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<p style="text-align:justify;">The term 'sweda' means sweat or perspiration. It is one among three metabolic excretory products ([[mala]]) like urine ([[mutra]]) and stools ([[purisha]]). These are also known as [[dushya]] (which get vitiated). [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 1/13]<ref name= Hridaya > Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref> Excretory products ([[mala]]) are important in human physiology. They are formed in routine physiological and metabolic activities in the body. It is important to cleanse or purify body by removing the wastes. If accumulated, the [[mala]] have ability to pollute [[dosha]] and [[dhatu]] of the body.

The term sweda means sweat or perspiration. It is one among three metabolic excretory products ([[mala]]) like urine ([[mutra]]) and stools ([[purisha]]). These are also known as [[dushya]] (which get vitiated). [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 1/13]<ref name= Hridaya > Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref> Excretory products ([[mala]]) are important in human physiology. They are formed in routine physiological and metabolic activities in the body. It is important to cleanse or purify body by removing the wastes. If accumulated, the [[mala]] have ability to pollute [[dosha]] and [[dhatu]] of the body.

<br/>Perspiration or sweating (sweda) is important for removing wastes formed in skin and maintain body temperature i.e. thermoregulation. Sweda is basically the end product of [[meda dhatu]] metabolism. This article describes concept and applications of sweda in [[Ayurveda]] and contemporary sciences. </p>

 

Perspiration or sweating (sweda) is important for removing wastes formed in skin and maintain body temperature i.e. thermoregulation. Sweda is basically the end product of [[meda dhatu]] metabolism. This article describes concept and applications of sweda in [[Ayurveda]] and contemporary sciences.  

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|label2 = Authors

|label2 = Authors

|data2 =Bhojani M.K.¹, Durga Rani¹, Jogalekar A.A.²

|data2 = Bhojani M.K.¹, Durga Rani¹, Jogalekar A.A.²

|label3 = Reviewers  

|label3 = Reviewers  

|data3 =  Basisht G.³, Khandel S.K.⁴

|data3 =  [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]³, Khandel S.K.⁴

|label4 = Editor  

|label4 = Editor  

|data4 = Deole Y.S.⁵

|data4 = [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]]⁵

|label5 = Affiliations

|label5 = Affiliations

|data8 = July 31, 2022

|data8 = July 31, 2022

|label9 = DOI

|label9 = DOI

|data9= In process

|data9= {{DoiWithLink}}

}}

}}

In the above conditions, oil bath and oil massage ([[abhyanga]]) and fomentation ([[swedana]]) are the methods of treatment.

In the above conditions, oil bath and oil massage ([[abhyanga]]) and fomentation ([[swedana]]) are the methods of treatment.

'''Sweda and pitta prakriti:'''

'''Sweda and [[pitta]] [[prakriti]]:'''

Excess sweating (swedaadhikya)is a characteristic of [[pitta]] [[prakriti]] individual. [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 4/68]

Excess sweating (swedaadhikya)is a characteristic of [[pitta]] [[prakriti]] individual. [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 4/68]

Even dry pieces of wood can be bent by means of oleation and fomentation, when duly applied. This simile shows immense benefit of [[swedana]].  

Even dry pieces of wood can be bent by means of oleation and fomentation, when duly applied. This simile shows immense benefit of [[swedana]].  

'''Types of swedana:'''

'''Types of [[swedana]]:'''

A. Agni sweda: It is [[swedana]] or fomentation involving the application of direct heat. They are of 13 types where the heat is produced from fire.

A. Agni sweda: It is [[swedana]] or fomentation involving the application of direct heat. They are of 13 types where the heat is produced from fire.

'''Indications:'''

'''Indications:'''

Fomentation is useful for coryza (pratisyaya), cough, hiccup, dyspnea, heaviness of the body, pan in the ear, neck and head, hoarseness of voice, spasmodic obstruction in the throat, paralysis of the face, one limb, whole body or half of the body, in flexures of the body, distension of the abdomen, constipation and suppression of urine, pandiculation (vijrmbhaka), stiffness of sides of back etc.

Fomentation is useful for coryza (pratisyaya), cough, hiccup, dyspnea, heaviness of the body, pain in the ear, neck and head, hoarseness of voice, spasmodic obstruction in the throat, paralysis of the face, one limb, whole body or half of the body, in flexures of the body, distension of the abdomen, constipation and suppression of urine, pandiculation (vijrmbhaka), stiffness of sides of back etc.

'''Contraindications:'''

'''Contraindications:'''

==“Sweda” as an important entity in diagnosis of diseases==

==“Sweda” as an important entity in diagnosis of diseases==

Sweda is an important diagnostic indicator of impaired fat metabolism (meda dhatu agni) and body temperature. Excess sweating (atiswedana) is a feature of morbid obesity (atisthoulya). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/4] It is a feature of [[jwara]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/132], [[udara]] roga. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]13/20] Excess sweating is present as clinical sign of [[kushtha]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/11], pittaja pandu [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/21], tamaka shwasa [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/64], vatarakta. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/16] Lack of sweating is present in conditions like eka-kushtha [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/21], vatarakta. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/16] Sweating is a prodromal sign of [[prameha]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/13] and [[kushtha]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/11]

Sweda is an important diagnostic indicator of impaired fat metabolism (meda dhatu agni) and body temperature. Excess sweating (atiswedana) is a feature of morbid obesity (atisthoulya). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/4] It is a feature of [[jwara]] (fever)[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/132], [[udara]] roga (generalized enlargment of abdomen). [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]13/20] Excess sweating is present as clinical sign of [[kushtha]] (skin disorders) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/11], pittaja pandu (type of anemia) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/21], tamaka shwasa (bronchial asthma) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/64], vatarakta (gouty arthritis). [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/16] Lack of sweating is present in conditions like eka-kushtha [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/21], vatarakta. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/16] Sweating is a prodromal sign of [[prameha]] (obstinate urinary disorders0 [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/13] and [[kushtha]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/11]

According to the contemporary medical sciences as well, the increased sweating or hyperhidrosis may be a constitutional abnormality often present with family history. It can also be physiologically present as feature of flushing at the time of onset of natural menopause. Pathological causes might include thyroid over-activity, phaeochromocytoma, acromegaly, gustatory hyperhidrosis (autonomic dysfunction and diabetes mellitus), serotonin secreting carcinoid tumors of gut. It is also seen in the patients with acute hematological malignancies. [Hutchinson’s Clinical Methods.p.268]<ref name=Hutch/>

According to the contemporary medical sciences as well, the increased sweating or hyperhidrosis may be a constitutional abnormality often present with family history. It can also be physiologically present as feature of flushing at the time of onset of natural menopause. Pathological causes might include thyroid over-activity, phaeochromocytoma, acromegaly, gustatory hyperhidrosis (autonomic dysfunction and diabetes mellitus), serotonin secreting carcinoid tumors of gut. It is also seen in the patients with acute hematological malignancies. [Hutchinson’s Clinical Methods.p.268]<ref name=Hutch/>

==Therapeutic aspects related to the concept of sweda==

==Therapeutic aspects related to the concept of sweda==

The treatment of swedavahastrotodushti is based on the management of fever ([[jwara]] vyadhi) (Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 5/28], ([[udara]] vyadhi). [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/20]

The treatment of swedavahastrotodushti is based on the management of fever ([[jwara]] vyadhi) (Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 5/28], enlargement of abdomen ([[udara]] vyadhi) etc. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/20]

==Recent advances in assessment of sweat==

==Recent advances in assessment of sweat==

Journal {online} 2019 {cited January, 2020} Available from:http://www.iamj.in/posts/images/upload/2455_2460.pdf</ref>   

Journal {online} 2019 {cited January, 2020} Available from:http://www.iamj.in/posts/images/upload/2455_2460.pdf</ref>   

#Shraddha C. and Anjana G. have elaborated the diagnostic importance of sweda with respect to different pathological and physiological conditions.<ref>Chavare SD, Ghogare A. Diagnostic importance of Sweda as per Ayurveda – a literature review. ejpmr, 2022,9(5), 192-195</ref>  

#Shraddha C. and Anjana G. have elaborated the diagnostic importance of sweda with respect to different pathological and physiological conditions.<ref>Chavare SD, Ghogare A. Diagnostic importance of Sweda as per Ayurveda – a literature review. ejpmr, 2022,9(5), 192-195</ref>  

#Pretty P. has elaborated the concept of sweda in the purview of dhatumala.<ref>Pretty P. A Critical Analysis of Dhatumala (Metabolic Waste Product). AYUSHDHARA, 2020;7(Suppl 1):64-68.</ref>

#Pretty P. has elaborated the concept of sweda in the purview of metabolic waste product (dhatumala).<ref>Pretty P. A Critical Analysis of Dhatumala (Metabolic Waste Product). AYUSHDHARA, 2020;7(Suppl 1):64-68.</ref>

==Related Chapters==

==Related Chapters==