur on the skin of the person even when hit by sticks.
-#नासा		nāsā		Nose
-#नासािबङ्गश्च्	nāsāvabhaṅgaśc	Bad prognostic sign resulting in the cases of snake bite which means that the nose bridge of the patient becomes bent or collapses.
-#नख	nakha		nails.
-#नखशातभ्	Nakhaśātam	Falling of the fingernails.
-#नकुर	nakula		It is a wild animal, which is included in animate group of poison, i.e. mangoose
-#नकुरतनत्जशता् nakulanirjitāḥ If the snakes are afflicted by the attacks of mongoose, then the poison of such snakes is mild in nature.
-#नऩुॊसक	napuṁsaka	Impotent.
-#नऩुॊसक	napuṁsaka	hermophrodite.
-#नस्म	Nasya	Administration of drugs by nasal route, all drugs and measures introduced through nose spread throughout the head and its constituent drugs may influence all the doshas, poisons and disease situated in these parts.
-#नस्मधूभाञ्जनार्दशु	nasyadhūmāñjanādiśu	A way to cause harm by administering the poison through the way of nasal application, inhalation (smoking) and collyrium
-#तनद्रा नाश	nidrā nāśa	Sleeplessness
-#नीरादीनाॊ तभसश्च् दशशनॊ	nīlā dīnāṁ tamasaśc darśanaṁ	Blue/dark vision It is a symptom produced in fifth impulse of poisoning which means that one’s vision becomes blue or in dark color.
-#नीरोष्ठ	nīloṣṭha	Bluishness of lips due to cyanosis (asphyxia) which is sign of (imminent) death of poisoned patient.
-#तनविशष	nirviṣa		Type of a non venomous snake bite which is marked by presence of one or more fang marks and absence of swelling and presence of slightly vitiated blood at the spot and is not attended with any change in physiological condition of the person bitten.
-#तनशाचय	Niœacara	Walking in night
-#तनश्िास	niśvāsa		breath (exhalation)
-#नष्ऩीडन्	niṣpīḍan	Compression, It is treatment procedure of poisoning in which expelling of poison is done by squeezing the area of bite where incision is not advisable.
-#ओष	oṣa	        Burning sensation with sweating and restlessness. Localized burning sensation.
-#ओष्ठ्	oṣṭhaḥ	        Lips
-#ऩादुका ऩादऩीठेषु		pādukā pādapīṭheṣu	Mode of administration of poison along with shoes or foot cushions.
-#ऩाक्	pākaḥ	        Suppuration
-#ऩाण्डुभुख	pāṁḍumukha	Pallor on face.
-#ऩाण्डुत्िॊ	pāṇḍutvaṁ	Pale colour
-#ऩाणण्	pāṇiḥ		Hand. The part of the body attached to the forearm at the wrist
-#ऩाटनॊ	pāṭanaṁ		Cracks or breaking pain.
-#ऩािकोऩभॊ	p.vakoupama.	Character of poison is similar to fire so it gives rise to paittika (heat) symptoms in the body.
-#ऩऺसत्न्ध	pakṣasandhi	New moon or full moon, If a snake bites someone during the conjugation of two fortnights i.e. full moon day and new moon day, then it is incurable.
-#......	pakvaœaya	Large intestine. The major seat of Vata.
-#ऩन्नग्	pannagaḥ        snakes.
-##......Paridaha	Burning sensation
-#ऩरयकततशका parikartikā	Cutting pain
-#ऩरयषेक	pari.eka	Sprinkling or pouring the stream of medicated decoctions, milk, oil, ghee (clarified butter), takra (buttermilk) or meat juices over the body of the patients to minimize or to treat the effect of poison and disease.
-#पेनागभनॊ	phenāgamanaṁ	foaming at the mouth.
-#पेनिभी	Phenavamī	vomiting of frothy material
-#वऩत्च्छर्	picchilaḥ	the property of the substance which causes Slimness and stickyness
-#ऩीडा	pīḍā		Pain
-#वऩडका	piḍakā		Papule
-#वऩऩासा	Pipāsā	        Thirst, a sensation of dryness in the mouth and throat associated with a desire for liquids. A synonym of Trsna.
-#वऩवऩमरका् pipilikāḥ	Type of insect which means ants. Bite causes inflammatory swelling and burning sensation at the seat of bite resembling those produced contact with fire.
-#ऩीत	pīta		Yellow colour
-#वऩत्त	pitta		One of the three bodily Doṣas that is responsible for digestion and metabolism in the body. It is situated in umbilicus, stomach, sweat, lymph, blood, watery fluids of the body, eye and skin. It is predominant of Agni mahābhūta. Its attributes are: Sasneha (slightly unctuous), Tīkṣṇa (sharp), Uṣṇa (hot), Laghu (light), Visra (of pungent odour), Sara (flowing) and Drava (liquid). Pitta is of five types: Pācaka, Ālocaka, Raṅjaka, Bhrājaka and Sādhaka
-#प्रुष्टॊ	pluṣṭaṁ	Stage of a burn which is characterized by discoloring of its site and extreme burning and marked by absence of any vesicle or blister.
-#प्रागुत्ऩत्त्त	Prāgutpatti	Mythological origin of poison which indicates first emerging of poisons.
-#प्राणघ्नॊ तद्विकामसत्िात्	prāṇaghnaṁ tadvikāsitvāt Because of vikasi attribute of poison, spreads all over the body, causes death.
-#प्राप्त् प्रकृततविकाय्	prāptaḥ prakṛtivikārah	Abnormal behaviour, the person who administers poison to someone else can be identified as he is having derangement of his normal behavior.
-#प्रकाश	prakāśa		enlightening; caused due to substance with Agni mahabhuta predominance
-#प्रतरेद	Prakleda	Wet
-#प्रकृततॊ बजेत् prakṛtiṁ bhajet Death.
-#प्रराऩ	pralāpa		Incoherent speech; Delirious speech
-#प्रसवम कन्माॊ अऩहतो	prasahya kanyāṁ apaharto	Kidnapping of a girl or woman for sexual exploitation .
-#प्रसेक	praseka		silalorrhhea,during the first impulse of poisoning, the patient suffers from excessive salivation due to vitiation of rasa.
-#प्रस्राविणी	prasrāviṇī	oozing, In bee sting, an eruption appears quickly which oozes blackish liquid.
-#प्रततऩुयण	pratipuraṇa	prepacking,It is procedure in which sucking of the poisoned blood is done by filling the mouth cavity with linen before sucking
-#प्रततविषॊ	prativiṣaṁ	Agonis antidote,When the spread of poison becomes uncontrollable by mantra and tantra procedures and when the fifth phase of poison is over but the seventh phase is not over, prativisha (antitoxic substances) are to be made use of. This is the last resort in the treatment of poison and hence should be used only in extreme cases. Inanimate poison act upwards and animate poisons act downwards these opposing nature of actions of the said poisons are effectively made use of in prativisha therapy.
-#प्रविकीणशभात्रभ् pravikīrṇamātram	with small spread.
-#ऩृषतो विसृजत्मॊश्रु	pṛṣato visṛjatyaṁśru	spotted deer.
-#ऩृष्ठेषु गजिात्जनाॊ	pṛṣṭheṣu gajavājināṁ	Mode of administration of poison to cause harm by applying the poison on the back of elephants & horses which were used as means of transport in ancient time.
-#ऩुरुषामबदष्ट puruṣābhidaṣṭa	 Person bitten by a male snake.
-#ऩृष्ठेषु गजिात्जनाॊ	pṛṣṭheṣu gajavājināṁ	Mode of administration of poison to cause harm by applying the poison on the back of elephants & horses which were used as means of transport in ancient time
-#ऩुरुषामबदष्ट	puruṣābhidaṣṭa	Person bitten by a male snake.
-#ऩुरुषो घोयदशशन्	puruṣo ghoradarśanaḥ	A fearful and unpleasant looking person which emerged even before the yield of amruta when gods and demons churned the sea.
-#ऩुष्ऩभ्	puṣpam	flowers
-#ऩूतत	pūti	Foul smell
-#याग	Raga	Redness
-#यात्जभान्	rājimān	Rajiman (kraits variety of snakes) snakes with characteristic pattern of variegated color with spots and streak
-#यर्दत	Radita	A type of snake bite in which superficial puncture marks of snake fangs and the affected part being attended with reddish, bluish, whitish or yellowish lines or stripes and characterized by the presence of a very small quantity of venom in the punctured wound.
-#यततभोऺण	raktamokṣaṇa Blood letting.It means the procedure of blood-letting for the therapeutic purposes for removing morbid dosha/ poisons with blood. Blood can be eliminated through scraping, application of horn or leech or venesection. It is practiced in poisoned blood and blood born diseases in pitta (billeous) predominant diseases and also in a few vata (neurological) disorders.
-#यौक्ष्म	raukṣya	Dryness
-#योषणॊ	roṣaṇaṁ	Anger
-#योभहषश्	romaharṣaḥ Harripilaiton
-#रुऺभ्	rukṣam	Dry parching, Poison aggravates the bodily vayu in virtue of its parching quality
-#साद	Sāda	Depression,It is a symptom produced in first impulse of animal poisoning .
-सद्म्	sadyaḥ		instant, immediate
-#सद्मप्राणहय धूभ	sadyaprāṇahara dhūma	Harmful smoke/fumes from a preparation which turn out to be fatal almost instantaneously
-#सद्मोव्रण	sadyovraṇa fresh wound.
-#सभन्त्रऩूताम्फु प्रोऺणभ्	samantrapūtāmbu prokṣaṇam In the condition of fear of poison, water sanctified by the mantras should be sprinkled over the patient’s body.
-#सॊदॊष्ट	saṁdaṁṣṭa Bitten
-#सॊतरेदॊ गुडिद्गतॊ	saṁkledaṁ guḍavadgataṁ	Jaggery like stickiness, as poison originates from water & become sticky like jaggery when it comes in contact with water & spreads throughout body during rainy season.
-#सभुद्रभॊथन	samudramaṁthana	Churning of oceans for getting ambrosia/ nectar (mythology).
-#षण्ड		ṣaṇḍa		impotent/sterile.
-#सत्न्नर्हतागदभ्	sannihitāgadam		Physician should be fully provided with all kinds of antitoxic medicines
-#सऩाकॊ	sapākaṁ	suppuration, it is a symptom produced in animate type of poisoning which means inflammation which after certain period converts into suppurative stage
-#सऩाश्	sarpāḥ	snakes.
-#सऩशकीटहतॊ sarpakīṭahataṁ death due to snake bite/ insect sting
-#सऩशभणण sarpamaṇi		Wearing of sarp-mani (a type of pearl or gem collected from the head of the snake) is useful as anti poison (antidote) and gives immunity against poisons (folklore).
-#सऩाशङ्गमबहतॊ sarpāṅgabhihataṁ	It is a pseudo snake bite in which snake does not bite the body part but comes in contact but in a naturally timid person this may cause the aggravation of his bodily vayu (neurological signs) and causing swelling of part. Such a man is said affected by the touch of a snake.
-#सवऩशत्	sarpit	A type of snake bite in which marks (punctures) of fangs of considerable depth are found on the affected part attended with a slight bleeding as well as those which are extremely slender and own their origin to the turning aside and lowering of snakes’ mouth (head) immediately after the bite are attended with swelling and the characteristic changes (systemic).
-#शाखादष्ट	śākhādaṣṭa bitten on limb.
-#शायीय व्रण śārīravraṇa	Wounds caused by vitiation of doshas.
-#शङ्का विषॊ	śaṅkā viṣaṁ	suspension of poison,this is a psychological manifestation resulting from extreme nervousness and doubt due to dubious feeling of being bitten by a poisonous creature causes manifestation of symptoms of pseudo poison in the form of fever, vomiting, fainting, burning sensation, prostration, unconsciousness, diarrhoea. This condition is called fear poison.
-#शि Śava	       dead body.
-#शय्मा	śayyā  Bed, mode of administration of poison along with bedding.
-#शीघ्रगामभन् śīghragāminaḥ	 Swift, a feature which is characteristic of darvikar (cobra snake variety) snakes.
-#मशयोऽमबताऩी		śiro'bhitāpī		rage of sightest provocation, It is a symptom of rabid dog.
-#श्भशान		śmaśāna		Area for disposal of dead crematorium.
-#शोणणतागभनभुध्िशभधश्च	śoṇitāgamanamurdhvamadhaśca	It is a specific symptom of mandali (group of viper type snakes) which means that there is haemorrhage through both mouth and anus of the person being bitten.
-#शोणणतदुत्ष्ट	śoṇitaduṣṭi		Blood disorders.
-#शोप	śopha		Swelling; Oedema
-#श्रॄङ्गीविषॊ	śrṝṅgīviṣaṁ		Aconitum chasmanthum -STAPF HOLMES EX , a plant mentioned in poisonous plant category having poison in its root.
-#शुक	Śūka	sting (small,thorn like).
-#शुक्रविष	śukraviṣA Animals with pisonous semen.
-#शून्म्	śūnyaḥ		Expressionless blank, it is a symptom produced in the third impulse of animal poisoning.
-##...	Œva	dog.
-#श्िास	Śvāsa	Breathing; Often used in sense of Abnormal Breathing; Dyspnoea
-#श्िैत्मॊ	śvaityaṁ	White colour
-#श्िमथु	Śvayathu	Swelling; Oedema
-#श्िेत	Śveta	White colour
-##.....	Śyāva	Bluish colour ; Cyan Colour
-#स्नामु	Snāyu	Tendon
-#त्स्नग्ध	snigdha	slimmy/unctous/oily; one of the 20 gurvadi gunas; caused due activated Jala mahabhuta; denotes physiological & pharmacological slimminess; manifested by moistening of body parts, increased strength and lusture; pacifies vata, increases kapha
-#सोग्रगन्ध्मसृक् sogragandhyas.k	blood with intense odor.
-#स्राि	srāva	Exudation, Discharge
-#स्रस्ताङ्गश्च	srastāṅgaśca	Loosened limbs,it is a symptom produced in the third impulse of bird poisoning which means the bird develops slothness of the limbs.
-#स्रस्तौष्ठ कणशत srastauṣṭhakarṇatā	pendulous lips and ears,the symptom of drooping (hanging down) of the lips and ears is seen if the quadruped is bitten by poisonous creature.
-##......stabdha		Stiffness
-#स्तम्ब	Stambha	Fixedness , stiffness , rigidity , torpor , paralysis , stupefaction
-#स्थाियॊ	sthāvaraṁ The poison obtained from inanimate things such as aconite, opium, cannabis, oleander, arsenic, orpiment etc.
-##......sthira	 Stabitlity; Immobility; One of the 20 gurvadi gunas; caused due activated prithvi; denotes physiological & pharmacological stability & immobility; causes obstruction; An attribute of Kapha
-##सूक्ष्भदॊष्राऩद suk.mada...rapado minute fang marks
-#सुक्ष्भ्	suk.ma.	the property of the substance which causes minuteness and decrease body mass
-#सूक्ष्भॊ	sūkṣmaṁ	minute,Poison penetrates into and deranges the minutest capillaries owing to its extreme subtle essence.
-##......suptiḥ		Numbness
-#सुयासुय	Surāsura	Group of gods and demons who gathered for churning the sea to get ambrosia, in the quest of immortality
-#सूततकमा दष्ट	sutikaya da..a		bite by a recently delivered snake.
-#स्ियबेद	Svarabheda	Hoarseness of voice
-#स्िेद	sveda		Sweat, perspiration. Mala of Meda Dhātu. The function of Sveda is to withhold Kleda (watery portion) in the skin.
-#ताऩ	tāpa		Heat; Hotness; Temperature
-##.. ...tama praveśa	Black out
-#तन्द्रा	tandrā		Drowsiness; Torpor: lassitude ; characterized by a lack of vitality or energy
-#तीक्ष्ण	tik..a		sharpness/fast; one of the 20 gurvadi gunas; caused due activated agni; denotes physiological & pharmacological quickening of processes; instrumental for eliminative therapy; pacifies kapha & vata, increases pitta; causes irritation, burning & excretion. An attribute of Pitta.
-##...	toda		Needling pain
-##......tuṇḍāhat	It is a type of snake bite in which the place of contact is wet by the saliva of the snake but no marks of fangs are seen.
-#उदफॊध	udabaṁdha	Death by hanging
-#उदफॊधनीकृत कण्ठ	udaba.dhan.k.ta ka..ha	Hanging a corpse of murdered person to simulate suicide
-#उदकहतभ्	Udakahatam	Drowned.
-#उन्दुय	undura		Rats.
-##.....	Upadhāna	A modality for treatment of poisoning Incision made on scalp (vertex) resembling the feet of the crow and then applying medicated paste or placing meat of goat, cow or buffalo over the incised scalp, which will absorb the poison from the body
-#उऩनाह	Upanaha	Poultice- application of these poultice which are prepared by substances which are unctuous, heavy, hot in properties, helps to pacify the vitiated vata.
-##......upaviṣaḥ	A class of following semi poisonous plants
-##......rdhvabh.ga. tu m.lajam	The tendency of poison of plant origin is to move upwards and affect the upper body .
-##......Utkarika	Poultice- like preparation prepared with anti venomous drugs to soothe or aggravate and release the local doshas (impure body elements).
-#िैिण्मश	vaivar.ya	Discolouration.
-#िल्भीक	valmīka		Ant hill or termatorium.
-#िभन	vamana		Therapeutic emesis.
-#िभथु	Vamathu	        Vomiting.
-#िस्त्र	vastra		Clothes.
-#...... Vatsanabha	A Poisonous Root Aconitum ferox having an appearance similar to that of the navel of a calf.
-#िेगान्तय	Vegāntara	Interval between two attacks (impulses) of poison
-#िेष्टन	veṣṭana	        Envelop
-#विद्द	Viddha	        sting/arrow poison
-#विकयण	vikaraṇa	derangement , because of subtle property of poison it penetrates into and deranges the minutest capillaries
-#विकणश नामसकॊ	vikarṇa nāsikaṁ	One whose ear and nose are cut.
-#विरूनऩऺ	vilūnapakṣa	Bird with wings cut off.
-#वियेक	vireka		therapeutic purgation.
-#विष दूवषत तृण viṣa dūṣita tṛṇa Poisoned grass.
-#विष आश्रमस्थान viṣa āśrayasthāna	part containing poison in animals
-#विष अधधष्ठान  viṣa adhiṣṭhāna	poisonous part/ source of inanimate poison
-#विषाद	vi..da		Dejection; Depression
-#विषाधानॊ	viṣādhānaṁ	Vehicle of poison, blood is a vehicle for poison through which it circulates readily throughout the body producing fatal symptoms in the body.
-#विषान्िम	viṣānvaya	Potantially poisonous contamination
-#विषप्रद	viṣāprada	poisoner.
-#विषदाता	viṣadātā	poisoner
-#विषघाततमोग viṣaghātiyoga	Antitoxic medication
-#विषघ्न	viṣaghna	Antitoxic medication
-#विषघ्नैगशदै् स्ऩृष्टभ्	viṣaghnairgadaiḥ spṛṣṭam	(The food) detoxified by antitoxic medication
-#विषहतभ्	vi.ahatam	death due to poisoning.
-#विषकन्मा	viṣakanyā	A girl/woman made poisonous by administering small amount of poison to her, right from birth becomes poisonous.
-#विषॊ	vi.a.	        Poison
-##......vi.ap.ta.       Person who had ingested poison.
-#विषसिाि	viṣasadbhāva	presence of toxicity
-#विषसॊकटॊ	vi.asa.ka.a.	catastrohic stage of poisoning, a combination of factors like bodily constitution, season, food, vitiated body elements which on being present simultaneously produce fulminating symptoms in the victim
-#विषसूदन	viṣasūdana	Antitoxic
-#विषिगश	viṣavarga	Class of poisons
-#विषिेग्			impulse (attacks) of poison, a poison produces 7 attacks in human, 4 in animals, 3 in bird. Impuse occurwhen poison cross one compartment/ membrane (kala) to invade the next.
-##......vi.av.rya	Power of poison.
-#विशद	viśada		Non adhesiveness
-#विशधधशत Viśardhita	flatus
-##......viśīrṇa		Decaying
-#विषोऩद्रि	viṣopadrava	Complications/secondary diseases due to poisoning.
-#विषोऩद्रि	viṣopadrava	Complications/secondary diseases due to poisoning.
-#विषोऩद्रि	viṣopadrava	Complications/secondary diseases due to poisoning.
-#विषोऩसगश viṣopasarga	Poisoning.
-#व्रण	vraṇa		Ulcer
-##..... vraṇa viddha	Punctured or stab wound
-##......v.scika		scorpions.
-#व्माघ्र	vyāghra		tiger.
-#व्मारीढ	vyali.ha	It is a type of snake bite in which marks of one- two fangs are seen but there is no bleeding
-##......Vyaluptam	It is a type of snake bite in which marks of two fangs are seen along with bleeding
-#मभरा छामा yamalā chāyā	Dual shadow
-##Krodhapracuratä	Excessive anger	A disease caused due to vitiation of the blood, the term denotes wrath / excessive anger
-##kandu	                Itching sensation A peculiar irritating sensation in the skin that arouses the desire to scratch.
-# दाहः   dāhaḥ           Generalized or severe burning sensation.	An abnormal condition characterized by generalized or severe burning sensation.
-##shotha.		Edema / swelling  An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in tissues or serous cavities of the body, generally getting accumulated between the layer of skin and muscles.
-##murcha Syncope.	 A fatal condition characterized by loss of consciousness and postural tone due to vitiation of blood.
-##Aruci	Ageusia, lack of interest The term signifies the complete or partial loss of the taste. Disapproval of food even after it has been taken in the mouth due to lack of perception of the taste in the mouth.
-##bhraṁśa	      Downward displacement. The term signifies an abnormal act of getting displaced downwards form its normal place.
-##Hikkä	Hiccoughs	Hiccoughs A disease characterized by production of peculiar sound like hic-hic by mouth.
-##Chardi Vomiting.	A disease in which vomiting is the main symptom.
-##aṁsābhitāpaḥ.	 Paraesthesia, Increased temperature at shoulder region	The term signifies altered sensation characterized by intense feeling of burning sensation or rise of the temperature in the vicinity of the shoulder region.
-##arti asthnoh Pain in bones 	 The term signifies churning like pain in bones.
-#अवसादः	avasādaḥ Depression / Fatigue / Sinking	The term signifies many meanings like depression,fatigue, and sinking.
-#असिहुता asahiṣṇutā Intolerance physical and psychological The term signifies severely sensitivity or allergic to an act/ substance.
-##Ama	From of toxins	It is used as a technical word for anything that exists in a state of incomplete transformation. It is mentioned in various contexts like
-###In particular, it can refer to a toxic byproduct generated due to improper or incomplete digestion.
-###Toxins that were produced at any stage of metabolism and that are circulating through the channels are also sometimes.
-###The first stage of any disease is also frequently.
-###Any substance which is present in its abnormal state and is unwanted in the body. It represents, in a gross sense, mere indigestion which begins in the stomach, to, in a finer sense, even a faulty enzymatic pathway that prevents or hampers a metabolic cycle or chain. It is a very important factor playing a pivotal role in the genesis of any disease. It is also important in determining the prognosis, drug selection and all other stages of therapy.
-#आवृ.	āvṛttaḥ Enveloped,Covered, Overlapped The term signifies to be complete enclosure of one entity by another in the body. A movable entity only can be enveloped or get fully covered by another entity which is either stable or mobile in the body leading to hindrance to their movements or functions.
-##Tiktāsyatā Bitterness in mouth A form of Dysgeusia characterized by bitter taste in the mouth.
-##Upadrava  Secondary diseases	The diseases that develop subsequent to a disease or during, the course of the main disease that is being treated, and is dependent upon the main disease for its origination, nature and the strength. It is called secondary in the sense that its onset follows the presence of the primary disease.
-##Kämala Jaundice.	 A disease originating due to increased pitta doña , which may be a resultant of pittaja Paandu; wherein there is generalized yellowish discoloration of the body, and passing orange colored red urine and normal colored stools.
-##Kasa	Cough 	 A disease characterized by excessive cough either dry or with mucous
-# गौरवम 	gauravam Heaviness.The term signifies heaviness or a feeling of heaviness.
-#इिय गौरवंindriya gauravaṁ Heaviness of sense organ, it means inability of the sense organs to perceive their objects.
-## gauravaṁ aṅgasyac.	Feeling of heaviness of body parts.
-##nidrädhikyam Hypersomnia An abnormal condition characterized by excessive sleep
-##Pandu	Pallor of body, Anemia.	The term literally means paleness of the skin and mucosa along with yellowish discoloration of urine and feces; marked by lack of blood, strength complexion, body fat and essence of the body tissues.
-##picchilaù Stickiness 	 The term signifies stickiness or sliminess.
-##bhrama. Vertigo / dizziness 	 A sensation of spinning or whirling motion or a definite sensation of rotation of the subject or of objects about the subject in any plane.
-##Rija	Uncomfortable feelings.	The term signifies any kind of uncomfortable feelings like pain etc.
-##Vedanä Sensation of pain, discomfort.	The term signifies sensation of discomfort or pain in the body.
-##sannyäsa. Coma .	 A state of profound unconsciousness where the person becomes like a log of wood which leads to death unless untreated; may be due to the action of an ingested toxic substance or of one formed in the body, to trauma, or to disease.
-##Suptatä Numbness 	Term for abnormal sensation, including absent or reduced sensory perception as well as paresthesias.
-##stambhaù Stiffness	Restricted movements
-##mukhasräva Excessive salivation An abnormal condition characterized by excessive salivation
-##Hrilläsa Nausea Sensation of nausea caused due to upward (towards mouth) movement of the aggravation of the doñä; associated with excessive salivation and discomfort in the chest and abdomen.
-##Agada Drug, Antidote, antitoxic drug. Literally means drug or medicine, the expression agada is specifically used in the sense of treatment of poisonous or toxic conditions
-##Sanjna nasha	Unconsciousness	Complete loss of consciousness either reversible or non reversible. It is the state devoid of sensorial or psychological perception.
-##shiroruk. headache.	 A symptom occurring in many diseases and it indicates headache.
-==== Drugs to be identified ====
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-==== Glossary to be made for the following words ====
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