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|title=Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya

|title=Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya

|titlemode=append

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|keywords=Food, digestion, eatable, drinks, disorders of various systems, treatment, movement of dosha, koshtha, shakha

|keywords=Food, digestion, eatable, drinks, disorders of various systems, treatment, movement of dosha, koshtha, shakha,Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.

|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 28. Sequential effects of food and beverages

|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 28. Sequential effects of food and beverages

}}

}}

<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 28. Sequential effects of food and beverages'''</big>

<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 28. Sequential effects of food and beverages'''</big>

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|title =  Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya

|title =  Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya

|label5 = Other Sections

|label5 = Other Sections

|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

}}

}}

=== Introduction ===

 

<div style="text-align:justify;">There are biological effects of food and beverages on the physiological systems of body. In a sequence of earlier chapter, this chapter describes principles of digestion and metabolism of consumed diet. The formation of tissue elements and metabolic products during this process are explained in detail.  The food nourishes body tissues through various systemic channels named ‘srotasa’. Specific disease conditions due to vitiation of these body systems and their principles of management are highlighted in this chapter. Apart from food, factors like habitat, season, combination, potency and excess consumption affecting the status of immunity and disease in the body have also been discussed here. The chapter explains why some people are healthy even after consuming unwholesome food articles while others suffer from diseases even after following wholesome food habits. This chapter also talks of diseases caused due to vitiation of various tissue elements and factors responsible for the movement of dosha from koshtha (gut) to shakha(periphery). These factors are important for preservation of health and disease management. Being the last chapter of tetrad on food and beverages, the chapter summarizes the importance of diet, its examination for wholesome benefits and adverse effects on improper consumption. </div>

 

 

 

 

== Introduction ==

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The preceding chapter dealt with properties of various dietary articles and preparations, while this one explains digestion and metabolism processes in brief. Even though '''''Vividhashitapitiyam''''' means different kinds of eatables and drinks, the chapter gives a detailed explanation of assimilation of food and its transformation into body tissues and diseases caused due to an abnormality of dhatus along with their line of treatment. Some references to this are also available later in the [[Charak Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15th chapter ([[Grahani Chikitsa]]).

The preceding chapter dealt with properties of various dietary articles and preparations, while this one explains digestion and metabolism processes in brief. Even though '''''Vividhashitapitiyam''''' means different kinds of eatables and drinks, the chapter gives a detailed explanation of assimilation of food and its transformation into body tissues and diseases caused due to an abnormality of dhatus along with their line of treatment. Some references to this are also available later in the [[Charak Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15th chapter ([[Grahani Chikitsa]]).

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===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===

==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==

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Now we shall expound the chapter dealing with "Different types of food and drinks." Thus, said Lord Atreya. [1]

Now we shall expound the chapter "Vividhashitapitiya" (Sequential effects of food and beverages). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1]

==== Digestion process and its effects ====

=== Digestion process and its effects ===

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==== Metabolism, excretion, and homeostasis ====

=== Metabolism, excretion, and homeostasis ===

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तत्राहारप्रसादाख्यो  रसः किट्टं च मलाख्यमभिनिर्वर्तते|  

तत्राहारप्रसादाख्यो  रसः किट्टं च मलाख्यमभिनिर्वर्तते|  

किट्टात् स्वेदमूत्रपुरीषवातपित्तश्लेष्माणः कर्णाक्षिनासिकास्यलोमकूपप्रजननमलाः केशश्मश्रुलोमनखादयश्चावयवाःपुष्यन्ति|  

किट्टात् स्वेदमूत्रपुरीषवातपित्तश्लेष्माणः कर्णाक्षिनासिकास्यलोमकूपप्रजननमलाः केशश्मश्रुलोमनखादयश्चावयवाःपुष्यन्ति|  

पुष्यन्ति त्वाहाररसाद्रसरुधिरमांसमेदोस्थिमज्जशुक्रौजांसि पञ्चेन्द्रियद्रव्याणि धातुप्रसादसञ्ज्ञकानिशरीरसन्धिबन्धपिच्छादयश्चावयवाः|  

पुष्यन्ति त्वाहाररसाद्रसरुधिरमांसमेदोस्थिमज्जशुक्रौजांसि पञ्चेन्द्रियद्रव्याणि धातुप्रसादसञ्ज्ञकानिशरीरसन्धिबन्धपिच्छादयश्चावयवाः|  

ते सर्व एव धातवो मलाख्याः प्रसादाख्याश्च रसमलाभ्यां पुष्यन्तः स्वं मानमनुवर्तन्ते यथावयःशरीरम्|  

ते सर्व एव धातवो मलाख्याः प्रसादाख्याश्च रसमलाभ्यां पुष्यन्तः स्वं मानमनुवर्तन्ते यथावयःशरीरम्|  

एवं रसमलौ स्वप्रमाणावस्थितावाश्रयस्य समधातोर्धातुसाम्यमनुवर्तयतः|  

एवं रसमलौ स्वप्रमाणावस्थितावाश्रयस्य समधातोर्धातुसाम्यमनुवर्तयतः|  

निमित्ततस्तु क्षीणवृद्धानां प्रसादाख्यानां धातूनां वृद्धिक्षयाभ्यामाहारमूलाभ्यां रसः साम्यमुत्पादयत्यारोग्याय, किट्टं चमलानामेवमेव|  

निमित्ततस्तु क्षीणवृद्धानां प्रसादाख्यानां धातूनां वृद्धिक्षयाभ्यामाहारमूलाभ्यां रसः साम्यमुत्पादयत्यारोग्याय, किट्टं चमलानामेवमेव|  

स्वमानातिरिक्ताः पुनरुत्सर्गिणः शीतोष्णपर्यायगुणैश्चोपचर्यमाणा मलाः शरीर धातुसाम्यकराः समुपलभ्यन्ते||४||  

स्वमानातिरिक्ताः पुनरुत्सर्गिणः शीतोष्णपर्यायगुणैश्चोपचर्यमाणा मलाः शरीर धातुसाम्यकराः समुपलभ्यन्ते||४||  

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The food gets transformed into two forms i.e. ''prasada'' or essence form (''ahara rasa'') and ''kitta'' (the waste form). The ''kitta'' part nourishes the mala or excretory products like sweat, urine, stool, ''vata, pitta, kapha,'' excreta of the ear, nose, mouth, hair follicle, genital organs, hair, beard, body hair, nails, etc. The essence part or ''ahara rasa'' nourishes ''rasa'' (body fluids), ''rakta'' (blood), ''mamsa'' (flesh), ''medas'' (fat), ''asthi'' (bone), ''majja'' (bone marrow), ''shukra'' (reproductive elements like semen and ovum), ''ojas'' (essence of the seven fundamental tissue elements, or the ''sapta dhatus''), basic components of five sense organs, joints, ligaments, tendons and mucilage part in the body. All the ''malas'' (wastes) and ''dhatu'' (tissue elements) of the body are nourished by the waste part of food and essence of food or ''ahara rasa'' respectively. The ''rasadi dhatus'' and ''malas'' or waste products are nourished so that the quality is maintained according to size and age of the body. Thus, after digestion, the essence and waste of food in their normal quantity maintain the equilibrium of tissues. The tissue elements may increase or decrease due to some etiology, which can be normalized by the essence part of digested food in decreased or increased quantity. Similarly, ''malas'' can be transformed into the waste part of ''ahara rasa''. The waste products, when in excess, can be excreted and the status of the body can be brought to an equilibrium through treatments with the therapies having opposite qualities like hot, cold, etc. [4]

The food gets transformed into two forms i.e. ''prasada'' or essence form (''ahara rasa'') and ''kitta'' (the waste form).  

 

The ''kitta'' part nourishes mala or excretory products like sweat, urine, stool, vata, pitta, kapha, excreta of the ear, nose, mouth, hair follicle, excreta of genital organs, scalp hair, beard, body hair, nails, etc.  

 

The essence part or ''ahara rasa'' nourishes body components ([[dhatu]]) like [[rasa dhatu]] (body fluids), [[rakta dhatu]] (blood), [[mamsa dhatu]] (flesh), [[meda dhatu]] (fat), [[asthi dhatu]] (bone), [[majja dhatu]] (bone marrow), [[shukra dhatu]] (reproductive elements like semen and ovum), [[oja]] (essence of the seven fundamental tissue elements), basic components of five sense organs, joints, ligaments, tendons and mucilage part in the body.  

 

All the [[mala]] (wastes) and [[dhatu]] (tissue elements) of the body are nourished by the waste part of food and essence of food or ''ahara rasa'' respectively.  

 

The ''rasadi dhatus'' and ''malas'' or waste products are nourished so that the quality is maintained according to the size and age of the body.  

 

Thus, after digestion, the essence and waste of food in their normal quantity maintain the equilibrium of tissues.  

 

The tissue elements may increase or decrease due to some etiology, which can be normalized by the essence part of digested food in decreased or increased quantity. Similarly, ''malas'' can be transformed into the waste part of ''ahara rasa''. The waste products, when in excess, can be excreted and the status of the body can be brought to equilibrium through treatments with the therapies having opposite qualities like hot, cold, etc. [4]

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==== Channels for the nourishment of tissues ====

=== Channels for the nourishment of tissues ===

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तेषां तु मलप्रसादाख्यानां धातूनां स्रोतांस्ययनमुखानि|  

तेषां तु मलप्रसादाख्यानां धातूनां स्रोतांस्ययनमुखानि|  

तानि यथाविभागेन यथास्वं धातूनापूरयन्ति|  

तानि यथाविभागेन यथास्वं धातूनापूरयन्ति|  

एवमिदं शरीरमशितपीतलीढखादितप्रभवम्|  

एवमिदं शरीरमशितपीतलीढखादितप्रभवम्|  

अशितपीतलीढखादितप्रभवाश्चास्मिञ् शरीरे व्याधयो भवन्ति|  

अशितपीतलीढखादितप्रभवाश्चास्मिञ् शरीरे व्याधयो भवन्ति|  

हिताहितोपयोगविशेषास्त्वत्र शुभाशुभविशेषकरा भवन्तीति||५||

हिताहितोपयोगविशेषास्त्वत्र शुभाशुभविशेषकरा भवन्तीति||५||

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The nourishing as well as excretory products enter different channels of circulation and nourish the respective ''dhatus''. Thus, this body is maintained by the nourishment drawn from eatables, drinkables, linctuses and chewables. The diseases could also be caused by these sources (i.e., eatables, etc.). Intake of wholesome and unwholesome food results in positive health and diseases respectively. [5]

The nourishing as well as excretory products enter different channels of circulation and nourish the respective ''dhatus''. Thus, this body is maintained by the nourishment drawn from eatables, drinkables, linctuses, and chewable (food).  

==== Query of Agnivesha ====

 

 

=== Query of Agnivesha ===

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After hearing an explanation of Lord Atreya, Agnivesha said “Oh Lord, some individuals consuming wholesome food get afflicted with diseases, while some individuals consuming unwholesome food remain healthy. In this regard, how does one infer that health and disease are influenced by wholesome and unwholesome foods respectively?”. [6]

After hearing an explanation of Lord Atreya, Agnivesha said “Oh Lord, some individuals consuming wholesome food get afflicted with diseases, while some individuals consuming unwholesome food remain healthy. In this regard, how does one infer that health and disease are influenced by wholesome and unwholesome foods respectively?”. [6]

==== Answer by Atreya about causative factors of disease and immunity ====

=== Answer by Atreya about causative factors of disease and immunity ===

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तमुवाच भगवानात्रेयः- न हिताहारोपयोगिनामग्निवेश! तन्निमित्ता व्याधयो जायन्ते, न च केवलं हिताहारोपयोगादेवसर्वव्याधिभयमतिक्रान्तं भवति, सन्ति ह्यृतेऽप्यहिताहारोपयोगादन्या रोगप्रकृतयः, तद्यथा- कालविपर्ययः, प्रज्ञापराधः,शब्दस्पर्शरूपरसगन्धाश्चासात्म्या इति|  

तमुवाच भगवानात्रेयः- न हिताहारोपयोगिनामग्निवेश! तन्निमित्ता व्याधयो जायन्ते, न च केवलं हिताहारोपयोगादेवसर्वव्याधिभयमतिक्रान्तं भवति, सन्ति ह्यृतेऽप्यहिताहारोपयोगादन्या रोगप्रकृतयः, तद्यथा- कालविपर्ययः, प्रज्ञापराधः,शब्दस्पर्शरूपरसगन्धाश्चासात्म्या इति|  

ताश्च रोगप्रकृतयो रसान् सम्यगुपयुञ्जानमपि पुरुषमशुभेनोपपादयन्ति; तस्माद्धिताहारोपयोगिनोऽपि दृश्यन्तेव्याधिमन्तः|  

 

ताश्च रोगप्रकृतयो रसान् सम्यगुपयुञ्जानमपि पुरुषमशुभेनोपपादयन्ति; तस्माद्धिताहारोपयोगिनोऽपि दृश्यन्तेव्याधिमन्तः|

अहिताहारोपयोगिनां पुनः कारणतो  न सद्यो दोषवान् भवत्यपचारः|  

अहिताहारोपयोगिनां पुनः कारणतो  न सद्यो दोषवान् भवत्यपचारः|  

न हि सर्वाण्यपथ्यानि तुल्यदोषाणि, न च सर्वे दोषास्तुल्यबलाः, न च सर्वाणि शरीराणि व्याधिक्षमत्वे समर्थानि भवन्ति|  

न हि सर्वाण्यपथ्यानि तुल्यदोषाणि, न च सर्वे दोषास्तुल्यबलाः, न च सर्वाणि शरीराणि व्याधिक्षमत्वे समर्थानि भवन्ति|  

तदेव ह्यपथ्यं देशकालसंयोगवीर्यप्रमाणातियोगाद्भूयस्तरमपथ्यं सम्पद्यते|  

तदेव ह्यपथ्यं देशकालसंयोगवीर्यप्रमाणातियोगाद्भूयस्तरमपथ्यं सम्पद्यते|  

स एव दोषः संसृष्टयोनिर्विरुद्धोपक्रमो गम्भीरानुगतश्चिरस्थितः प्राणायतनसमुत्थो मर्मोपघाती कष्टतमः क्षिप्रकारितमश्चसम्पद्यते|  

स एव दोषः संसृष्टयोनिर्विरुद्धोपक्रमो गम्भीरानुगतश्चिरस्थितः प्राणायतनसमुत्थो मर्मोपघाती कष्टतमः क्षिप्रकारितमश्चसम्पद्यते|  

शरीराणि चातिस्थूलान्यतिकृशान्यनिविष्टमांसशोणितास्थीनि दुर्बलान्यसात्म्याहारोपचितान्यल्पाहाराण्यल्पसत्त्वानि चभवन्त्यव्याधिसहानि, विपरीतानि पुनर्व्याधिसहानि|  

शरीराणि चातिस्थूलान्यतिकृशान्यनिविष्टमांसशोणितास्थीनि दुर्बलान्यसात्म्याहारोपचितान्यल्पाहाराण्यल्पसत्त्वानि चभवन्त्यव्याधिसहानि, विपरीतानि पुनर्व्याधिसहानि|  

एभ्यश्चैवापथ्याहारदोषशरीरविशेषेभ्यो व्याधयो मृदवो दारुणाः क्षिप्रसमुत्थाश्चिरकारिणश्च भवन्ति|  

एभ्यश्चैवापथ्याहारदोषशरीरविशेषेभ्यो व्याधयो मृदवो दारुणाः क्षिप्रसमुत्थाश्चिरकारिणश्च भवन्ति|  

त एव वातपित्तश्लेष्माणः स्थानविशेषे प्रकुपिता व्याधिविशेषानभिनिर्वर्तयन्त्यग्निवेश!||७||  

त एव वातपित्तश्लेष्माणः स्थानविशेषे प्रकुपिता व्याधिविशेषानभिनिर्वर्तयन्त्यग्निवेश!||७||  

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Lord Atreya replied, "An individual consuming wholesome food will not get afflicted with disease due to the food. Intake of wholesome food alone is not the causative factor for a disease or can it prevent diseases. Apart from unwholesome food, there are many other etiological factors that lead to a disease, such as changes in season, intellectual errors, unwholesome contacts, excessive, wrong and overutilization of senses of sound, touch, vision, taste and smell. These etiological factors can cause diseases in an individual despite wholesome intake of ''rasa'' and diet. Hence, an individual taking wholesome food has also been observed to have taken ill. Similarly, consuming unwholesome diet does not immediately produce untoward effects. All unwholesome food articles are not equally harmful, all the ''doshas'' are not of equal strength, and all the bodies are not capable of preventing disease. Unwholesome food can be more harmful depending upon the habitat, season, combination, potency, and intake in excessive quantity. The ''doshas'' become acute and extremely difficult to manage when they get associated with multiple factors, treated with wrong therapies, become deep rooted, chronic, get vitiated in one of the ten seats of ''prana'', and when they afflict vital centers within the body known as ''marma''. Individuals, who are excessively obese, emaciated, whose muscles, blood, bones are depleted, who are very weak physically, who are habituated to consuming unwholesome food, who take in inadequate quantities of food, and who have very weak mind cannot withstand diseases. Contrary to this, individuals having opposite qualities to the ones mentioned above are capable of resisting diseases. Thus, unwholesome diet, ''doshas'', and body constitution factors produce diseases of mild, severe, acute and chronic nature. [7]

Lord Atreya replied:

 

An individual consuming wholesome food will not get afflicted with disease due to the food. Intake of wholesome food alone is not the causative factor for a disease or can prevent diseases. Apart from unwholesome food, there are many other etiological factors that lead to a disease, such as changes in season, intellectual errors, unwholesome contacts, excessive, wrong and over-utilization of senses of sound, touch, vision, taste and smell.  

 

These etiological factors can cause diseases in an individual despite wholesome intake of tastes ([[rasa]]) and diet. Hence, an individual taking wholesome food has also been observed to have taken ill.  

 

Similarly, consuming unwholesome diet does not immediately produce untoward effects. All unwholesome food articles are not equally harmful, all the [[dosha]] are not of equal strength, and all the bodies are not capable of preventing disease.  

 

Unwholesome food can be more harmful depending upon the habitat, season, combination, potency, and intake in excessive quantity.  

 

The [[dosha]] become acute and extremely difficult to manage when they get associated with multiple factors, treated with wrong therapies, become deep rooted, chronic, get vitiated in one of the ten seats of ''prana'', and when they afflict vital centers within the body known as ''marma''.  

 

Individuals, who are excessively obese, emaciated, whose muscles, blood, bones are depleted, who are physically very weak, who are habituated to consuming unwholesome food, who take in inadequate quantities of food, and who have very weak mind cannot withstand diseases. Contrary to this, individuals having opposite qualities to the ones mentioned above are capable of resisting diseases. Thus, unwholesome diet, [[dosha]], and body constitution factors produce diseases of mild, severe, acute and chronic nature. [7]

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==== Description of diseases affecting various ''dhatu'' (tissue) ====

=== Description of diseases affecting various ''dhatu'' (tissue) ===

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The aggravation of ''doshas'' in the ''malas'' of the body causes excess discharge (''bheda'') of ''mala'' (as in diarrhea), decrease or dryness of ''mala'', and abnormalities on normal color, smell, etc. leading to their retention or excessive elimination.  [22]

The aggravation of ''doshas'' in the ''malas'' of the body causes excess discharge (''bheda'') of ''mala'' (as in diarrhea), decrease or dryness of ''mala'', and abnormalities on normal color, smell, etc. leading to their retention or excessive elimination.  [22]

==== Management principles ====

=== Management principles ===

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The treatment of disorders of waste products is mentioned in [[Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya]] ([[Charak Samhita]], [[Sutra Sthana]], 7th chapter) and few aspects in other sections. [23-30]

The treatment of disorders of waste products is mentioned in [[Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya]] ([[Charak Samhita]], [[Sutra Sthana]], 7th chapter) and few aspects in other sections. [23-30]

==== Movement of ''dosha'' from ''koshtha'' (gut) to ''shakha'' (periphery) ====

=== Movement of ''dosha'' from ''koshtha'' (gut) to ''shakha'' (periphery) ===

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==== Movement of ''dosha'' from ''shakha'' to ''koshtha'' ====

=== Movement of ''dosha'' from ''shakha'' to ''koshtha'' ===

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The ''doshas'' leave the ''shakha'' (extremities or peripheral regions) and come to ''koshtha'' (alimentary tract) due to aggravation, liquefaction, suppuration, clearing of the obstacle at the opening of the channels, or pacification of ''vata''. [33]

The ''doshas'' leave the ''shakha'' (extremities or peripheral regions) and come to ''koshtha'' (alimentary tract) due to aggravation, liquefaction, suppuration, clearing of the obstacle at the opening of the channels, or pacification of ''vata''. [33]

==== Prevention of diseases ====

=== Prevention of diseases ===

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An individual desirous of happiness should follow the regimen advocated in this scripture for prevention and management of the manifested diseases. All living beings strive in this direction to attain the goal of staying happy, and they follow the right and wrong path depending on their awareness and ignorance. [34-35]

An individual desirous of happiness should follow the regimen advocated in this scripture for prevention and management of the manifested diseases. All living beings strive in this direction to attain the goal of staying happy, and they follow the right and wrong path depending on their awareness and ignorance. [34-35]

==== Benefits and harms of observing and non-observance of regimen ====

=== Benefits and harms of observing and non-observance of regimen ===

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==== The importance of food ====

=== The importance of food ===

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One should always avoid unwholesome food. If one gets afflicted with a disease despite leading a healthy lifestyle, then he is not at fault as it could be the effect of previous birth. [43-44]

One should always avoid unwholesome food. If one gets afflicted with a disease despite leading a healthy lifestyle, then he is not at fault as it could be the effect of previous birth. [43-44]

==== Summary ====

=== Summary ===

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The origin of life-  and diseases - is food. Wholesome and unwholesome food articles are responsible for happiness and sorrow respectively. The body that can sustain and not sustain the diseases of body and mind, various diseases of individual ''dhatu'', and their treatment, the mode of movement of ''doshas'' from alimentary tract (''koshtha'') to periphery, i.e, ''rakta'' etc. ''dhatus'' and skin (''shakha'') and vice versa, features of intelligent and ignorant individuals, wholesome regimens for healthy and patients are highlighted in [[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]]. [45-48]

The origin of life-  and diseases - is food. Wholesome and unwholesome food articles are responsible for happiness and sorrow respectively. Food decides whether the body can or can not sustain the diseases of body and mind. Various diseases of each [[dhatu]], and their treatment, the mode of movement of [[dosha]] from alimentary tract ([[koshtha]]) to periphery, i.e, [[rakta dhatu]] etc. [[dhatus]] and skin ([[shakha]]) and vice versa, features of intelligent and ignorant individuals, wholesome regimens for healthy and patients are highlighted in [[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]]. [45-48]

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=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / fundamental Principles===

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

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*Food is considered as ''prana'' or vital force, hence in this chapter, the process of transformation of this food into ''dhatus'' or body tissue into a fuel that sustains prana has been mentioned elaborately. [2]

*Food is considered as ''prana'' or vital force, hence in this chapter, the process of transformation of this food into ''dhatus'' or body tissue into a fuel that sustains prana has been mentioned elaborately. [2]

*If ''dhatavagni, dhatvahi strotas'' and ''dhatuposhakrasavahi vyana vayu'' (enzymes for tissue metabolism, specific channels, and specific nutrient transporters) are normal, then normal tissues are created. All tissues, throughout life, continuously help in the nourishment of other tissues.

*If ''dhatavagni, dhatvahi strotas'' and ''dhatuposhakrasavahi vyana vayu'' (enzymes for tissue metabolism, specific channels, and specific nutrient transporters) are normal, then normal tissues are created. All tissues, throughout life, continuously help in the nourishment of other tissues.

*The metabolic process of ''ahara rasa'' (the end product of digestion) results in the formation of nourishing and waste products.

*The metabolic process of ''ahara rasa'' (the end product of digestion) results in the formation of nourishing and waste products.

*The body is formed from food, and even diseases also originate from food. Wholesome and unwholesome foods are responsible for happiness and unhappiness respectively (Ch. Su. 28/45).

*The body is formed from food, and even diseases also originate from food. Wholesome and unwholesome foods are responsible for happiness and unhappiness respectively. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 28/45]

*Apart from unwholesome food, many other etiological factors for disease production are present, like a change of season, intellectual errors, unwholesome contacts (excessive, wrong and over-utilization) of senses of sound, touch, vision, taste and smell (Ch. Su. 28/7).

*Apart from unwholesome food, many other etiological factors for disease production are present, like a change of season, intellectual errors, unwholesome contacts (excessive, wrong and over-utilization) of senses of sound, touch, vision, taste and smell. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 28/7]

*All unwholesome food articles are not equally harmful, all the ''doshas'' are not of equal strength, and all the bodies are not capable of preventing disease (Ch. Su. 28/7).

*All unwholesome food articles are not equally harmful, all the ''doshas'' are not of equal strength, and all the bodies are not capable of preventing disease. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana 28/7]

*The doshas become acute and extremely difficult to manage when they get associated with multiple factors, get further aggravated or complicated when treated with a mutually contradictory therapy, become deep rooted, chronic, get vitiated in one of the ten seats of ''prana'', and afflict vital centers of the body known as ''marma'' (Ch. Su. 28/7).

*The doshas become acute and extremely difficult to manage when they get associated with multiple factors, get further aggravated or complicated when treated with a mutually contradictory therapy, become deep rooted, chronic, get vitiated in one of the ten seats of ''prana'', and afflict vital centers of the body known as ''marma''. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 28/7]

*Individuals, who are excessively obese, emaciated, whose muscles, blood and bone are depleted, who are very weak physically, who are habituated to unwholesome food, who consume inadequate quantities of food, and who possess weak mind cannot withstand diseases (Ch. Su. 28/7).

*Individuals, who are excessively obese, emaciated, whose muscles, blood and bone are depleted, who are very weak physically, who are habituated to unwholesome food, who consume inadequate quantities of food, and who possess weak mind cannot withstand diseases. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 28/7]

*The specific diseases (''dhatu pradoshaja vikara'') are caused due to an interplay between ''dosha'' and ''dushya'' and manifest as systemic disorders. (Ch. Su. 28/8).

*The specific diseases (''dhatu pradoshaja vikara'') are caused due to an interplay between ''dosha'' and ''dushya'' and manifest as systemic disorders. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 28/8]

*All living beings strive to attain the goal of happiness and follow the right and the wrong path depending on their awareness and ignorance (Ch. Su. 28/35).

*All living beings strive to attain the goal of happiness and follow the right and the wrong path depending on their awareness and ignorance. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 28/35]

*Multiple factors are responsible for health and disease – a healthy person can contract a disease despite following a very healthy lifestyle.

*Multiple factors are responsible for health and disease – a healthy person can contract a disease despite following a very healthy lifestyle.

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=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences===

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

==== ''Kshira Dadhi Nyaya'' (milk-curd transformation phenomena/ analogy) ====

=== ''Kshira Dadhi Nyaya'' (milk-curd transformation phenomena/ analogy) ===

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*The formation of ''dhatu'' involves the transformation of ''rasa'' into ''rakta, rakta'' into ''mamsa'', etc., in the presence of respective ''dhatvagni'' in a similar manner as milk gets converted into curd, curds into butter and butter into ghee. According to Acharya Harita, within seven days ''rasa'' gets transformed into ''shukra''. Even though this theory appears to be hypothetical, recent modern research has shown that this kind of transformation is possible. A team of Japanese and American scientists has managed to convert human skin cells into formed embryos by bathing them in weak citric acid for a duration of 30 minutes<ref> IndependentScience (Home page from website), Steve Connor, Sunday 9 February 2014, available fromhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/exclusive-the-miracle-cure--scientists-turn-human-skin-into-stem-cells-9117102.html (downloaded 09.02.2014) </ref>. Researchers at Stanford University transformed skin fibroblast cells from mice into working neurons by inserting genes that encode transcription factors<ref> A world Report, US News, (Home page from website), By Tina Hesman Saey, Science News, available fromhttp://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2010/02/01/skin-cells-transformed-directly-into-neurons/comments </ref>. Researchers at Wake Forest University School of Medicine have successfully isolated stem cells from human skin, expanded them in the laboratory and coaxed them into becoming fat, muscle and bone cells<ref> Science daily, June 24, 2005, Source:Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, WINSTON-SALEM, N.C, available from

*The formation of ''dhatu'' involves the transformation of ''rasa'' into ''rakta, rakta'' into ''mamsa'', etc., in the presence of respective ''dhatvagni'' in a similar manner as milk gets converted into curd, curds into butter and butter into ghee. According to Acharya Harita, within seven days ''rasa'' gets transformed into ''shukra''. Even though this theory appears to be hypothetical, recent modern research has shown that this kind of transformation is possible. A team of Japanese and American scientists has managed to convert human skin cells into formed embryos by bathing them in weak citric acid for a duration of 30 minutes<ref> IndependentScience [Home page from website], Steve Connor, Sunday 9 February 2014, available fromhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/exclusive-the-miracle-cure--scientists-turn-human-skin-into-stem-cells-9117102.html [downloaded 09.02.2014] </ref>. Researchers at Stanford University transformed skin fibroblast cells from mice into working neurons by inserting genes that encode transcription factors<ref> A world Report, US News, [Home page from website], By Tina Hesman Saey, Science News, available fromhttp://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2010/02/01/skin-cells-transformed-directly-into-neurons/comments </ref>. Researchers at Wake Forest University School of Medicine have successfully isolated stem cells from human skin, expanded them in the laboratory and coaxed them into becoming fat, muscle and bone cells<ref> Science daily, June 24, 2005, Source:Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, WINSTON-SALEM, N.C, available from

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/06/050623000101.htm </ref> . More recently, scientists have successfully made immature sperm cells from human bone marrow samples. Therefore, the formation of ''shukra'' from ''majja'' is proved by these scientific evidence<ref> Some Physiological Issues related to ‘Medo Dhatu’ with special reference to Obesity, Blog post of Dr. Kishor Patwardhan available at: http://kishorpatwardhan.blogspot.in/2008/02/some-physiological-issues-related-to.html(Date last accessed: 20-03-2016) </ref> .

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/06/050623000101.htm </ref> . More recently, scientists have successfully made immature sperm cells from human bone marrow samples. Therefore, the formation of ''shukra'' from ''majja'' is proved by these scientific evidence<ref> Some Physiological Issues related to ‘Medo Dhatu’ with special reference to Obesity, Blog post of Dr. Kishor Patwardhan available at: http://kishorpatwardhan.blogspot.in/2008/02/some-physiological-issues-related-to.html[Date last accessed: 20-03-2016] </ref> .

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==== ''Kedari Kulya Nyaya'' (vascular network) ====

=== ''Kedari Kulya Nyaya'' (vascular network) ===

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*According to ''Kedari Kulya Nyaya'' innumerable microvascular channels transport nourishment to their respective sites in ''dhatus'' (tissues) in the body. The cells and tissues are bathed with nutrient plasma. But mere tissue perfusion is not enough to complete the process of nourishment. It needs the complementary play of two subsequent ''nyayas''. (Ch. Su 28/4), (Ch Chi 15/36)

*According to ''Kedari Kulya Nyaya'' innumerable microvascular channels transport nourishment to their respective sites in ''dhatus'' [tissues] in the body. The cells and tissues are bathed with nutrient plasma. But mere tissue perfusion is not enough to complete the process of nourishment. It needs the complementary play of two subsequent ''nyayas''. [Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 28/4], [Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/36]

*Per modern science, vesicles transport nutrients to the target organs and get controlled by a set of genes (discovered by Randy Schekman). Further, James Rothman found out that protein machinery allows vesicles to fuse with their targets and permits transfer of nutrients to their target tissue. Thomas Sudhof revealed how signals instruct vesicles to release their cargo with precision. Through their discoveries, Rothman, Schekman and Sudhof have revealed the exquisitely precise control system for the transport and delivery of cellular cargo. Disturbances in this system have deleterious effects and contribute to conditions such as neurological diseases, diabetes, and immunological disorders.

*Per modern science, vesicles transport nutrients to the target organs and get controlled by a set of genes [discovered by Randy Schekman]. Further, James Rothman found out that protein machinery allows vesicles to fuse with their targets and permits transfer of nutrients to their target tissue. Thomas Sudhof revealed how signals instruct vesicles to release their cargo with precision. Through their discoveries, Rothman, Schekman and Sudhof have revealed the exquisitely precise control system for the transport and delivery of cellular cargo. Disturbances in this system have deleterious effects and contribute to conditions such as neurological diseases, diabetes, and immunological disorders.

*According to ''Khale Kapota Nyaya'' (distribution system), nutrients get directly absorbed by tissues selectively just as pigeons eat the grain of their choice. As per modern research, nutrients are transported to target tissues using vesicles and plasma binding/ transporter proteins when vesicles fuse with target membranes. Cells in those tissues have different organelles that produce various molecules like hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines and enzymes etc. having specific functions that trigger at the right time and the target site.   

 

 

*According to ''Khale Kapota Nyaya'' [distribution system], nutrients get directly absorbed by tissues selectively just as pigeons eat the grain of their choice. As per modern research, nutrients are transported to target tissues using vesicles and plasma binding/ transporter proteins when vesicles fuse with target membranes. Cells in those tissues have different organelles that produce various molecules like hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines and enzymes etc. having specific functions that trigger at the right time and the target site.   

 

 

*''Rakta vibaddhamargatvan mamsa sinna prapadyate''.: If a channel is obstructed, the sequential transformation of tissue is impaired.

*''Rakta vibaddhamargatvan mamsa sinna prapadyate''.: If a channel is obstructed, the sequential transformation of tissue is impaired.

*''Langhana'' (reducing therapy) is the line of treatment for all the ''rasaja'' (body fluids) disorders (Ch. Su. 28/25).  

*''Langhana'' (reducing therapy) is the line of treatment for all the ''rasaja'' [body fluids] disorders [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 28/25].  

*Treatment of ''raktaja'' (blood) disorders is mentioned in [[Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya]] ([[Charak Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 24th chapter). The treatment for ''raktaja vikara'' should be planned as per ''raktapitta'', along with ''virechana, upavasa'' and ''raktamokshana'' (purgation, fasting, and bloodletting) (Ref. Cha. Su. 24/18). (Ch. Su. 28/25)

*Treatment of ''raktaja'' [blood] disorders is mentioned in [[Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya]] [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 24]. The treatment for ''raktaja vikara'' should be planned as per ''raktapitta'', along with ''virechana, upavasa'' and ''raktamokshana'' [purgation, fasting, and bloodletting]  [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 24/18], [Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/25]

*The ''mamsaja'' disorders should be treated with purification, surgery, usage of alkali and ''agnikarma'' (cauterization) (Ch. Su. 28/26).

*The ''mamsaja'' disorders should be treated with purification, surgery, usage of alkali and ''agnikarma'' [cauterization]. [Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]]28/26]

*The treatment of ''medoja'' disorders is mentioned in [[Ashtauninditiya Adhyaya]] ([[Charak Samhita]], [[Sutra Sthana]] 21st chapter).

*The treatment of ''medoja'' disorders is mentioned in [[Ashtauninditiya Adhyaya]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21]

*''Asthigata'' disorders should be treated with [[Panchakarma]], especially ''basti'' (enema) prepared from bitter drugs, milk and ghee should be administered. [Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/27]

*The treatment of disorders of waste products is mentioned in [[Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya]] [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 7] and few aspects in other sections [Cha.Sa., [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/30].

''Guru Chatarpanam Dadhyat Sthulanam Karshanam Prati'' diet modification, exercise, purification, and drugs (Cha Su 21/20 (Ch. Su. 28/26):

 

Cha. = Charak, Sa. = Samhita  

*The treatment of disorders of sense organs is mentioned in [[Trimarmiya Chikitsa]] ([[Charak Samhita]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], 26th chapter) (Ch. Su. 28/29).  

*The treatment of disorders of ligaments, blood vessels, and tendons is mentioned in [[Vatavyadhi Chikitsa]] ([[Charak Samhita]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], 28th chapter) (Ch. Su. 28/30).

*The treatment of disorders of waste products is mentioned in [[Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya]] ([[Charak Samhita]], [[Sutra Sthana]], 7th chapter) and few aspects in other sections (Ch. Su. 28/30).

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=== Glossary ===

===Related Chapters===

 

===References===

==References==

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