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Line 31: − === Introduction ===+ Line 38:
Line 38: − ===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===+ Line 57:
Line 57: − ==== Digestion process and its effects ====+ Line 75:
Line 75: − ==== Metabolism, excretion, and homeostasis ====+ Line 127:
Line 127: − ==== Channels for the nourishment of tissues ====+ Line 161:
Line 161: − ==== Query of Agnivesha ====+ Line 174:
Line 174: − ==== Answer by Atreya about causative factors of disease and immunity ====+ Line 213:
Line 213: − ==== Description of diseases affecting various ''dhatu'' (tissue) ====+ Line 226:
Line 226: − ===== Diseases due to vitiation of ''rasa'' =====+ Line 257:
Line 257: − ===== Diseases due to vitiation of ''rakta'' =====+ Line 291:
Line 291: − ===== Diseases due to vitiation of ''mamsa'' =====+ Line 319:
Line 319: − ===== Diseases due to vitiation of ''meda'' =====+ Line 335:
Line 335: − ===== Diseases due to vitiation of ''asthi'' =====+ Line 351:
Line 351: − ===== Diseases due to vitiation of ''majja'' =====+ Line 373:
Line 373: − ===== Diseases due to vitiation of ''shukra'' =====+ Line 400:
Line 400: − ===== Disease of sense organs =====+ Line 416:
Line 416: − ===== Diseases of ligaments, vessels, and tendons =====+ Line 432:
Line 432: − ===== Vitiation of ''mala'' by ''dosha'' =====+ Line 448:
Line 448: − ==== Management principles ====+ Line 543:
Line 543: − ==== Movement of ''dosha'' from ''koshtha'' (gut) to ''shakha'' (periphery) ====+ Line 570:
Line 570: − ==== Movement of ''dosha'' from ''shakha'' to ''koshtha'' ====+ Line 586:
Line 586: − ==== Prevention of diseases ====+ Line 611:
Line 611: − ==== Benefits and harms of observing and non-observance of regimen ====+ Line 672:
Line 672: − ==== The importance of food ====+ Line 725:
Line 725: − ==== Summary ====+ Line 773:
Line 773: − + Line 789:
Line 789: − + − ==== ''Kshira Dadhi Nyaya'' (milk-curd transformation phenomena/ analogy) ====+ − ==== ''Kedari Kulya Nyaya'' (vascular network) ====+ Line 821:
Line 821: − ===References===+
no edit summary
|title=Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya
|title=Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya
|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Food, digestion, eatable, drinks, disorders of various systems, treatment, movement of dosha, koshtha, shakha
|keywords=Food, digestion, eatable, drinks, disorders of various systems, treatment, movement of dosha, koshtha, shakha,ayurveda, charak samhita
|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 28. Sequential effects of food and beverages
|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 28. Sequential effects of food and beverages
}}
}}
}}
}}
== Introduction ==
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The preceding chapter dealt with properties of various dietary articles and preparations, while this one explains digestion and metabolism processes in brief. Even though '''''Vividhashitapitiyam''''' means different kinds of eatables and drinks, the chapter gives a detailed explanation of assimilation of food and its transformation into body tissues and diseases caused due to an abnormality of dhatus along with their line of treatment. Some references to this are also available later in the [[Charak Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15th chapter ([[Grahani Chikitsa]]).
The preceding chapter dealt with properties of various dietary articles and preparations, while this one explains digestion and metabolism processes in brief. Even though '''''Vividhashitapitiyam''''' means different kinds of eatables and drinks, the chapter gives a detailed explanation of assimilation of food and its transformation into body tissues and diseases caused due to an abnormality of dhatus along with their line of treatment. Some references to this are also available later in the [[Charak Samhita]] [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15th chapter ([[Grahani Chikitsa]]).
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==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==
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Now we shall expound the chapter dealing with "Different types of food and drinks." Thus, said Lord Atreya. [1]
Now we shall expound the chapter dealing with "Different types of food and drinks." Thus, said Lord Atreya. [1]
=== Digestion process and its effects ===
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=== Metabolism, excretion, and homeostasis ===
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=== Channels for the nourishment of tissues ===
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Intake of wholesome and unwholesome food results in positive health and diseases respectively. [5]
Intake of wholesome and unwholesome food results in positive health and diseases respectively. [5]
=== Query of Agnivesha ===
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After hearing an explanation of Lord Atreya, Agnivesha said “Oh Lord, some individuals consuming wholesome food get afflicted with diseases, while some individuals consuming unwholesome food remain healthy. In this regard, how does one infer that health and disease are influenced by wholesome and unwholesome foods respectively?”. [6]
After hearing an explanation of Lord Atreya, Agnivesha said “Oh Lord, some individuals consuming wholesome food get afflicted with diseases, while some individuals consuming unwholesome food remain healthy. In this regard, how does one infer that health and disease are influenced by wholesome and unwholesome foods respectively?”. [6]
=== Answer by Atreya about causative factors of disease and immunity ===
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=== Description of diseases affecting various ''dhatu'' (tissue) ===
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The specific diseases caused due to vitiated ''doshas'' in the seats of ''rasa, rakta,'' etc. ''dhatus'' will be explained further. [8]
The specific diseases caused due to vitiated ''doshas'' in the seats of ''rasa, rakta,'' etc. ''dhatus'' will be explained further. [8]
==== Diseases due to vitiation of ''rasa'' ====
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Aversion towards food, anorexia, altered sense of taste, inability to identify tastes, nausea, heaviness in the body, drowsiness, body ache, fever, blackouts, anemia, obstruction of channels, impotence, tiredness (''angavasada''), emaciation, diminished ''agni'', and premature aging (wrinkling of skin and graying of hair) are some of the disorders caused due to vitiation of ''rasa''. [9-11]
Aversion towards food, anorexia, altered sense of taste, inability to identify tastes, nausea, heaviness in the body, drowsiness, body ache, fever, blackouts, anemia, obstruction of channels, impotence, tiredness (''angavasada''), emaciation, diminished ''agni'', and premature aging (wrinkling of skin and graying of hair) are some of the disorders caused due to vitiation of ''rasa''. [9-11]
==== Diseases due to vitiation of ''rakta'' ====
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The following diseases are caused due to vitiation of ''rakta'': Skin disorders including ''kushtha'', erysipelas (''visarpa''), furuncles (''pidaka''), ''raktapitta'' (a kind of bleeding disorder), menorrhagia (''asrugdara''), inflammation of anus, penis, oral cavity, splenic disorders (''pliha''), abdominal lump (''gulma''), abscess (''vidradhi''), blue mole (''nilika''), jaundice (''kamala''), freckles/blemish (''vyanga''), portwine mark (''piplu''), black mole of the size of sesame seed (''tilakalaka''), ringworm (''dadru''), dermatitis (''charmadala''), leucoderma (''svitra''), scabies (''pama''), urticaria (''kotha''), and circular erythema (''asra mandala''). [11-13]
The following diseases are caused due to vitiation of ''rakta'': Skin disorders including ''kushtha'', erysipelas (''visarpa''), furuncles (''pidaka''), ''raktapitta'' (a kind of bleeding disorder), menorrhagia (''asrugdara''), inflammation of anus, penis, oral cavity, splenic disorders (''pliha''), abdominal lump (''gulma''), abscess (''vidradhi''), blue mole (''nilika''), jaundice (''kamala''), freckles/blemish (''vyanga''), portwine mark (''piplu''), black mole of the size of sesame seed (''tilakalaka''), ringworm (''dadru''), dermatitis (''charmadala''), leucoderma (''svitra''), scabies (''pama''), urticaria (''kotha''), and circular erythema (''asra mandala''). [11-13]
==== Diseases due to vitiation of ''mamsa'' ====
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Following diseases are caused due to vitiation of ''mamsadhatu'': ''adhimamsa'' (granuloma), ''arbuda'' (myoma), ''kila'' (piles), ''galashaluka'' (uvulitis), ''galashundika'' (tonsillitis), ''putimamsa'' (gangrene), ''alaji'' (boils), ''ganda'' (goiter), ''gandamala'' (cervical lymphadenitis) and ''upajihvika'' (inflammation of epiglottis). [13-15]
Following diseases are caused due to vitiation of ''mamsadhatu'': ''adhimamsa'' (granuloma), ''arbuda'' (myoma), ''kila'' (piles), ''galashaluka'' (uvulitis), ''galashundika'' (tonsillitis), ''putimamsa'' (gangrene), ''alaji'' (boils), ''ganda'' (goiter), ''gandamala'' (cervical lymphadenitis) and ''upajihvika'' (inflammation of epiglottis). [13-15]
==== Diseases due to vitiation of ''meda'' ====
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Premonitory symptoms of persistent urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus and eight undesirable types of physical constitutions, which are not appreciable in the society (to be avoided, described earlier in chapter 21 of ''ashta nindita'') are produced due to vitiation of ''medas''. [15]
Premonitory symptoms of persistent urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus and eight undesirable types of physical constitutions, which are not appreciable in the society (to be avoided, described earlier in chapter 21 of ''ashta nindita'') are produced due to vitiation of ''medas''. [15]
==== Diseases due to vitiation of ''asthi'' ====
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Hypertrophy of bones and teeth, splitting and severe pain in teeth and bone, discoloration, abnormality of body hair, nail and beard are the diseases caused due to vitiation of ''asthi''. [16]
Hypertrophy of bones and teeth, splitting and severe pain in teeth and bone, discoloration, abnormality of body hair, nail and beard are the diseases caused due to vitiation of ''asthi''. [16]
==== Diseases due to vitiation of ''majja'' ====
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Pain in the joints, giddiness, unconsciousness, blackouts and deep rooted abscess in joints are caused due to vitiation of ''majja''. [17-18]
Pain in the joints, giddiness, unconsciousness, blackouts and deep rooted abscess in joints are caused due to vitiation of ''majja''. [17-18]
==== Diseases due to vitiation of ''shukra'' ====
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==== Disease of sense organs ====
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When the ''doshas'' get vitiated in sense organs, they either cause impairment or deformity of the respective sense organ. [20]
When the ''doshas'' get vitiated in sense organs, they either cause impairment or deformity of the respective sense organ. [20]
==== Diseases of ligaments, vessels, and tendons ====
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Stiffness, contraction, and neuralgia of upper and lower extremities, tumor, throbbing sensation and numbness are produced by the vitiated ''doshas'' in ligaments, blood vessels and tendons. [21]
Stiffness, contraction, and neuralgia of upper and lower extremities, tumor, throbbing sensation and numbness are produced by the vitiated ''doshas'' in ligaments, blood vessels and tendons. [21]
==== Vitiation of ''mala'' by ''dosha'' ====
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The aggravation of ''doshas'' in the ''malas'' of the body causes excess discharge (''bheda'') of ''mala'' (as in diarrhea), decrease or dryness of ''mala'', and abnormalities on normal color, smell, etc. leading to their retention or excessive elimination. [22]
The aggravation of ''doshas'' in the ''malas'' of the body causes excess discharge (''bheda'') of ''mala'' (as in diarrhea), decrease or dryness of ''mala'', and abnormalities on normal color, smell, etc. leading to their retention or excessive elimination. [22]
=== Management principles ===
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The treatment of disorders of waste products is mentioned in [[Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya]] ([[Charak Samhita]], [[Sutra Sthana]], 7th chapter) and few aspects in other sections. [23-30]
The treatment of disorders of waste products is mentioned in [[Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya]] ([[Charak Samhita]], [[Sutra Sthana]], 7th chapter) and few aspects in other sections. [23-30]
=== Movement of ''dosha'' from ''koshtha'' (gut) to ''shakha'' (periphery) ===
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=== Movement of ''dosha'' from ''shakha'' to ''koshtha'' ===
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The ''doshas'' leave the ''shakha'' (extremities or peripheral regions) and come to ''koshtha'' (alimentary tract) due to aggravation, liquefaction, suppuration, clearing of the obstacle at the opening of the channels, or pacification of ''vata''. [33]
The ''doshas'' leave the ''shakha'' (extremities or peripheral regions) and come to ''koshtha'' (alimentary tract) due to aggravation, liquefaction, suppuration, clearing of the obstacle at the opening of the channels, or pacification of ''vata''. [33]
=== Prevention of diseases ===
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An individual desirous of happiness should follow the regimen advocated in this scripture for prevention and management of the manifested diseases. All living beings strive in this direction to attain the goal of staying happy, and they follow the right and wrong path depending on their awareness and ignorance. [34-35]
An individual desirous of happiness should follow the regimen advocated in this scripture for prevention and management of the manifested diseases. All living beings strive in this direction to attain the goal of staying happy, and they follow the right and wrong path depending on their awareness and ignorance. [34-35]
=== Benefits and harms of observing and non-observance of regimen ===
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=== The importance of food ===
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One should always avoid unwholesome food. If one gets afflicted with a disease despite leading a healthy lifestyle, then he is not at fault as it could be the effect of previous birth. [43-44]
One should always avoid unwholesome food. If one gets afflicted with a disease despite leading a healthy lifestyle, then he is not at fault as it could be the effect of previous birth. [43-44]
=== Summary ===
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=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / fundamental Principles===
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
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*Food is considered as ''prana'' or vital force, hence in this chapter, the process of transformation of this food into ''dhatus'' or body tissue into a fuel that sustains prana has been mentioned elaborately. [2]
*Food is considered as ''prana'' or vital force, hence in this chapter, the process of transformation of this food into ''dhatus'' or body tissue into a fuel that sustains prana has been mentioned elaborately. [2]
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=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences===
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==
=== ''Kshira Dadhi Nyaya'' (milk-curd transformation phenomena/ analogy) ===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
*The formation of ''dhatu'' involves the transformation of ''rasa'' into ''rakta, rakta'' into ''mamsa'', etc., in the presence of respective ''dhatvagni'' in a similar manner as milk gets converted into curd, curds into butter and butter into ghee. According to Acharya Harita, within seven days ''rasa'' gets transformed into ''shukra''. Even though this theory appears to be hypothetical, recent modern research has shown that this kind of transformation is possible. A team of Japanese and American scientists has managed to convert human skin cells into formed embryos by bathing them in weak citric acid for a duration of 30 minutes<ref> IndependentScience (Home page from website), Steve Connor, Sunday 9 February 2014, available fromhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/exclusive-the-miracle-cure--scientists-turn-human-skin-into-stem-cells-9117102.html (downloaded 09.02.2014) </ref>. Researchers at Stanford University transformed skin fibroblast cells from mice into working neurons by inserting genes that encode transcription factors<ref> A world Report, US News, (Home page from website), By Tina Hesman Saey, Science News, available fromhttp://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2010/02/01/skin-cells-transformed-directly-into-neurons/comments </ref>. Researchers at Wake Forest University School of Medicine have successfully isolated stem cells from human skin, expanded them in the laboratory and coaxed them into becoming fat, muscle and bone cells<ref> Science daily, June 24, 2005, Source:Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, WINSTON-SALEM, N.C, available from
*The formation of ''dhatu'' involves the transformation of ''rasa'' into ''rakta, rakta'' into ''mamsa'', etc., in the presence of respective ''dhatvagni'' in a similar manner as milk gets converted into curd, curds into butter and butter into ghee. According to Acharya Harita, within seven days ''rasa'' gets transformed into ''shukra''. Even though this theory appears to be hypothetical, recent modern research has shown that this kind of transformation is possible. A team of Japanese and American scientists has managed to convert human skin cells into formed embryos by bathing them in weak citric acid for a duration of 30 minutes<ref> IndependentScience (Home page from website), Steve Connor, Sunday 9 February 2014, available fromhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/exclusive-the-miracle-cure--scientists-turn-human-skin-into-stem-cells-9117102.html (downloaded 09.02.2014) </ref>. Researchers at Stanford University transformed skin fibroblast cells from mice into working neurons by inserting genes that encode transcription factors<ref> A world Report, US News, (Home page from website), By Tina Hesman Saey, Science News, available fromhttp://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2010/02/01/skin-cells-transformed-directly-into-neurons/comments </ref>. Researchers at Wake Forest University School of Medicine have successfully isolated stem cells from human skin, expanded them in the laboratory and coaxed them into becoming fat, muscle and bone cells<ref> Science daily, June 24, 2005, Source:Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, WINSTON-SALEM, N.C, available from
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/06/050623000101.htm </ref> . More recently, scientists have successfully made immature sperm cells from human bone marrow samples. Therefore, the formation of ''shukra'' from ''majja'' is proved by these scientific evidence<ref> Some Physiological Issues related to ‘Medo Dhatu’ with special reference to Obesity, Blog post of Dr. Kishor Patwardhan available at: http://kishorpatwardhan.blogspot.in/2008/02/some-physiological-issues-related-to.html(Date last accessed: 20-03-2016) </ref> .
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/06/050623000101.htm </ref> . More recently, scientists have successfully made immature sperm cells from human bone marrow samples. Therefore, the formation of ''shukra'' from ''majja'' is proved by these scientific evidence<ref> Some Physiological Issues related to ‘Medo Dhatu’ with special reference to Obesity, Blog post of Dr. Kishor Patwardhan available at: http://kishorpatwardhan.blogspot.in/2008/02/some-physiological-issues-related-to.html(Date last accessed: 20-03-2016) </ref> .
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=== ''Kedari Kulya Nyaya'' (vascular network) ===
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*According to ''Kedari Kulya Nyaya'' innumerable microvascular channels transport nourishment to their respective sites in ''dhatus'' (tissues) in the body. The cells and tissues are bathed with nutrient plasma. But mere tissue perfusion is not enough to complete the process of nourishment. It needs the complementary play of two subsequent ''nyayas''. (Ch. Su 28/4), (Ch Chi 15/36)
*According to ''Kedari Kulya Nyaya'' innumerable microvascular channels transport nourishment to their respective sites in ''dhatus'' (tissues) in the body. The cells and tissues are bathed with nutrient plasma. But mere tissue perfusion is not enough to complete the process of nourishment. It needs the complementary play of two subsequent ''nyayas''. (Ch. Su 28/4), (Ch Chi 15/36)
==References==
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