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|title=Nama-Rupa Vijnana (Science of identification and nomenclature)

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|keywords=Nama- Rupa Vijnana, Namarupa, Samhita-based references of ~~namarupa~~ vijnana, Concept of basonym and synonym, nomenclature, Taxonomy and nama rupa vijnana, Relation between namarupa vijnana and taxonomy, plant nomenclature, Pharmacognosy and nama-rupa vijnana, Bhojani M. K., Joshi Sumedh, Joglekar Aishwarya, Basisht G., Deole Y.S.

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|keywords=Nama- Rupa Vijnana, Namarupa, Samhita-based references of nama rupa vijnana, Concept of basonym and synonym, nomenclature, Taxonomy and nama rupa vijnana, Relation between namarupa vijnana and taxonomy, plant nomenclature, Pharmacognosy and nama-rupa vijnana, Bhojani M. K., Joshi Sumedh, Joglekar Aishwarya, Basisht G., Deole Y.S., dravyaguna vijnana, ayurveda, pharmacognosy, Indian systems of medicine, caraka samhita, methods to identify herbs, knowing drugs, knowing matraia medica

|description=Namarupa Vijnana is not only a naming and formulating science, but also a way to understand the interconnectedness of things in the universe

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

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Nama- Rupa ~~Vijnana~~, is a science that deals with the identification and classification of various entities, including [[Vyadhi|diseases]], medicinal plants, and therapeutic processes. Nama rupa vijnana is not only a naming and formulating science, but also a way to understand the interconnectedness of things in the universe. It can be understood as science of nomenclature and identification of different [[Herbs details|herbs]], [[Vyadhi|diseases]] etc. The nama refers to the name of the entity, while [[Rupa|rupa]] refers to its appearance or description. This technique was adopted in the Samhita and nighantu period to denote the salient features of the [[Herbs details|herbs]]. Binomial nomenclature, established by Carl Linnaeus, plays a pivotal role in systematically cataloguing and comprehending plants. This standardized naming convention ensures global clarity and precision in scientific discourse, facilitating accurate identification and classification. For example, the binomial name "Ocimum sanctum Linn" uniquely identifies the revered Indian medicinal plant [[Tulasi]], known for its numerous [[Health|health]] benefits in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. Through binomial nomenclature, researchers worldwide can efficiently access information, aiding in the conservation and utilization of medicinal flora. This structured framework fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, advancing fields such as herbal medicine, pharmacology, and ecology, ultimately benefiting society's [[Health|health]] and well-being.

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Nama- Rupa [[vijnana]], is a science that deals with the identification and classification of various entities, including [[Vyadhi|diseases]], medicinal plants, and therapeutic processes. Nama rupa [[vijnana]] is not only a naming and formulating science, but also a way to understand the interconnectedness of things in the universe. It can be understood as science of nomenclature and identification of different [[Herbs details|herbs]], [[Vyadhi|diseases]] etc. The nama refers to the name of the entity, while [[Rupa|rupa]] refers to its appearance or description. This technique was adopted in the Samhita and nighantu period to denote the salient features of the [[Herbs details|herbs]]. Binomial nomenclature, established by Carl Linnaeus, plays a pivotal role in systematically cataloguing and comprehending plants. This standardized naming convention ensures global clarity and precision in scientific discourse, facilitating accurate identification and classification. For example, the binomial name "Ocimum sanctum Linn" uniquely identifies the revered Indian medicinal plant [[Tulasi]], known for its numerous [[Health|health]] benefits in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. Through binomial nomenclature, researchers worldwide can efficiently access information, aiding in the conservation and utilization of medicinal flora. This structured framework fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, advancing fields such as herbal medicine, pharmacology, and ecology, ultimately benefiting society's [[Health|health]] and well-being.

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== Samhita-based references of namarupa vijnana ==

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== Samhita-based references of namarupa [[vijnana]] ==

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The origins of namarupa vijnana can be traced back to both the [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]] and Sushruta Samhita. Both the texts emphasize the importance of understanding nama rupa (name and form) for accurate diagnosis and treatment. It is mentioned by Charak to adopt the science of nama-rupa from goat-herds, shepherds, cowherds, and forest dwellers acquainted with names and identification of various medicinal herbs and plants. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/120] Charak also further evaluates that just by knowing the names and forms of [[Herbs details|herbs]] no one can claim to have a perfect knowledge of the medicinal uses of the plants. One who merely understands the morphology of the [[Herbs details|herbs]] is termed a pharmacologist, but a physician should understand the medicinal properties and utility of [[Herbs details|herbs]] as a whole. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/121-122] Thus, it is of immense importance to understand any herb through the means of all name (nama), pharmacogenetic characters ([[Rupa|rupa]]) and properties ([[Guna|guna]]) for purpose of successful treatment and avoidance of complications. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/125]. Thus, the understanding of taxonomy, morphology and clinical utility is of utmost importance to achieve success in treatment. [Chakrapani on Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/125] Similarly, one who has the proper knowledge of herbs (Dravya dnyana) is considered to be a well-versed physician. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 2/16] Sushruta also mentions the utility of expertise of cattle breeders (gopala), monks (taapasa), those living in forest areas (vanavasi), hunters (vyadha), vanacharina (those visiting the forest areas) for understanding the morphology and utility of different [[Herbs details|herbs]]. [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 36/10]

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The origins of namarupa [[vijnana]] can be traced back to both the [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]] and Sushruta Samhita. Both the texts emphasize the importance of understanding nama rupa (name and form) for accurate diagnosis and treatment. It is mentioned by Charak to adopt the science of nama-rupa from goat-herds, shepherds, cowherds, and forest dwellers acquainted with names and identification of various medicinal herbs and plants. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/120] Charak also further evaluates that just by knowing the names and forms of [[Herbs details|herbs]] no one can claim to have a perfect knowledge of the medicinal uses of the plants. One who merely understands the morphology of the [[Herbs details|herbs]] is termed a pharmacologist, but a physician should understand the medicinal properties and utility of [[Herbs details|herbs]] as a whole. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/121-122] Thus, it is of immense importance to understand any herb through the means of all name (nama), pharmacogenetic characters ([[Rupa|rupa]]) and properties ([[Guna|guna]]) for purpose of successful treatment and avoidance of complications. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/125]. Thus, the understanding of taxonomy, morphology and clinical utility is of utmost importance to achieve success in treatment. [Chakrapani on Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1/125] Similarly, one who has the proper knowledge of herbs (Dravya dnyana) is considered to be a well-versed physician. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 2/16] Sushruta also mentions the utility of expertise of cattle breeders (gopala), monks (taapasa), those living in forest areas (vanavasi), hunters (vyadha), vanacharina (those visiting the forest areas) for understanding the morphology and utility of different [[Herbs details|herbs]]. [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 36/10]

== Concept of basonym and synonym ==

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The basonym is defined as the earliest validly published name of a taxon.<ref name="ref1">Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Basonym. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 9, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/basonym</ref> Whereas the word synonym is defined as one or more words or expressions of the same language that have the same meaning in some or all senses.<ref name="ref2">Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Synonym. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 9, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/synonym</ref> Considering the aspects of nama rupa vijnana, basonym is the original name of the plant which is termed as nirukta (etymological root) or moola nama. The synonym is termed as ‘paryaya’. There are no references and documentation of plant nomenclature during pre-vedic and vedic periods. Some references are observed regarding the names of plants similar to the names of Gods such as Mahabala and Muchakunda. This supports the opinion that synonyms are important tools in the field of dravyaguna vijnana (materia medica of [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]) that aid in the classification, identification, and usage of medicinal plants.<ref name="ref3">Sastry J L N. Dravyaguna ~~Vijnana~~, Part - 1.Varanasi: Chaukambha orientalia.2009 Reprint</ref> Synonyms of plants are coined based on various considerations, including morphology, utility in treatment, historical background and place of origin of the drug, and others. This article is an attempt to discuss synonyms and the glory they offer to the scholars of [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], particularly in the field of identification and medicinal aspects. Plants were named based on their mythological background. There are references regarding the usage of synonyms during this period. There were 2 kinds of synonyms used i.e., Naighantuka and Ekapadika. ‘Naighantuka’ refers to the number of synonyms attributed to a single plant, whereas Ekapadika refers to the single synonym used for many plants<ref name="ref4">Satish Pai: Glory of Synonyms of Plants In Ayurveda With Special Reference to Namarupa ~~Vijnanam~~- A Review ayurpub; III(5): 1105-1110</ref>. Acharya Priyavrat Sharma (2000) has tried to prove the identity of 150 plants on the basis of synonyms, which is quite a new presentation.<ref name="ref5">Sharma PV. Namarupajnanam. 2 nd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Vishwabharati, 2011; 9</ref> Dr.Pandey has stated about 25000 names classified into 57 groups on different aspects and has given the root meanings of about 600 plant names .Dr. Shastri has made available the etymology of 498 plants along with 2000 synonyms.<ref name="ref11">Available from : https://bsienvis.nic.in/</ref>

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The basonym is defined as the earliest validly published name of a taxon.<ref name="ref1">Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Basonym. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 9, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/basonym</ref> Whereas the word synonym is defined as one or more words or expressions of the same language that have the same meaning in some or all senses.<ref name="ref2">Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Synonym. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 9, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/synonym</ref> Considering the aspects of nama rupa [[vijnana]], basonym is the original name of the plant which is termed as nirukta (etymological root) or moola nama. The synonym is termed as ‘paryaya’. There are no references and documentation of plant nomenclature during pre-vedic and vedic periods. Some references are observed regarding the names of plants similar to the names of Gods such as Mahabala and Muchakunda. This supports the opinion that synonyms are important tools in the field of dravyaguna [[vijnana]] (materia medica of [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]) that aid in the classification, identification, and usage of medicinal plants.<ref name="ref3">Sastry J L N. Dravyaguna [[vijnana]], Part - 1.Varanasi: Chaukambha orientalia.2009 Reprint</ref> Synonyms of plants are coined based on various considerations, including morphology, utility in treatment, historical background and place of origin of the drug, and others. This article is an attempt to discuss synonyms and the glory they offer to the scholars of [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], particularly in the field of identification and medicinal aspects. Plants were named based on their mythological background. There are references regarding the usage of synonyms during this period. There were 2 kinds of synonyms used i.e., Naighantuka and Ekapadika. ‘Naighantuka’ refers to the number of synonyms attributed to a single plant, whereas Ekapadika refers to the single synonym used for many plants<ref name="ref4">Satish Pai: Glory of Synonyms of Plants In Ayurveda With Special Reference to Namarupa [[vijnana]]m- A Review ayurpub; III(5): 1105-1110</ref>. Acharya Priyavrat Sharma (2000) has tried to prove the identity of 150 plants on the basis of synonyms, which is quite a new presentation.<ref name="ref5">Sharma PV. Namarupajnanam. 2 nd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Vishwabharati, 2011; 9</ref> Dr.Pandey has stated about 25000 names classified into 57 groups on different aspects and has given the root meanings of about 600 plant names .Dr. Shastri has made available the etymology of 498 plants along with 2000 synonyms.<ref name="ref11">Available from : https://bsienvis.nic.in/</ref>

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=== Dr K. Nishteshwar states few more factors namely<ref name="ref7">K Nishteshwara. Dravyaguna ~~vijnanam~~ Part -1. Varanasi: Chaukambha publications. 2007.</ref>- ===

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=== Dr K. Nishteshwar states few more factors namely<ref name="ref7">K Nishteshwara. Dravyaguna [[vijnana]]m Part -1. Varanasi: Chaukambha publications. 2007.</ref>- ===

Weight, nodes, latex, spines etc. For instance-

<ul><li style="font-weight:bold">Weight:Akshaphala (Terminalia bellerica)- The Fruit weighs 1 Aksha or Karsha (10 gm)</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Spines:Teekshnakantaka- sharp spines (Balanites aeygyptica) and Deerghakantaka- long thorns (Acacia arabica).</li></ul>

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== Taxonomy and nama rupa vijnana ==

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== Taxonomy and nama rupa [[vijnana]] ==

Taxonomy is the scientific discipline dedicated to the systematic categorization, classification, and naming of living organisms. It serves as a fundamental framework for understanding and organizing the immense diversity of life on earth.<ref name="ref8">Guerra García JM, Espinosa Torre F, García Gómez JC. Trends in taxonomy today: an overview about the main topics in taxonomy. Zoológica baetica, 19, 15-49. 2008.</ref> Taxonomists are the scientists specializing in this field, classify organisms based on shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships. This hierarchical system groups organisms into categories, ranging from the broadest, such as domains and kingdoms, down to more specific levels, including phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. One of the most recognizable aspects of taxonomy is the use of binomial nomenclature, a standardized naming system introduced by Carl Linnaeus, which assigns each species a unique two-part scientific name. This meticulous organization enables effective communication among scientists, aids in the identification of species, and enhances our comprehension of the natural world. Taxonomy plays a pivotal role in various biological disciplines, from ecology and evolution to conservation and genetics, making it an essential tool for exploring the intricacies of life on our planet.

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== Relation between namarupa vijnana and taxonomy ==

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== Relation between namarupa [[vijnana]] and taxonomy ==

<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Classification and categorization:</li>

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<ul><li>Both nama rupa vijnana and taxonomy are concerned with the fundamental processes of classification and categorization. Taxonomy classifies living organisms into hierarchical groups based on shared characteristics, while nama rupa vijnana explores how objects, concepts, and ideas are categorized within the context of language and thought.</li></ul>

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<ul><li>Both nama rupa [[vijnana]] and taxonomy are concerned with the fundamental processes of classification and categorization. Taxonomy classifies living organisms into hierarchical groups based on shared characteristics, while nama rupa [[vijnana]] explores how objects, concepts, and ideas are categorized within the context of language and thought.</li></ul>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Names and labels:</li>

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<ul><li>Taxonomy uses scientific names (binomial nomenclature) to label and identify species. Nama rupa vijnana, on the other hand, focuses on the interplay between names (nama) and the forms or concepts (rupa) they represent, emphasizing the significance of names in shaping our perception of the world and aiding in providing therapeutic intervention.</li></ul>

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<ul><li>Taxonomy uses scientific names (binomial nomenclature) to label and identify species. Nama rupa [[vijnana]], on the other hand, focuses on the interplay between names (nama) and the forms or concepts (rupa) they represent, emphasizing the significance of names in shaping our perception of the world and aiding in providing therapeutic intervention.</li></ul>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Hierarchical structure:</li>

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<ul><li>Taxonomy employs a hierarchical system with various ranks, such as domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. Namarupa vijnana, while less structured, still involves hierarchical thinking when objects and concepts are categorized and named within language and cognition.</li></ul>

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<ul><li>Taxonomy employs a hierarchical system with various ranks, such as domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. Namarupa [[vijnana]], while less structured, still involves hierarchical thinking when objects and concepts are categorized and named within language and cognition.</li></ul>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Interdisciplinary application:</li>

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<ul><li>Both concepts have interdisciplinary applications. Taxonomy is used in biology to understand and communicate the diversity of life, while namarupa vijnana can be applied in philosophy, linguistics, cultural studies, and other fields to explore the role of language in categorization and perception.</li></ul>

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<ul><li>Both concepts have interdisciplinary applications. Taxonomy is used in biology to understand and communicate the diversity of life, while namarupa [[vijnana]] can be applied in philosophy, linguistics, cultural studies, and other fields to explore the role of language in categorization and perception.</li></ul>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Philosophical overlap:</li>

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<ul><li>In philosophy, namarupa vijnana can be used to discuss how language and categorization shape our understanding of reality. This philosophical dimension overlaps with taxonomy, especially in terms of how we perceive and categorize the natural world and the implications of language on our comprehension of the biological realm.</li></ul>

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<ul><li>In philosophy, namarupa [[vijnana]] can be used to discuss how language and categorization shape our understanding of reality. This philosophical dimension overlaps with taxonomy, especially in terms of how we perceive and categorize the natural world and the implications of language on our comprehension of the biological realm.</li></ul>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Epistemological implications:</li>

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<ul><li>Both taxonomy and namarupa vijnana have epistemological implications. Taxonomy contributes to our knowledge of the natural world by organizing and categorizing living organisms. Namrupa vijnana, in the context of philosophy, raises questions about how our cognitive processes and language influence our understanding of the world, including the classifications within taxonomy.</li></ul></ol>

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<ul><li>Both taxonomy and namarupa [[vijnana]] have epistemological implications. Taxonomy contributes to our knowledge of the natural world by organizing and categorizing living organisms. Namrupa [[vijnana]], in the context of philosophy, raises questions about how our cognitive processes and language influence our understanding of the world, including the classifications within taxonomy.</li></ul></ol>

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== Principles of namarupa vijnana ==

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== Principles of namarupa [[vijnana]] ==

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<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Nomenclature and classification- Namarupa vijnana involves the systematic naming and categorization of [[Vyadhi|diseases]], [[Herbs details|herbs]], and therapeutic methods. This classification helps in organizing knowledge and streamlining treatment approaches.</li>

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<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Nomenclature and classification- Namarupa [[vijnana]] involves the systematic naming and categorization of [[Vyadhi|diseases]], [[Herbs details|herbs]], and therapeutic methods. This classification helps in organizing knowledge and streamlining treatment approaches.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Understanding [[dosha]]: [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] identifies three fundamental [[dosha]] [[Vata dosha|Vata]], [[Pitta dosha|Pitta]], and [[Kapha dosha|Kapha]] – that govern an individual's physical and mental constitution. Namarupa ~~Vijnana~~ plays a crucial role in identifying the doshic imbalances responsible for various health conditions. The different synonyms of the three dosha as well as the description of function of [[Dosha|dosha]] is the application of nama-rupa vijnana for understanding the fundamental concepts.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Understanding [[dosha]]: [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] identifies three fundamental [[dosha]] [[Vata dosha|Vata]], [[Pitta dosha|Pitta]], and [[Kapha dosha|Kapha]] – that govern an individual's physical and mental constitution. Namarupa [[vijnana]] plays a crucial role in identifying the doshic imbalances responsible for various health conditions. The different synonyms of the three dosha as well as the description of function of [[Dosha|dosha]] is the application of nama-rupa [[vijnana]] for understanding the fundamental concepts.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Holistic approach: Namarupa vijnana extends beyond the mere identification of symptoms and conditions. It considers the interconnectedness of [[Manas|mind]], [[Sharira|body]], and spirit, recognizing that imbalances in one area can affect the whole.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Holistic approach: Namarupa [[vijnana]] extends beyond the mere identification of symptoms and conditions. It considers the interconnectedness of [[Manas|mind]], [[Sharira|body]], and spirit, recognizing that imbalances in one area can affect the whole.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Application in diagnosis: Namarupa vijnana enables ayurvedic practitioners to diagnose illnesses by examining the patient's physical and mental attributes, including pulse diagnosis (nadi pariksha), tongue analysis (jihva pariksha), and facial features.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Application in diagnosis: Namarupa [[vijnana]] enables ayurvedic practitioners to diagnose illnesses by examining the patient's physical and mental attributes, including pulse diagnosis (nadi pariksha), tongue analysis (jihva pariksha), and facial features.</li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Application in treatment: Once a diagnosis is made, ayurvedic treatments are customized based on the patient's unique constitution and the namarupa of the disease. This may involve dietary modifications, herbal remedies, yoga, and lifestyle adjustments.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Application in preventive healthcare: ''Namarupa vijnana'' emphasizes the importance of maintaining balance in one's [[Dosha|doshas]], diet, and lifestyle to prevent illness and promote overall well-being. It offers guidelines for daily routines (''dinacharya'') and seasonal practices (''ritucharya'').</li></ol>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Application in preventive healthcare: ''Namarupa [[vijnana]]'' emphasizes the importance of maintaining balance in one's [[Dosha|doshas]], diet, and lifestyle to prevent illness and promote overall well-being. It offers guidelines for daily routines (''dinacharya'') and seasonal practices (''ritucharya'').</li></ol>

== Contemporary relevance ==

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In an era dominated by modern medicine and technology, [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], with its reliance on namarupa vijnana, continues to offer valuable insights into holistic healthcare. Integrative medicine approaches are increasingly recognizing the importance of considering [[Manas|mind]], [[Sharira|body]], and spirit in healthcare, aligning with ayurvedic principles.<ref name="ref9">Mann M, Pathak SR. Chapter 12 - Ayurveda: A new dimension in the era of modern medicine. In: Tewari A, Tiwari S, editors. Synthesis of Medicinal Agents from Plants [Internet]. Elsevier; 2018 [cited 2023 Nov 22]. p. 283–303. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978008102071500012X</ref> The basis of nomenclature in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] is rooted in a systematic and holistic approach to classifying and naming various elements within the natural world. Nomenclature in ayurveda plays a crucial role in understanding and effectively utilizing herbs, diseases, bodily constituents, and other components of this ancient system of medicine. Here, we will explore the fundamental principles and factors that underlie the nomenclature in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]:

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In an era dominated by modern medicine and technology, [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], with its reliance on namarupa [[vijnana]], continues to offer valuable insights into holistic healthcare. Integrative medicine approaches are increasingly recognizing the importance of considering [[Manas|mind]], [[Sharira|body]], and spirit in healthcare, aligning with ayurvedic principles.<ref name="ref9">Mann M, Pathak SR. Chapter 12 - Ayurveda: A new dimension in the era of modern medicine. In: Tewari A, Tiwari S, editors. Synthesis of Medicinal Agents from Plants [Internet]. Elsevier; 2018 [cited 2023 Nov 22]. p. 283–303. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978008102071500012X</ref> The basis of nomenclature in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] is rooted in a systematic and holistic approach to classifying and naming various elements within the natural world. Nomenclature in ayurveda plays a crucial role in understanding and effectively utilizing herbs, diseases, bodily constituents, and other components of this ancient system of medicine. Here, we will explore the fundamental principles and factors that underlie the nomenclature in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]:

<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Naming based on Sanskrit language: Sanskrit is the primary language for nomenclature in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]. It is a classical language with a rich vocabulary that allows precise and descriptive naming. The use of Sanskrit ensures consistency and clarity in communication among ayurvedic practitioners and scholars.<li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Naming of herbs and plants: [[Herbs details|Herbs]] and plants used in ayurvedic medicine are named according to their physical attributes, qualities, and actions. Descriptive names help in identifying the therapeutic properties of each herb. For example, "Tulasi" (Ocimum sanctum) is also known as Holy Basil. Its name "Tulasi" signifies its sacred and purifying nature.<li>

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Nighantu were developed in the sangraha kaala to decipher the pharmacological, pharmacognostical and taxonomical basis of ayurveda dravya. The nighantu like Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Raja Nighantu, Shiva Kosha provides main sources for understanding the pharmacological basis of [[Herbs details|Ayurveda herbs]]. The texts like Amarkosha help to decode the exact meaning and synonyms of any herb in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]. In conclusion, the nomenclature of plants in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] is a carefully crafted system that combines linguistic precision, descriptive elements, qualities, doshika considerations, and cultural references. This system aids in the accurate identification, classification, and utilization of [[Herbs details|herbs]] and plants for therapeutic purposes, contributing to the effectiveness and richness of ayurvedic herbal medicine. In recent, many databases like ENVIS<ref name="ref11"/> by FRLHT are developed to understand the various aspects of plant morphology and utility. Similarly, “IMPPAT: Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry and Therapeutics” is a curated database that is resultant of digitalization of information from more than 100 books on traditional Indian medicine and more than 7000 published research articles and other existing resources.<ref name="ref12">Available from: https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/home</ref>

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== Pharmacognosy and nama-rupa vijnana ==

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== Pharmacognosy and nama-rupa [[vijnana]] ==

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Pharmacognosy is the study of the structural, physical, biochemical and therapeutic properties of various [[Herbs details|herbs]] obtained from natural sources.<ref name="ref13">Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Pharmacognosy. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 22, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pharmacognosy</ref> It is a broad science dealing with plethora of medicinal [[Herbs details|herbs]] and taxonomy along with naam rupa vijnana are parts of science of Pharmacognosy. Thus, the extensive study of naam rupa vijnana can contribute to understanding pharmacognosy of any plant mentioned in the classical texts.

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Pharmacognosy is the study of the structural, physical, biochemical and therapeutic properties of various [[Herbs details|herbs]] obtained from natural sources.<ref name="ref13">Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Pharmacognosy. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 22, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pharmacognosy</ref> It is a broad science dealing with plethora of medicinal [[Herbs details|herbs]] and taxonomy along with naam rupa [[vijnana]] are parts of science of Pharmacognosy. Thus, the extensive study of naam rupa [[vijnana]] can contribute to understanding pharmacognosy of any plant mentioned in the classical texts.

== Related articles ==

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<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li>In the article entitled, “Glory of Synonyms of Plants in [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] with Special Reference to Namarupa ~~Vijnanam~~- A Review” authors have mentioned the importance of application of knowledge of Basonyms and Synonyms in understanding the nomenclature and salient features of different [[Herbs details|herbs]].<ref name="ref14">Satish P, Chetana B, Glory of Synonyms of Plants In [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] With Special Reference to Namarupa ~~Vijnanam~~- A Review ayurpub; III(5): 1105-1110</ref></li>

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<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li>In the article entitled, “Glory of Synonyms of Plants in [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] with Special Reference to Namarupa [[vijnana]]m- A Review” authors have mentioned the importance of application of knowledge of Basonyms and Synonyms in understanding the nomenclature and salient features of different [[Herbs details|herbs]].<ref name="ref14">Satish P, Chetana B, Glory of Synonyms of Plants In [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] With Special Reference to Namarupa [[vijnana]]m- A Review ayurpub; III(5): 1105-1110</ref></li>

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<li>An Insight into ‘Charakokta Dravya-Pariksha Vidhi’ and its Applicability<ref name="ref15">An Insight into ‘Charakokta Dravya-Pariksha Vidhi’ and its Applicability [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://europub.co.uk/articles/an-insight-into-charakokta-dravya-pariksha-vidhi-and-its-applicability-A-287756</ref> is an article that describes the utility of nama rupa vijnana in understanding the various aspects of [[Herbs details|herbs]] mentioned in samhita. </li>

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<li>An Insight into ‘Charakokta Dravya-Pariksha Vidhi’ and its Applicability<ref name="ref15">An Insight into ‘Charakokta Dravya-Pariksha Vidhi’ and its Applicability [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://europub.co.uk/articles/an-insight-into-charakokta-dravya-pariksha-vidhi-and-its-applicability-A-287756</ref> is an article that describes the utility of nama rupa [[vijnana]] in understanding the various aspects of [[Herbs details|herbs]] mentioned in samhita. </li>

<li>Ayusoft has published informative article on the pharmacognosy and [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] where various historical and etymological aspects of [[Herbs details|herbs]] are discussed along with ample examples focusing on different aspects of classification and nomenclature of [[Herbs details|herbs]].<ref name="ref16">Utility of Nama and Roopa for the correct identification of Ayurvedic drugs (Pharmacognosy) – Ayusoft [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://ayusoft.ayush.gov.in/utility-of-nama-and-roopa-for-the-correct-identification-of-ayurvedic-drugs-pharmacognosy/</ref></li>

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<li>The article “Importance of Namarupa ~~Vijnana~~ & concept of basonyms and synonyms of dravya.” It describes the various aspects of understanding basonyms and synonyms for the proper description of any herb.<ref name="ref17">Singh, Ritu et al. “importance of namarupa vijnana & concept of basonyms and synonyms of dravya.” (2015).</ref></li>

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<li>The article “Importance of Namarupa [[vijnana]] & concept of basonyms and synonyms of dravya.” It describes the various aspects of understanding basonyms and synonyms for the proper description of any herb.<ref name="ref17">Singh, Ritu et al. “importance of namarupa [[vijnana]] & concept of basonyms and synonyms of dravya.” (2015).</ref></li>

<li>In the article ‘Role of Pharmacognosy in [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]]’, the authors have highlighted the role of pharmacognosy in identification and characterization of [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] [[Herbs details|herbs]].<ref name="ref18">Ramaseshan S, Bikshapathi T. Role of Pharmacognosy in Ayurveda. Ayurveda Mahasammelana Patrika. 2006 Feb 1;93:79–87.</ref></li></ol>

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