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Veerya (view source)

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Veerya (also spelled as Virya) means potency or active components. The ayurvedic pharmacological principles include five factors, viz. rasa (taste), guna (qualities), veerya (potency), vipaka (post-digestive effect), and prabhava (significant effect). These are commonly known as rasa-panchaka or dravyagat pancha padartha.<ref name="ref1">Bhavamisra, Bhavaprakasha with commentary by Dr Bulusu Sitaram, Mishra-Prakarana, Poorvakhanda, Shloka Number 161, Volume 1, Reprinted 2015, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi Page No. 117</ref> Veerya is one of the crucial factors in constituting the pharmacology of drug. In pharmacology, as per Ayurveda, the word Veerya [SAT Code- F.22] is envisaged as the potential factor of the drug by which it performs specific actions in the body. This broad term is employed to explain lesser or greater potential drug factors concerning different processes and procedures to achieve the desired effect in the body.<ref name="ref2">Available from Veerya A general principle of drug action – Ayusoft. https://ayusoft.ayush.gov.in/veerya-a-general-principle-of-drug-action/ accessed on 31/01/2023</ref>

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Veerya (also spelled as Virya) means potency or active components. The ayurvedic pharmacological principles include five factors, viz. [[Rasa|rasa (taste)]], guna (qualities), veerya (potency), vipaka (post-digestive effect), and prabhava (significant effect). These are commonly known as rasa-panchaka or dravyagat pancha padartha.<ref name="ref1">Bhavamisra, Bhavaprakasha with commentary by Dr Bulusu Sitaram, Mishra-Prakarana, Poorvakhanda, Shloka Number 161, Volume 1, Reprinted 2015, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi Page No. 117</ref> Veerya is one of the crucial factors in constituting the pharmacology of drug. In pharmacology, as per Ayurveda, the word Veerya [SAT Code- F.22] is envisaged as the potential factor of the drug by which it performs specific actions in the body. This broad term is employed to explain lesser or greater potential drug factors concerning different processes and procedures to achieve the desired effect in the body.<ref name="ref2">Available from Veerya A general principle of drug action – Ayusoft. https://ayusoft.ayush.gov.in/veerya-a-general-principle-of-drug-action/ accessed on 31/01/2023</ref>

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== Characteristics ==

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Dravya is classified into two types: rasa pradhana (dominated by rasa) and veerya- pradhana (dominated by veerya). [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 2/17] The dietary items (ahara dravya) are considered rasa pradhana, while medicines (aushadha) are deemed to be veerya pradhana. The aushadha are again divided into three types based on veerya, namely mild (mrudu veerya), moderate (madhyama veerya) and sharply acting (teekshna veerya) [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 2/17]. This can be summarised in the table given below:

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Dravya is classified into two types: rasa pradhana (dominated by [[Rasa|rasa]]) and veerya- pradhana (dominated by veerya). [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 2/17] The dietary items (ahara dravya) are considered rasa pradhana, while medicines (aushadha) are deemed to be veerya pradhana. The aushadha are again divided into three types based on veerya, namely mild (mrudu veerya), moderate (madhyama veerya) and sharply acting (teekshna veerya) [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 2/17]. This can be summarised in the table given below:

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Table 1: Three types of Dravya based on veerya

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| style="text-align: center;"| 3.

| Dalhana

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| Karma (action) that cannot be performed by dravya, rasa, guna, or vipaka is veerya. Veerya is activity potential or karyashakti of dravya.

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| Karma (action) that cannot be performed by dravya, [[Rasa|rasa]], guna, or vipaka is veerya. Veerya is activity potential or karyashakti of dravya.

| Dalhana on Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana.40/3

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|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| 4.

|rowspan="2"| Chakrapani

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| The term veerya is meant for all rasa, guna, vipaka, or prabhava of a dravya

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| The term veerya is meant for all [[Rasa|rasa]], guna, vipaka, or prabhava of a dravya

| Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/64-65

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Action-based potency (karma veerya vaada): The potency of a dravya is observed according to its major pharmacotherapeutic actions. [Bhadanta Naagaarjuna in Rasavaisheshika]<ref name="ref11">Nagarjuna B. Bhadanta nagarjuna’s Rasavaisheshika text with English translation by K Raghavan Tirumulpad, Arya Vaidya sala, First Edition. Kozhikode, India: Geetanjali Offset Prints; 2013, Page No. 228</ref> Certain veerya such as emetic (Chhardaneeya veerya), carminative (Anulomana veerya) etc. are described. Fifteen types of Veerya are described by Acharya Nimi.<ref name="ref12">D.S. Lucus, Dravyagunavijnana (Basic principles of Dravyaguna, Vol.I, Chapter Veerya Vijanana, Chaukhambha Vishwa Bharathi, Varanasi, First edition, 2006, page No. 218/455.</ref></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Quality-based potencies (Guna Veerya Vaada or Shakti Veerya Vaada): The quality based action (Guna Veerya Vaada or Shakti Veerya Vaada) is as described above.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Substance (dravya veerya vaada): Veerya is a special power of dravya that is capable of performing actions.[Shivadasa Sen] The ability of rasa, vipaka, or prabhava to perform any action is termed veerya. However, dravya and veerya are different as veerya resides in dravya. [Shivadas Sen commentary on Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/64-65]</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Substance (dravya veerya vaada): Veerya is a special power of dravya that is capable of performing actions.[Shivadasa Sen] The ability of [[Rasa|rasa]], vipaka, or prabhava to perform any action is termed veerya. However, dravya and veerya are different as veerya resides in dravya. [Shivadas Sen commentary on Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/64-65]</li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Paribhashika veerya vaada: The two types and eight types of veerya (dwividha veeryavada and ashtavida veerya vada) are considered under the heading of paribhashika veerya vada. It is mentioned by Charak and Vagbhata.</li></ol>

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== General rules with exceptions regarding the determination of veerya (veerya nirdhaarana samanya siddhaanta and apavada) ==

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Ayurveda has termed the general rules regarding the relation and determining veerya of any dravya based on its rasa (taste) and vipaka (post digestive effect). This can be equated to the basis of the panchabhautika constitution of the dravya. However, this rule has a few exceptions due to the variable panchabhautika configuration. More research studies can be carried out to further validate these concepts. The general rule states that a substance of madhura  rasa (sweet in taste) and madhura  vipaka most commonly possesses  sheeta  veerya. The sour substance (amla) ~~in rasa and vipaka~~ is generally hot (ushna) in veerya. Similarly, dravya with pungent (katu) rasa and vipaka is hot (ushna) in veerya. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/45] In this category usually by assessing rasa of a dravya (rasa-upadeshena), one can conclude the veerya of that particular dravya. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/46] Thus, the variation in vipaka or veerya of a dravya can result in variation of its karma and guna (properties) despite the quality of rasa. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/46] The following table the general rule and the exception with examples are mentioned as below:

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Ayurveda has termed the general rules regarding the relation and determining veerya of any dravya based on its [[Rasa|rasa (taste)]] and vipaka (post digestive effect). This can be equated to the basis of the panchabhautika constitution of the dravya. However, this rule has a few exceptions due to the variable panchabhautika configuration. More research studies can be carried out to further validate these concepts. The general rule states that a substance of madhura  rasa (sweet in taste) and madhura  vipaka most commonly possesses  sheeta  veerya. The sour substance (amla) in [[Rasa|rasa]] and vipaka is generally hot (ushna) in veerya. Similarly, dravya with pungent (katu) [[Rasa|rasa]] and vipaka is hot (ushna) in veerya. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/45] In this category usually by assessing [[Rasa|rasa]] of a dravya (rasa-upadeshena), one can conclude the veerya of that particular dravya. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/46] Thus, the variation in vipaka or veerya of a dravya can result in variation of its karma and guna (properties) despite the quality of [[Rasa|rasa]]. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/46] The following table the general rule and the exception with examples are mentioned as below:

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Table 4: Generalised rule for determination of veerya

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|}

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Veerya can lead to the variation in actions (karma) of two dravya having similar rasa or vipaka. It is also observed that in exceptional cases, veerya may not be following rasa.2 Thus, there are few exceptions to the rules mentioned above, as given in the table below. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/48-49]

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Veerya can lead to the variation in actions (karma) of two dravya having similar [[Rasa|rasa]] or vipaka. It is also observed that in exceptional cases, veerya may not be following [[Rasa|rasa]].2 Thus, there are few exceptions to the rules mentioned above, as given in the table below. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/48-49]

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Table: Exceptions to generalized rule for determination of veerya

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| style="text-align:center;"| 6.

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| Rasa (taste) and Veerya (potency) Nirdharana of an extra pharmacopoeial drug – Bridelia stipularis (l.) Blume<ref name="ref22">Haritha N. et al. Rasa (taste) and Vīrya (potency) Nirdhārana of an Extra pharmacopoeial drug – Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 2019;10(6):24-26 http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.1006118</ref>

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| [[Rasa|Rasa (taste)]] and Veerya (potency) Nirdharana of an extra pharmacopoeial drug – Bridelia stipularis (l.) Blume<ref name="ref22">Haritha N. et al. Rasa (taste) and Vīrya (potency) Nirdhārana of an Extra pharmacopoeial drug – Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 2019;10(6):24-26 http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.1006118</ref>

| Here the Veerya of extra pharmacopoeial drug was assessed using the principle of Exothermic or Endothermic reaction of the drug in distilled water

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Veerya (view source)

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