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The physician should not administer fomentation therapy to those who have taken too much astringents and alcohol, the pregnant woman, those suffering from bleeding disorders ([[raktapitta]]), diarrhoea, paittika type of obstinate urinary disorder specially diabetes mellitus, inflammation and prolapse of the rectum (vidagdha- bhrashta-bradhna), toxic conditions, alcoholism. Those having [[pitta]] dominant constitution and dry skin, fatigue, unconscious, fatty, thirsty, hungry, in a fit of anger and anxiety, those suffering from jaundice, abdominal disease, gouty arthritis (vatarakta), loss of vision (timira), those who are weak and dried up and who’s [[ojas]] has been reduced.
The physician should not administer fomentation therapy to those who have taken too much astringents and alcohol, the pregnant woman, those suffering from bleeding disorders ([[raktapitta]]), diarrhoea, paittika type of obstinate urinary disorder specially diabetes mellitus, inflammation and prolapse of the rectum (vidagdha- bhrashta-bradhna), toxic conditions, alcoholism. Those having [[pitta]] dominant constitution and dry skin, fatigue, unconscious, fatty, thirsty, hungry, in a fit of anger and anxiety, those suffering from jaundice, abdominal disease, gouty arthritis (vatarakta), loss of vision (timira), those who are weak and dried up and who’s [[ojas]] has been reduced.
==Importance of concept of sweda in prevention of diseases==
The daily regime involves many measures to arrest the impaired hygiene conditions related to sweda. The daily regime interventions like bath ([[snana]]) [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/93], cleaning body (shariraparimarjana) [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/94] are directed towards removal of odour and loathsomeness due the sweda. The appearance of sweda or swedagama is also an indication to stop exercise denoting it as an important aspect of physical endurance or stress.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/33]
==“Sweda” as an important entity in diagnosis of diseases==
Sweda is an important diagnostic indicator of impaired fat metabolism (meda dhatu agni) and body temperature. Excess sweating (atiswedana) is a feature of morbid obesity (atisthoulya). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/4] It is a feature of [[jwara]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/132], [[udara]] roga. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]13/20] Excess sweating is present as clinical sign of [[kushtha]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/11], pittaja pandu [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/21], tamaka shwasa [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/64], vatarakta. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/16] Lack of sweating is present in conditions like eka-kushtha [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/21], vatarakta. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/16] Sweating is a prodromal sign of [[prameha]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/13] and [[kushtha]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/11]
According to the contemporary medical sciences as well, the increased sweating or hyperhidrosis may be a constitutional abnormality often present with family history. It can also be physiologically present as feature of flushing at the time of onset of natural menopause. Pathological causes might include thyroid over-activity, phaeochromocytoma, acromegaly, gustatory hyperhidrosis (autonomic dysfunction and diabetes mellitus), serotonin secreting carcinoid tumors of gut. It is also seen in the patients with acute hematological malignancies. [Hutchinson’s Clinical Methods.p.268]<ref name=Hutch/>
==Therapeutic aspects related to the concept of sweda==
The treatment of swedavahastrotodushti is based on the management of fever ([[jwara]] vyadhi]] (Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 5/28], ([[udara]] vyadhi]. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/20]
==Recent advances in assessment of sweat==
The assessment of amount and composition of sweat is important in the conditions like cystic fibrosis.<ref>Aralica M, Krleza JL. Evaluating performance in sweat testing in medical biochemistry laboratories in Croatia. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2017 Feb 15;27(1):122-130. doi: 10.11613/BM.2017.016. PMID: 28392735; PMCID: PMC5382848.</ref> The sweat test mentioned in this condition is a three steps procedure including sweat gland stimulation, sweat collection and chloride measurement. Iontophoresis of pilocarpine is the most commonly performed procedure for the same. The laboratories collect sweat onto gauze, filter paper, or into macroduct coils and measure the activity of 1 or more of the following characteristics like chloride level, conductivity, sodium level, and/or osmolality present in the sample.<ref>LeGrys VA. Assessment of Sweat-Testing Practices for the Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2001 Nov 1;125(11):1420–4.</ref> Different biomarkers present in the sweat are important in the diagnosis of lifestyle disorders like diabetes, cancer as well. It is a biofluid, hence can also help to determine the human microflora.<ref>Jadoon S, Karim S, Akram MR, Kalsoom Khan A, Zia MA, Siddiqi AR, et al. Recent Developments in Sweat Analysis and Its Applications. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2015 Mar 9;2015:e164974.</ref> It can also help in assessment of drug, ethanol level, metals and non-metal levels in the body thus having a wide application in the field of proteomics, metabolomics, genomics etc.
==Articles referred==
#Aneesh T et.al. explained the scientific reason of exclusion of the sweda from the list of natural urges and physiology of sweda or perspiration in detail.<ref>Aneesh T, & Archana Madhavi. (2020). An Expository Appraisal On Sweda (Perspiration) And Its Preclusion From Adharaneeya Vega (Natural Urges). International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, 8(10), 91-94. https://doi.org/10.47070/ijapr.v8i10.1645</ref>
#Shweta V et.al. stated the inter-relationship between [[meda dhatu]] and sweda along with the modern co-relation of adipose tissue and sweat.<ref>Shweta Vishwakarma et al: Interrelation Between Meda and Sweda. International Ayurvedic Medical
Journal {online} 2019 {cited January, 2020} Available from:http://www.iamj.in/posts/images/upload/2455_2460.pdf</ref>
#Shraddha C. and Anjana G. have elaborated the diagnostic importance of sweda with respect to different pathological and physiological conditions.<ref>Chavare SD, Ghogare A. Diagnostic importance of Sweda as per Ayurveda – a literature review. ejpmr, 2022,9(5), 192-195</ref>
4) Pretty P. has elaborated the concept of sweda in the purview of dhatumala.<ref>Pretty P. A Critical Analysis of Dhatumala (Metabolic Waste Product). AYUSHDHARA, 2020;7(Suppl 1):64-68.</ref>
==Related Chapters==
[[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]], [[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]], [[Sroto Vimana]], [[Sharira Sankhya Sharira]]
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