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Vata dosha (view source)

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<p style="text-align:justify;">Vata doṣha is responsible for movement and cognition. [Code:SAT-B.384]<ref name="multiple1">National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/Ayurveda</ref> It is one of the three [[Sharira|sharira]] [[Dosha|doṣha]] with a predominance of vayu and [[akasha mahabhuta]]. This vital biological force performs functions like all sensory perceptions, motor activities, and higher mental activities. [Code:SAT-B.384]<ref name="multiple1" />

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Vata doṣha is responsible for movement and cognition. [Code:SAT-B.384]<ref name="multiple1">National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/Ayurveda</ref> It is one of the three [[Sharira|sharira]] [[Dosha|doṣha]] with a predominance of vayu and [[akasha mahabhuta]]. This vital biological force performs functions like all sensory perceptions, motor activities, and higher mental activities. [Code:SAT-B.384]<ref name="multiple1" />

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Rigveda stated that when the three [[Dhatu|dhatu]]- vata, [[Pitta|pitta]] and [[Kapha|kapha]] remain in a normal state and undisturbed, the body is at ease, and there is no [[Vyadhi|disease]].[R.V.1.3.6]<ref name="multiple2">Rg-vedasamhita. Hindi translation by Pt. Ram Govind Trivedi.Varanasi: ChowkhambaVidyabhawan; 2016.</ref> [[Dosha|Dosha]], [[Dhatu|dhatu]] and [[Mala|mala]] are fundamental factors of the living body. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/3]<ref name="multiple3">Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by JadavajiTrikamjiAacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/1].<ref name="multiple4">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by HarishastriParadkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 2000</ref> Life continues as long as vata is present in the human body. [Bhe. Sa. Sutra Sthana 16/2]<ref name="multiple5">Bhel. Bhel Samhita. Edited by Priya Vrat Sharma. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Visvabharti;2008.</ref> Along with being mobile, the vata may also keep the [[Pitta|pitta]], [[Kapha|kapha]], [[Dhatu|dhatu]], and [[Mala|mala]] functioning. This demonstrates that vata can affect other [[Dosha|dosha]] and the body's components.[Sha. Sa. Pratham Khanda 5/25]<ref name="multiple6">Sharngdhara. Sarngadhara Samhita. Edited by Parashuram Shastri Vidyasagar.. Varanasi: ChaukhambhaSurbharatiPrakashan ;2013.</ref> [[Pitta]], [[kapha]], [[dhatu]] (body elements), and [[mala]] (waste materials) are dependent on vata dosha for their activities. The functions of vata are also observed in nature in the form of movements of trees, clouds, and other objects. The movement in body is a sign that life is present. Vata conducts all these gross and subtle physical movements. This article describes the details of vata dosha.

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=== Five types ===

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[[Prana|Prana, Udana, Samana, Vyana, and Apana are the five classifications of vatadosha. Five sets of functions by which vatadosha is divided into five types are described with [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/4]<ref name="multiple3" /> the diseasespecificity of five types of vata.[Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/13-19]<ref name="multiple3" />The location and function of five types of vatadosha based on different Ayurvedic texts are as given in table 1. [Cha.Sa. ChikitsaSthana28/5-11]

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[[Prana|Prana]], Udana, Samana, Vyana, and Apana are the five classifications of vatadosha. Five sets of functions by which vatadosha is divided into five types are described with [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/4]<ref name="multiple3" /> the diseasespecificity of five types of vata.[Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/13-19]<ref name="multiple3" />The location and function of five types of vatadosha based on different Ayurvedic texts are as given in table 1. [Cha.Sa. ChikitsaSthana28/5-11]

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{| class="noautonum tocnumber" style="width: 100%; margin-top:4px; border-spacing: 0px;"

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|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|'''Figure 02: Physiology of different types of vata'''

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|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|'''Figure 03: Physiology of different types of vata'''

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<h2 style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#c0504d; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">[[Prana|Prana]]</h2>

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<h4 style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#c0504d; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">[[Prana|Prana]]</h2>

<li class="grey">Control Respiration</li>

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<h2 style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#bf7750; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">Udana</h2>

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<h4 style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#bf7750; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">Udana</h2>

<li class="grey">Speech</li>

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<h2 style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#bd9b53; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">Samana</h2>

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<h4 style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#bd9b53; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">Samana</h2>

<li class="grey">Control of digestive process through enteric nervous system</li>

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<h2 style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#bcbc56; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">Vyana</h2>

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<h4 style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#bcbc56; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">Vyana</h2>

<li class="grey">Motor function</li>

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<h2 style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#9bbb59; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">Apana</h2>

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<h4 style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#9bbb59; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">Apana</h2>

<li class="grey">Regulation of Micturation</li>

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<div>[[File:Vata- types.jpg|center|frame|'''Figure 03: Regulation of different system by vata- types.''']]</div>

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<div>[[File:Vata- types.jpg|center|frame|'''Figure 04: Regulation of different system by vata- types.''']]</div>

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== Two types ==

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=== Two types ===

Two types of [[Dosha|dosha]] are: Prakrita (inherent state) and vaikrita [[dosha]] (acquired state). Prakrita [[dosha]] are observed at the time of conception and are responsible for the formation of [[Prakriti|prakriti]]. They are constant, and any change in them leads to death or trouble. They are responsible for the expression of individuality or phenotype of the person. Vaikrita [[dosha]] are produced as the waste of [[Ahara|food (ahara)]] and continuously circulate in the [[Sharira|body]] of fetus. They are responsible for health, and any disturbance in their physiological limits, either excess or decline, leads to [[Vyadhi|disease]]. Prakrita and vaikrita [[dosha]] always stay in connection with one another, and collectively, they are called sharirika [[dosha]]. A person can only control the vaikrita [[dosha]] through diet and lifestyle. [A.S. Sharira Sthana 8/4]<ref name="multiple9" /> </div>

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=== Vata dominant constitution ([[Prakriti|prakriti]]) ===

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== Vata dominant constitution ([[Prakriti|prakriti]]) ==

The characteristics of vata dominant constitution individuals based on properties of vata dosha. [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/99]The person having vata dosha in predominance have the following characteristics:

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=== Loka purusha [[Samanya|samanya]] ===

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== Loka purusha [[Samanya|samanya]] ==

[[Vayu mahabhuta|Vayu]] is responsible for all motions in the cosmos. The [[vayu mahabhuta]] is represented by the vata dosha in human body. Nourishing (visarga), depleting (adana) and distributing (vikshepa) in the universe are carried by the moon, sun and wind. Similarly, human [[Sharira|body]] has [[Kapha|kapha]], [[Pitta|pitta]], and vata performing the same functions, respectively. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 29/6] <ref name="multiple3" /> </div>

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Certain factors cause excess or decline of vata in the human [[Sharira|body]]. These factors are natural or unavoidable and artificial or avoidable.

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~~'''~~Natural factors~~:'''~~ These factors are the essential component of biological rhythm occurring in the external as well as internal environment of the [[Sharira|body]]. This natural increase is physiological. These factors are as follows: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/20]<ref name="multiple3" />, [A.Hr. Sutra ~~Sthana1~~/8]<ref name="multiple4" />, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana12/24-25]<ref name="multiple4" />[A.Hr. ~~NidanaSthana1~~/14-15]<ref name="multiple4" />

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=== Natural factors ===

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These factors are the essential component of biological rhythm occurring in the external as well as internal environment of the [[Sharira|body]]. This natural increase is physiological. These factors are as follows: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/20]<ref name="multiple3" />, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/8]<ref name="multiple4" />, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana12/24-25]<ref name="multiple4" />[A.Hr. Nidana Sthana 1/14-15]<ref name="multiple4" />

<ul>

<li>'''[[Ritu|Season (ritu)]]:''' Vata undergoes accumulation in [[Grishma|summer (grishma)]], gets vitiated in [[Varsha|rainy season (varsha)]] and subsides to normal during [[Sharad|autumn (sharada)]].</li>

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<li>'''Age (vaya):''' In old age, vata is in excess as compared to other [[Dosha|dosha]].</li></ul>

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<div>[[File:Vata factors.jpg|center|frame|Figure 04: Natural factors responsible for vatavriddhi.]]</div>

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<div>[[File:Vata factors.jpg|center|frame|Figure 05: Natural factors responsible for vatavriddhi.]]</div>

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~~'''~~Artificial factors~~:'''~~

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=== Artificial factors ===

Apart from natural factors, there are certain factors that cause vitiation of [[Dosha|dosha]] and [[Vyadhi|disease]]. These factors are easily avoidable and used in clinical practice through the concept of [[Samanya Vishesha Theory|samanya vishesha siddhanta]]. These factors are as follows: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana21/19]<ref name="multiple3" /> [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana1/14-15]<ref name="multiple4" />

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=== Stages of [[dosha]] ===

[[Dosha]] continues to exist in three states: hypofunction (kshaya), hyperfunction (vriddhi), and normal physiological state (sama). [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana17/110]Increase and reduction in [[dosha]] functioning ([[karma]]), respectively, can be used to understand [[dosha]] increase and decline in the [[Sharira|body]]. [[Dosha]], when increased, produce their respective features in excess; when decreased, cut off their functions and when in normal state, they perform their normal functions.

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[[File:Dosha stages.jpg|center|frame|'''Figure 04: Stages of dosha''']]

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[[File:Dosha stages.jpg|center|frame|'''Figure 06: Stages of dosha''']]

</div>

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==== Hyperfunctioning of vata (vriddhi lakshana) ====

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===== Hyperfunctioning of vata (vriddhi lakshana) =====

When vata levels in the [[Sharira|body]] are increasing, the [[Sharira|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as below: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana15/15]<ref name="multiple3" />, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana11/5]<ref name="multiple4" />, [A.S. Sutra Sthana 19/6]<ref name="multiple9" />:<ul>

<li>Emaciation (karshya)</li>

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<li>Grief or sorrow (shoka)</li></ul>

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==== Hypo functioning of vata (kshaya lakshana) ====

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===== Hypo functioning of vata (kshaya lakshana) =====

When vata levels in the body are declining, the [[Sharira|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as below:[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana15/9]<ref name="multiple3" /> , [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana11/15-16]<ref name="multiple4" />, [A.S. Sutra Sthana19/15]<ref name="multiple9" />

<ul><li>Avoid talk (alpabhashita or alpavaka)</li>

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<li>Nausea (rhallasa)</li></ul> </div>

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== Diagnosis ==

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=== Diagnosis ===

The state of vata dosha can be diagnosed and assessed based on clinical features. The most presented clinical features of vata dosha are pain(shula), numbness(suptata), dryness (rukshta) rigidity ([[Stambhana|stambhana]]), [[Shosha Nidana|wasting (shosha)]] and harshness(parusha).[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/12]

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== Treatment ==

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=== Treatment ===

Disturbance, either excess or decline, leads to [[Vyadhi|disease]]. To manage and or prevent [[Vyadhi|disease]], the clinician must follow the theory of similarity and dissimilarity ([[Samanya Vishesha Theory|samanya- vishesha siddhanta]]) based on [[Rasa|rasa]] and food, which decline vata (shamaka) and [[Prakopa|aggravate vata(prakopa)]]. Controlling the increase of the vata dosha requires avoiding foods and ways of living that increase it, while indulging in foods that reduce it (vata shamaka). Contrarily, the decline of vata is treated by consuming foods and leading lifestyles that stimulate it, rather than suppressing it.

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The herbs having sweet, sour, salty, unctuous and hot qualities used in single or combination along with therapies like [[Snehana (unction therapy)|oleation]], fomentation, [[Asthapana|asthapana]] and [[Anuvasana|anuvasana]] types of [[Basti|enema]], inhalation, diet, massage, hot shower etc are helpful in the treatment of vatika disorders.[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana20/13] </div>

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=== Diagnostic and assessment tools ===

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== Diagnostic and assessment tools ==

Vata dosha can be assessed by its functionality either normal or abnormal through subjective methods like questionnaires and objective methods. There are some objectives methods which may be used to assess the functions of vata. Currently, there are no validated and standardized tools for [[Dosha|dosha]] assessment within the [[Sharira|body]]. Vata vriddhi and kshaya features will be assessed through a subjective questionnaire Ayurvedic physicians assess the normalcy and abnormality through the ayurvedic principles of examination (pariksha).

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The critical area of research is the preparation of a validated and standardization of questionnaires for vata kshaya, vata vriddhi, and normal functioning of vata to assess the state of vata. [[Guna|Guna]] based assessment of vata and incorporation of objectivity in assessment of vata through biological, immunological parameters is needed. Evaluation of sensory and motor function and hormonal function of the [[Sharira|body]] and its correlation with functioning of various types of vata and multiple stages of vata. Role of nutritional and lifestyle modification in the maintenance of vata. Assessment of vata state in various physiological changes like the deep sea, high altitude, space physiology, and during sleep. </div>

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=== Thesis done ===

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== Thesis done ==

<ol>

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</ol> </div>

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=== Current researches ===

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== Current researches ==

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~~'''~~Significance of arterial stiffness in [[Tridosha|Tridosha]] analysis: ~~''' <br/>~~

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=== Significance of arterial stiffness in [[Tridosha|Tridosha]] analysis: ===

The study assessed the large changes in arterial stiffness among [[Tridosha|Tridosha]] locales and quantified arterial stiffness using Nadi Tarangini, a pulse acquisition method. Significant differences were found between [[Tridosha|Tridosha]] locations, which can be applied to Ayurvedic interventional studies.<ref name="multiple20">Kumar PV, Deshpande S, Joshi A, More P, Nagendra HR. Significance of arterial stiffness in Tridosha analysis: A pilot study. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2017 Oct 1;8(4):252-6.</ref>

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~~'''~~Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis in the assessment of [[Dosha|dosha]] imbalance:~~''' <br/>~~

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=== Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis in the assessment of [[Dosha|dosha]] imbalance: ===

This study compared the spectral analysis of heart rate variability data with clinical assessment of [[Dosha|dosha]] pathology in 42 study participants and found significant concordance. This study indicates the use and applicability of HRV in evaluating intricate [[Dosha|dosha]] imbalances and other criteria, such as dhatu imbalance.<ref name="multiple21">Manohar PR, Sorokin O, Chacko J, Nampoothiri V. An exploratory clinical study to determine the utility of heart rate variability analysis in the assessment of dosha imbalance. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. 2018 Apr 1;9(2):126-30.</ref>

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~~'''~~Vagus nerve serve as biomarker for vata dosha activity: ~~''' <br/>~~

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=== Vagus nerve serve as biomarker for vata dosha activity: ===

The parasympathetic vagus nerve's survival and homeostatic activities and those controlled by the five main subtypes of vata dosha were strongly connected in this discussion article. According to the paper, vagal activity is a trustworthy potential biomarker for significant vata dosha functions. <ref name="multiple22">Sumantran VN, Nair PP. Can the vagus nerve serve as biomarker for vatadoshaactivity?. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. 2019 Apr 1;10(2):146-51.</ref>

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~~'''~~Vata dynamics and cardiac disorders: ~~''' <br/>~~Vata has the distinctive quality of Vega (movements), which moves in a specific direction, so its intensities can be measured with the use of contemporary methods. This review discusses specifics of these natural urges that cause cardiovascular disorders(CVD) alone, as found in traditional Ayurvedic books, western medications, and technology that measures their intensity. Assessment of vata dynamics with modern technological tools help in prevention and management of CVD.<ref name="multiple23">Baikampady SV. Vata dynamics with special reference to cardiac disorders–a cross-disciplinary approach. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2020 Oct 1;11(4):432-9.</ref>

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=== Vata dynamics and cardiac disorders: ===

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Vata has the distinctive quality of Vega (movements), which moves in a specific direction, so its intensities can be measured with the use of contemporary methods. This review discusses specifics of these natural urges that cause cardiovascular disorders(CVD) alone, as found in traditional Ayurvedic books, western medications, and technology that measures their intensity. Assessment of vata dynamics with modern technological tools help in prevention and management of CVD.<ref name="multiple23">Baikampady SV. Vata dynamics with special reference to cardiac disorders–a cross-disciplinary approach. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2020 Oct 1;11(4):432-9.</ref>

</div>

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===Abbreviations===

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==Abbreviations==

Cha. : Charak

Agnivesha

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Vata dosha (view source)

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