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<ul><li>Taxonomy uses scientific names (binomial nomenclature) to label and identify species. Nama rupa [[vijnana]], on the other hand, focuses on the interplay between names (nama) and the forms or concepts (rupa) they represent, emphasizing the significance of names in shaping our perception of the world and aiding in providing therapeutic intervention.</li></ul>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Hierarchical structure:</li>

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<ul><li>Taxonomy employs a hierarchical system with various ranks, such as domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. ~~Namarupa~~ [[vijnana]], while less structured, still involves hierarchical thinking when objects and concepts are categorized and named within language and cognition.</li></ul>

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<ul><li>Taxonomy employs a hierarchical system with various ranks, such as domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. Nama rupa [[vijnana]], while less structured, still involves hierarchical thinking when objects and concepts are categorized and named within language and cognition.</li></ul>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Interdisciplinary application:</li>

<ul><li>Both concepts have interdisciplinary applications. Taxonomy is used in biology to understand and communicate the diversity of life, while namarupa [[vijnana]] can be applied in philosophy, linguistics, cultural studies, and other fields to explore the role of language in categorization and perception.</li></ul>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Philosophical overlap:</li>

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<ul><li>In philosophy, ~~namarupa~~ [[vijnana]] can be used to discuss how language and categorization shape our understanding of reality. This philosophical dimension overlaps with taxonomy, especially in terms of how we perceive and categorize the natural world and the implications of language on our comprehension of the biological realm.</li></ul>

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<ul><li>In philosophy, nama rupa [[vijnana]] can be used to discuss how language and categorization shape our understanding of reality. This philosophical dimension overlaps with taxonomy, especially in terms of how we perceive and categorize the natural world and the implications of language on our comprehension of the biological realm.</li></ul>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Epistemological implications:</li>

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<ul><li>Both taxonomy and ~~namarupa~~ [[vijnana]] have epistemological implications. Taxonomy contributes to our knowledge of the natural world by organizing and categorizing living organisms. ~~Namrupa~~ [[vijnana]], in the context of philosophy, raises questions about how our cognitive processes and language influence our understanding of the world, including the classifications within taxonomy.</li></ul></ol>

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<ul><li>Both taxonomy and nama rupa [[vijnana]] have epistemological implications. Taxonomy contributes to our knowledge of the natural world by organizing and categorizing living organisms. Nama rupa [[vijnana]], in the context of philosophy, raises questions about how our cognitive processes and language influence our understanding of the world, including the classifications within taxonomy.</li></ul></ol>

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== Principles of ~~namarupa~~ [[vijnana]] ==

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== Principles of nama rupa [[vijnana]] ==

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<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Nomenclature and classification- ~~Namarupa~~ [[vijnana]] involves the systematic naming and categorization of [[Vyadhi|diseases]], [[Herbs details|herbs]], and therapeutic methods. This classification helps in organizing knowledge and streamlining treatment approaches.</li>

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<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Nomenclature and classification- Nama rupa [[vijnana]] involves the systematic naming and categorization of [[Vyadhi|diseases]], [[Herbs details|herbs]], and therapeutic methods. This classification helps in organizing knowledge and streamlining treatment approaches.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Understanding [[dosha]]: [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] identifies three fundamental [[dosha]] [[Vata dosha|Vata]], [[Pitta dosha|Pitta]], and [[Kapha dosha|Kapha]] – that govern an individual's physical and mental constitution. ~~Namarupa~~ [[vijnana]] plays a crucial role in identifying the doshic imbalances responsible for various health conditions. The different synonyms of the three dosha as well as the description of function of [[Dosha|dosha]] is the application of nama-rupa [[vijnana]] for understanding the fundamental concepts.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Understanding [[dosha]]: [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] identifies three fundamental [[dosha]] [[Vata dosha|Vata]], [[Pitta dosha|Pitta]], and [[Kapha dosha|Kapha]] – that govern an individual's physical and mental constitution. Nama rupa [[vijnana]] plays a crucial role in identifying the doshic imbalances responsible for various health conditions. The different synonyms of the three [[dosha]] as well as the description of function of [[Dosha|dosha]] is the application of nama-rupa [[vijnana]] for understanding the fundamental concepts.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Holistic approach: ~~Namarupa~~ [[vijnana]] extends beyond the mere identification of symptoms and conditions. It considers the interconnectedness of [[Manas|mind]], [[Sharira|body]], and spirit, recognizing that imbalances in one area can affect the whole.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Holistic approach: Nama rupa [[vijnana]] extends beyond the mere identification of symptoms and conditions. It considers the interconnectedness of [[Manas|mind]], [[Sharira|body]], and [[spirit]], recognizing that imbalances in one area can affect the whole.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Application in diagnosis: ~~Namarupa~~ [[vijnana]] enables ayurvedic practitioners to diagnose illnesses by examining the patient's physical and mental attributes, including pulse diagnosis (nadi pariksha), tongue analysis (jihva pariksha), and facial features.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Application in diagnosis: Nama rupa [[vijnana]] enables ayurvedic practitioners to diagnose illnesses by examining the patient's physical and mental attributes, including pulse diagnosis (nadi pariksha), tongue analysis (jihva pariksha), and facial features.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Application in treatment: Once a diagnosis is made, ayurvedic treatments are customized based on the patient's unique constitution and the ~~namarupa~~ of the disease. This may involve dietary modifications, herbal remedies, yoga, and lifestyle adjustments.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Application in treatment: Once a diagnosis is made, ayurvedic treatments are customized based on the patient's unique constitution and the nama rupa of the disease. This may involve dietary modifications, herbal remedies, yoga, and lifestyle adjustments.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Application in preventive healthcare: ~~''Namarupa~~ [[vijnana]]'' emphasizes the importance of maintaining balance in one's [[Dosha|doshas]], diet, and lifestyle to prevent illness and promote overall well-being. It offers guidelines for daily routines (''dinacharya'') and seasonal practices (''ritucharya'').</li></ol>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Application in preventive healthcare: Nama rupa [[vijnana]] emphasizes the importance of maintaining balance in one's [[Dosha|doshas]], diet, and lifestyle to prevent illness and promote overall well-being. It offers guidelines for daily routines ([[dinacharya]]) and seasonal practices ([[ritucharya]]).</li></ol>

== Contemporary relevance ==

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In an era dominated by ~~modern~~ medicine and technology, [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], with its reliance on ~~namarupa~~ [[vijnana]], continues to offer valuable insights into holistic healthcare. Integrative medicine approaches are increasingly recognizing the importance of considering [[Manas|mind]], [[Sharira|body]], and spirit in healthcare, aligning with ayurvedic principles.<ref name="ref9">Mann M, Pathak SR. Chapter 12 - Ayurveda: A new dimension in the era of modern medicine. In: Tewari A, Tiwari S, editors. Synthesis of Medicinal Agents from Plants [Internet]. Elsevier; 2018 [cited 2023 Nov 22]. p. 283–303. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978008102071500012X</ref> The basis of nomenclature in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] is rooted in a systematic and holistic approach to classifying and naming various elements within the natural world. Nomenclature in ayurveda plays a crucial role in understanding and effectively utilizing herbs, diseases, bodily constituents, and other components of this ancient system of medicine. Here, we will explore the fundamental principles and factors that underlie the nomenclature in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]:

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In an era dominated by contemporary medicine and technology, [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], with its reliance on nama rupa [[vijnana]], continues to offer valuable insights into holistic healthcare. Integrative medicine approaches are increasingly recognizing the importance of considering [[Manas|mind]], [[Sharira|body]], and [[spirit]] in healthcare, aligning with ayurvedic principles.<ref name="ref9">Mann M, Pathak SR. Chapter 12 - Ayurveda: A new dimension in the era of modern medicine. In: Tewari A, Tiwari S, editors. Synthesis of Medicinal Agents from Plants [Internet]. Elsevier; 2018 [cited 2023 Nov 22]. p. 283–303. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978008102071500012X</ref> The basis of nomenclature in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] is rooted in a systematic and holistic approach to classifying and naming various elements within the natural world. Nomenclature in ayurveda plays a crucial role in understanding and effectively utilizing herbs, diseases, bodily constituents, and other components of this ancient system of medicine. Here, we will explore the fundamental principles and factors that underlie the nomenclature in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]:

<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Naming based on Sanskrit language: Sanskrit is the primary language for nomenclature in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]. It is a classical language with a rich vocabulary that allows precise and descriptive naming. The use of Sanskrit ensures consistency and clarity in communication among ayurvedic practitioners and scholars.<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Naming of herbs and plants: [[Herbs details|Herbs]] and plants used in ayurvedic medicine are named according to their physical attributes, qualities, and actions. Descriptive names help in identifying the therapeutic properties of each herb. For example, "Tulasi" (Ocimum sanctum) is also known as Holy Basil. Its name "Tulasi" signifies its sacred and purifying nature.<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Naming of herbs and plants: [[Herbs details|Herbs]] and plants used in ayurvedic medicine are named according to their physical attributes, qualities, and actions. Descriptive names help in identifying the therapeutic properties of each herb. For example, "[[Tulasi]]" (Ocimum sanctum) is also known as Holy Basil. Its name "[[Tulasi]]" signifies its sacred and purifying nature.<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">[[Rasa|Rasa]], virya, and [[Vipaka|vipaka]]: The [[Rasa|taste (rasa)]], potency (virya), and post-digestive effect ([[Vipaka|vipaka]]) of substances are considered in their nomenclature. These qualities provide insights into how a substance interacts with the [[Sharira|body]]. For instance, a bitter-tasting herb with cooling potency and a post-digestive sweet effect may be used to pacify excess heat in the [[Sharira|body]]. For instance, chilly is termed as katuveerya, Picrorhizza as katuka. <li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">[[Rasa|Rasa]], virya, and [[Vipaka|vipaka]]: The [[Rasa|taste (rasa)]], potency ([[virya]]), and post-digestive effect ([[Vipaka|vipaka]]) of substances are considered in their nomenclature. These qualities provide insights into how a substance interacts with the [[Sharira|body]]. For instance, a bitter-tasting herb with cooling potency and a post-digestive sweet effect may be used to pacify excess heat in the [[Sharira|body]]. For instance, chilly is termed as katuveerya, Picrorhizza as [[katuka]]. <li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Classifying [[Sharira|body]] constituents: In [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], the [[Sharira|body]] is described in terms of its doshika composition and its physical and functional components, known as "[[Dhatu|dhatu]]" and "[[Mala|mala]]." Each of these components is named and classified according to its specific attributes. For example, "rakta" represents blood, and it is characterized by its red colour, liquid nature, and association with the [[Pitta dosha|pitta dosha]].<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Classifying [[Sharira|body]] constituents: In [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], the [[Sharira|body]] is described in terms of its doshika composition and its physical and functional components, known as "[[Dhatu|dhatu]]" and "[[Mala|mala]]." Each of these components is named and classified according to its specific attributes. For example, "[[Rakta dhatu|rakta]]" represents blood, and it is characterized by its red colour, liquid nature, and association with the [[Pitta dosha|pitta dosha]].<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Nomenclature of ayurvedic therapies: Various therapeutic procedures and therapies in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] are named based on their techniques, effects, and the substances involved. For instance, "[[Shirodhara|shirodhara]]" involves the continuous pouring of herbal oils or liquids onto the forehead (shira) and is used for relaxation and balancing the [[Manas|mind]].<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Nomenclature of ayurvedic therapies: Various therapeutic procedures and therapies in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] are named based on their techniques, effects, and the substances involved. For instance, "[[Shirodhara|shirodhara]]" involves the continuous pouring of herbal oils or liquids onto the forehead ([[shira]]) and is used for relaxation and balancing the [[Manas|mind]].<li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Cultural and historical significance: Many names in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] carry cultural and historical significance. They indicate historical figures, ancient sages, or traditional practices. These names serve to connect ayurvedic knowledge to its cultural and historical roots.<li></ol>

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In summary, nomenclature in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] is a comprehensive system that combines linguistic precision, ~~doshic~~ considerations, qualities of substances, and clinical observations to name and classify elements within the realm of ayurvedic medicine. This systematic approach aids in effective communication, precise diagnosis, and personalized treatment, contributing to the holistic and time-tested nature of [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] as a healthcare system.

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In summary, nomenclature in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] is a comprehensive system that combines linguistic precision, doshika considerations, qualities of substances, and clinical observations to name and classify elements within the realm of ayurvedic medicine. This systematic approach aids in effective communication, precise diagnosis, and personalized treatment, contributing to the holistic and time-tested nature of [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] as a healthcare system.

== Key aspects of plant nomenclature in ayurveda ==

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<ul><li style="font-weight:bold">[[Ashwagandha|Ashwagandha]](''Withania somnifera''): "Ashwa" means horse, and "Gandha" means smell, indicating that this herb has a horse-like odor when its roots are freshly dug.<li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">[[Amalaki|Amalaki]](''Emblica officinalis''): "Amala" means sour, signifying the sour taste of this fruit.<li></ul><li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Qualities and actions: The qualities ([[Guna|guna]]) and actions (karma) of plants play a significant role in their nomenclature. Ayurvedic texts describe these aspects in detail, allowing for the classification of plants based on their therapeutic properties. For example:

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Qualities and actions: The qualities ([[Guna|guna]]) and actions ([[karma]]) of plants play a significant role in their nomenclature. Ayurvedic texts describe these aspects in detail, allowing for the classification of plants based on their therapeutic properties. For example:

<ul><li style="font-weight:bold">Trikatu:"Tri" means three, and "katu" means pungent. Trikatu is a compound formula consisting of three pungent herbs: ginger, black pepper, and long pepper. Its name reflects its heating and digestive qualities.<li></ul><li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">[[Rasa|Taste (rasa)]], potency (virya), and post-digestive effect ([[Vipaka|vipaka]]): Ayurvedic plant nomenclature considers the taste, potency, and post-digestive effect of [[Herbs details|herbs]]. These attributes help in understanding how [[Herbs details|herbs]] interact with the [[Sharira|body]] and [[Manas|mind]]. For example:

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<li style="font-weight:bold">[[Rasa|Taste (rasa)]], potency ([[Veerya|virya]]), and post-digestive effect ([[Vipaka|vipaka]]): Ayurvedic plant nomenclature considers the taste, potency, and post-digestive effect of [[Herbs details|herbs]]. These attributes help in understanding how [[Herbs details|herbs]] interact with the [[Sharira|body]] and [[Manas|mind]]. For example:

<ul><li style="font-weight:bold">Guduchi(''Tinospora cordifolia''): The synonym ''[[Tikta|Tikta]]'' indicates a [[Tikta|bitter taste (tikta rasa)]], ''Amrita'' which corresponds to its cooling potency (shita virya) and ''Madhurasa'' indicates post-digestive sweet effect ([[Madhura|madhura]] [[Vipaka|vipaka]]).<li></ul><li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Doshika considerations: [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] categorizes [[Herbs details|herbs]] based on their influence on the three [[Dosha|doshas]] ([[Vata dosha|Vata]], [[Pitta dosha|Pitta]], and [[Kapha dosha|Kapha]]). This classification helps in selecting herbs that balance specific doshika imbalances. For instance, [[Eranda|Eranda (''Ricinus communis'')]] is termed as Vaatari (enemy of [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]]) due to its potent ''[[Vata dosha|vata]]'' pacifying actions.<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Doshika considerations: [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] categorizes [[Herbs details|herbs]] based on their influence on the three [[Dosha|doshas]] ([[Vata dosha|Vata]], [[Pitta dosha|Pitta]], and [[Kapha dosha|Kapha]]). This classification helps in selecting herbs that balance specific doshika imbalances. For instance, [[Eranda|Eranda (''Ricinus communis'')]] is termed as Vaatari (enemy of [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]]) due to its potent [[Vata dosha|vata]] pacifying actions.<li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Historical and cultural references: Some plant names in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] carry historical and cultural significance, often referencing historical figures, ancient sages, or traditional practices. These names connect ayurvedic knowledge to its cultural and historical roots. For instance, [[Pippali|Pippali]] is termed as Vaidehi due to its abundant occurrence in Videha region.<li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Common and regional names: While Sanskrit names are widely used, Ayurvedic professionals also need be familiar with common and regional names for herbs, as these names can vary across different languages and regions. Many local names are given based on some salient features like appearance, shape, size, habit, habitat, smell, taste, colour, utility, and other peculiar character, etc of the plants. These local or regional names are testament to traditional and ethnomedicinal use of such herbs for centuries.<ref name="ref10">Patil DA, Vernacular plant names: Their origin and utility in Dhule district (Maharastra), Ethnobotany, 10 (1-2), 130-132</ref> For instance, Neem (in English) is termed as Nimba in [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] texts while mentioned as Kadunimba in Marathi regional language<li></ol>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Common and regional names: While Sanskrit names are widely used, Ayurvedic professionals also need be familiar with common and regional names for herbs, as these names can vary across different languages and regions. Many local names are given based on some salient features like appearance, shape, size, habit, habitat, smell, taste, colour, utility, and other peculiar character, etc of the plants. These local or regional names are testament to traditional and ethnomedicinal use of such herbs for centuries.<ref name="ref10">Patil DA, Vernacular plant names: Their origin and utility in Dhule district (Maharastra), Ethnobotany, 10 (1-2), 130-132</ref> For instance, [[Neem]] (in English) is termed as [[Nimba]] in [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] texts while mentioned as Kadunimba in Marathi regional language<li></ol>

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== Sources for deciphering the nama rupa as per the principles of ayurveda ==

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== Sources for deciphering the nama rupa as per the principles of [[ayurveda]] ==

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Nighantu were developed in the sangraha kaala to decipher the pharmacological, pharmacognostical and taxonomical basis of ayurveda dravya. The nighantu like Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Raja Nighantu, Shiva Kosha provides main sources for understanding the pharmacological basis of [[Herbs details|Ayurveda herbs]]. The texts like Amarkosha help to decode the exact meaning and synonyms of any herb in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]. In conclusion, the nomenclature of plants in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] is a carefully crafted system that combines linguistic precision, descriptive elements, qualities, doshika considerations, and cultural references. This system aids in the accurate identification, classification, and utilization of [[Herbs details|herbs]] and plants for therapeutic purposes, contributing to the effectiveness and richness of ayurvedic herbal medicine. In recent, many databases like ENVIS<ref name="ref11"/> by FRLHT are developed to understand the various aspects of plant morphology and utility. Similarly, “IMPPAT: Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry and Therapeutics” is a curated database that is resultant of digitalization of information from more than 100 books on traditional Indian medicine and more than 7000 published research articles and other existing resources.<ref name="ref12">Available from: https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/home</ref>

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Nighantu were developed in the sangraha kaala to decipher the pharmacological, pharmacognostical and taxonomical basis of [[ayurveda]] [[dravya]]. The nighantu like Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Raja Nighantu, Shiva Kosha provides main sources for understanding the pharmacological basis of [[Herbs details|Ayurveda herbs]]. The texts like Amarkosha help to decode the exact meaning and synonyms of any herb in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]. In conclusion, the nomenclature of plants in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] is a carefully crafted system that combines linguistic precision, descriptive elements, qualities, doshika considerations, and cultural references. This system aids in the accurate identification, classification, and utilization of [[Herbs details|herbs]] and plants for therapeutic purposes, contributing to the effectiveness and richness of ayurvedic herbal medicine. In recent, many databases like ENVIS<ref name="ref11"/> by FRLHT are developed to understand the various aspects of plant morphology and utility. Similarly, “IMPPAT: Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry and Therapeutics” is a curated database that is resultant of digitalization of information from more than 100 books on traditional Indian medicine and more than 7000 published research articles and other existing resources.<ref name="ref12">Available from: https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/home</ref>

== Pharmacognosy and nama-rupa [[vijnana]] ==

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== Related articles ==

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<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li>In the article entitled, “Glory of Synonyms of Plants in [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] with Special Reference to ~~Namarupa~~ [[vijnana]]m- A Review” authors have mentioned the importance of application of knowledge of Basonyms and Synonyms in understanding the nomenclature and salient features of different [[Herbs details|herbs]].<ref name="ref14">Satish P, Chetana B, Glory of Synonyms of Plants In [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] With Special Reference to Namarupa [[vijnana]]m- A Review ayurpub; III(5): 1105-1110</ref></li>

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<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li>In the article entitled, “Glory of Synonyms of Plants in [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] with Special Reference to Nama rupa [[vijnana]]m- A Review” authors have mentioned the importance of application of knowledge of Basonyms and Synonyms in understanding the nomenclature and salient features of different [[Herbs details|herbs]].<ref name="ref14">Satish P, Chetana B, Glory of Synonyms of Plants In [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] With Special Reference to Namarupa [[vijnana]]m- A Review ayurpub; III(5): 1105-1110</ref></li>

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<li>An Insight into ‘Charakokta Dravya-Pariksha Vidhi’ and its Applicability<ref name="ref15">An Insight into ‘Charakokta Dravya-Pariksha Vidhi’ and its Applicability [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://europub.co.uk/articles/an-insight-into-charakokta-dravya-pariksha-vidhi-and-its-applicability-A-287756</ref> is an article that describes the utility of nama rupa [[vijnana]] in understanding the various aspects of [[Herbs details|herbs]] mentioned in samhita. </li>

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<li>An Insight into ‘Charakokta [[Dravya]]-Pariksha Vidhi’ and its Applicability<ref name="ref15">An Insight into ‘Charakokta Dravya-Pariksha Vidhi’ and its Applicability [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://europub.co.uk/articles/an-insight-into-charakokta-dravya-pariksha-vidhi-and-its-applicability-A-287756</ref> is an article that describes the utility of nama rupa [[vijnana]] in understanding the various aspects of [[Herbs details|herbs]] mentioned in samhita. </li>

<li>Ayusoft has published informative article on the pharmacognosy and [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] where various historical and etymological aspects of [[Herbs details|herbs]] are discussed along with ample examples focusing on different aspects of classification and nomenclature of [[Herbs details|herbs]].<ref name="ref16">Utility of Nama and Roopa for the correct identification of Ayurvedic drugs (Pharmacognosy) – Ayusoft [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 22]. Available from: https://ayusoft.ayush.gov.in/utility-of-nama-and-roopa-for-the-correct-identification-of-ayurvedic-drugs-pharmacognosy/</ref></li>

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<li>The article “Importance of ~~Namarupa~~ [[vijnana]] & concept of basonyms and synonyms of dravya.” It describes the various aspects of understanding basonyms and synonyms for the proper description of any herb.<ref name="ref17">Singh, Ritu et al. “importance of namarupa [[vijnana]] & concept of basonyms and synonyms of dravya.” (2015).</ref></li>

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<li>The article “Importance of Nama rupa [[vijnana]] & concept of basonyms and synonyms of dravya.” It describes the various aspects of understanding basonyms and synonyms for the proper description of any herb.<ref name="ref17">Singh, Ritu et al. “importance of namarupa [[vijnana]] & concept of basonyms and synonyms of dravya.” (2015).</ref></li>

<li>In the article ‘Role of Pharmacognosy in [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]]’, the authors have highlighted the role of pharmacognosy in identification and characterization of [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] [[Herbs details|herbs]].<ref name="ref18">Ramaseshan S, Bikshapathi T. Role of Pharmacognosy in Ayurveda. Ayurveda Mahasammelana Patrika. 2006 Feb 1;93:79–87.</ref></li></ol>

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== Related ~~adhyaya~~ ==

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== Related chapters ==

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* [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya|Deerghanjeevitiya Adhyaya]] (Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1),

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* [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya|Deerghanjeevitiya Adhyaya]] [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 1],

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* Bhumiprabhighagiyam Adhyayam (Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 36)

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* Bhumiprabhighagiyam Adhyayam [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 36]

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