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<p style="text-align:justify;">The term 'sweda' means sweat or perspiration. It is one among three metabolic excretory products ([[mala]]) like urine ([[mutra]]) and stools ([[purisha]]). These are also known as [[dushya]] (which get vitiated). [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 1/13]<ref name= Hridaya > Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref> Excretory products ([[mala]]) are important in human physiology. They are formed in routine physiological and metabolic activities in the body. It is important to cleanse or purify body by removing the wastes. If accumulated, the [[mala]] have ability to pollute [[dosha]] and [[dhatu]] of the body.

The term sweda means sweat or perspiration. It is one among three metabolic excretory products ([[mala]]) like urine ([[mutra]]) and stools ([[purisha]]). These are also known as [[dushya]] (which get vitiated). [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 1/13]<ref name= Hridaya > Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref> Excretory products ([[mala]]) are important in human physiology. They are formed in routine physiological and metabolic activities in the body. It is important to cleanse or purify body by removing the wastes. If accumulated, the [[mala]] have ability to pollute [[dosha]] and [[dhatu]] of the body.

<br/>Perspiration or sweating (sweda) is important for removing wastes formed in skin and maintain body temperature i.e. thermoregulation. Sweda is basically the end product of [[meda dhatu]] metabolism. This article describes concept and applications of sweda in [[Ayurveda]] and contemporary sciences. </p>

 

Perspiration or sweating (sweda) is important for removing wastes formed in skin and maintain body temperature i.e. thermoregulation. Sweda is basically the end product of [[meda dhatu]] metabolism. This article describes concept and applications of sweda in [[Ayurveda]] and contemporary sciences.  

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|label2 = Authors

|label2 = Authors

|data2 =Bhojani M.K.¹, Durga Rani¹, Jogalekar A.A.²

|data2 = Bhojani M.K.¹, Durga Rani¹, Jogalekar A.A.²

|label3 = Reviewers  

|label3 = Reviewers  

|data3 =  Basisht G.³, Khandel S.K.⁴

|data3 =  [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]³, Khandel S.K.⁴

|label4 = Editor  

|label4 = Editor  

|data4 = Deole Y.S.⁵

|data4 = [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]]⁵

|label5 = Affiliations

|label5 = Affiliations

|data8 = July 31, 2022

|data8 = July 31, 2022

|label9 = DOI

|label9 = DOI

|data9= In process

|data9= {{DoiWithLink}}

}}

}}

Literal meaning of sweda is to cook or to steam. It is the perspiration produced due to exercise or heat. The word sweda is derived from the verb ‘svid’ meaning exudate or perspiration from the body parts as a result of gharma or heat. [Vachaspatyam]<ref>VCP Cologne Scan [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jun 30]. Available from: https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=vcp&page=5393</ref> The terms like sweating, sweat, perspiration, warmth, vapor, steam etc.  [Monniere Williams dictionary]<ref>MW Cologne Scan [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jun 30]. Available from: https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=mw&page=1285</ref>

Literal meaning of sweda is to cook or to steam. It is the perspiration produced due to exercise or heat. The word sweda is derived from the verb ‘svid’ meaning exudate or perspiration from the body parts as a result of gharma or heat. [Vachaspatyam]<ref>VCP Cologne Scan [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jun 30]. Available from: https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=vcp&page=5393</ref> The terms like sweating, sweat, perspiration, warmth, vapor, steam etc.  [Monniere Williams dictionary]<ref>MW Cologne Scan [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jun 30]. Available from: https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=mw&page=1285</ref>

Sweda is a part of water or watery exudate within the entire body excreted through the hair pockets (lomakupa).[Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]]7/15), [Arunadatta on [A.Hr.Sharira Sthana 3/36]<ref name=Hridaya/>

Sweda is a part of water or watery exudate within the entire body excreted through the hair pockets (lomakupa).[Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]]7/15), [Arunadatta on A.Hr.Sharira Sthana 3/36]<ref name=Hridaya/>

It is closely regulated by heat in the body (ushma). Sweda is formed during the metabolism of [[meda dhatu]] and as part of water/fluid component (udaka) in the body. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/18-19]

It is closely regulated by heat in the body (ushma). Sweda is formed during the metabolism of [[meda dhatu]] and as part of water/fluid component (udaka) in the body. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/18-19]

   

   

In contemporary medical dictionaries, the literal meaning of the word ‘sweat’ is perspire or exudation or moisture from the sweat pores.<ref>“Sweat.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sweat. Accessed 28 Jun. 2022.</ref>  

In contemporary medical dictionaries, the literal meaning of the word ‘sweat’ is perspire or exudation or moisture from the sweat pores.<ref>“Sweat.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sweat. Accessed 28 Jun. 2022.</ref>

==Synonyms==

==Synonyms==

'''Panchabhautika constitution'''

'''Panchabhautika constitution'''

Sweda has dominance of [[jala]] and [[teja mahabhuta]]. Some scholars consider it as [[jala mahabhuta]] dominant.[Chakrapani on Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 15/7)<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> It is listed among the watery components in body. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 7/16] [A.Hr.Sharira Sthana 3/4]<ref name=Hridaya/>

Sweda has dominance of [[jala]] and [[teja mahabhuta]]. Some scholars consider it as [[jala mahabhuta]] dominant.[Chakrapani on Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 15/7]<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> It is listed among the watery components in body. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 7/16] [A.Hr.Sharira Sthana 3/4]<ref name=Hridaya/>

==Physiology of formation and excretion==

==Physiology of formation and excretion==

   

   

Sweda is produced as byproduct in metabolism of [[meda dhatu]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/18], in channels of transformation and transportation of [[meda dhatu]] (medovaha srotasa).(Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 28/4] Sweda bestows moistness and softness of the skin. It is a part of waste part (kitta bhaga) of the metabolized food. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 28/4]

Sweda is produced as byproduct in metabolism of [[meda dhatu]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/18], in channels of transformation and transportation of [[meda dhatu]] (medovaha srotasa).[Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 28/4] Sweda bestows moistness and softness of the skin. It is a part of waste part (kitta bhaga) of the metabolized food. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 28/4]

Sweda or sweat is basically the fluid element excreted through sweat pores due to heat or activity along with dissolved minerals and solids. Its formation is regulated by means of external temperature, fomentation or heat treatments. The main seat of channels of formation and transportation of sweat (swedavaha srotas) are [[meda dhatu]] and the small pores on the skin (romakoopa). It depends on excess heat in body. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 7/14]

Sweda or sweat is basically the fluid element excreted through sweat pores due to heat or activity along with dissolved minerals and solids. Its formation is regulated by means of external temperature, fomentation or heat treatments. The main seat of channels of formation and transportation of sweat (swedavaha srotas) are [[meda dhatu]] and the small pores on the skin (romakoopa). It depends on excess heat in body. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 7/14]

==Functions of sweda==

==Functions of sweda==

Sweda controls body temperature by way of expelling excess water and toxins, cools the body, moistens skin & hair and carries excess fat from the body and purification of the blood. Maintaining moisture (kledavidhruti) is the main function. [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 11/4]<ref name=Hridaya/> Proper functioning of hair follicles (kesha vidhruti or roma-avlambana) is added. [Arunadatta on A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 11/4)<ref name=Hridaya/>. Moistness of skin ([[kleda]] or kledana) and softness of skin (twak saukumarya) are the main functions of sweda. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 15/4]<ref name=Susruta/>

Sweda controls body temperature by way of expelling excess water and toxins, cools the body, moistens skin & hair and carries excess fat from the body and purification of the blood. Maintaining moisture (kledavidhruti) is the main function. [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 11/4]<ref name=Hridaya/> Proper functioning of hair follicles (kesha vidhruti or roma-avlambana) is added. [Arunadatta on A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 11/4]<ref name=Hridaya/>. Moistness of skin ([[kleda]] or kledana) and softness of skin (twak saukumarya) are the main functions of sweda. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 15/4]<ref name=Susruta/>

*It keeps the skin and hair moist, delicate, smooth & maintain the integrity of skin.

*It keeps the skin and hair moist, delicate, smooth & maintain the integrity of skin.

*It helps to maintain water balance in the body.

*It helps to maintain water balance in the body.

In the above conditions, oil bath and oil massage ([[abhyanga]]) and fomentation ([[swedana]]) are the methods of treatment.

In the above conditions, oil bath and oil massage ([[abhyanga]]) and fomentation ([[swedana]]) are the methods of treatment.

'''Sweda and pitta prakriti:'''

'''Sweda and [[pitta]] [[prakriti]]:'''

Excess sweating (swedaadhikya)is a characteristic of [[pitta]] [[prakriti]] individual. [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 4/68]

Excess sweating (swedaadhikya)is a characteristic of [[pitta]] [[prakriti]] individual. [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 4/68]

'''Sweda and [[pitta dosha]] relationship:'''  

'''Sweda and [[pitta dosha]] relationship:'''  

There is a close or concomitant relation between [[pitta dosha]] and sweda. [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 11/26-29]<ref name=Hridaya/> This indicates the anatomical and physiological relation between two components. These possess similar causes of vitiation, similar line of management, similar pattern of disease affliction. Thus, the line of management of [[pitta]] ailments is in concordance with the management of sweda related disorders. As both the entities i.e. sweda and [[pitta]] are related with the component of heat in the body (ushma), these are related closely like [[pitta dosha]] takes abode of sweda (ashraya- ashrayisambandha).  

There is a close or concomitant relation between [[pitta dosha]] and sweda. [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 11/26-29]<ref name=Hridaya/> This indicates the anatomical and physiological relation between two components. These possess similar causes of vitiation, similar line of management, similar pattern of disease affliction. Thus, the line of management of [[pitta]] ailments is in concordance with the management of sweda related disorders. As both the entities i.e. sweda and [[pitta]] are related with the component of heat in the body (ushma), these are related closely like [[pitta dosha]] takes abode of sweda (ashraya- ashrayisambandha).

==Physiology of sweat==

==Physiology of sweat==

'''Eccrine glands:''' These are the common sweat glands distributed all over the body, especially over the thick skin. The eccrine sweat gland is basically of tubular structure which at beginning is in the deeper part of dermis and is highly coiled. The rest of the gland courses through the dermis- epidermis- open to the exterior. Sweat forms by coiled portion. These are functional throughout the life. These are present largely over the back and chest regions. [Hutchinson’s Clinical Methods.p.512]<ref name=Hutch>Swash M, Glynn M, Hutchinson’s Clinical Methods, 22nd Edition, Saunders Elsevier, USA.</ref>

'''Eccrine glands:''' These are the common sweat glands distributed all over the body, especially over the thick skin. The eccrine sweat gland is basically of tubular structure which at beginning is in the deeper part of dermis and is highly coiled. The rest of the gland courses through the dermis- epidermis- open to the exterior. Sweat forms by coiled portion. These are functional throughout the life. These are present largely over the back and chest regions. [Hutchinson’s Clinical Methods.p.512]<ref name=Hutch>Swash M, Glynn M, Hutchinson’s Clinical Methods, 22nd Edition, Saunders Elsevier, USA.</ref>

When synthesized the sweat is isotonic, but while moving towards the exterior, some sodium ions are reabsorbed. In case of  severe sweating, this reabsorption is more intense due to the action of aldosterone. The thermoregulation via sweating occurs through the eccrine glands innervated by sympathetic cholinergic fibres. The eccrine sweat is basically made up of water and sodium chloride (NACl). It may also contain mixture of many other chemicals from the interstitial fluid as well. The amount of sodium and cholride in the eccrine sweat is considered to be less, 60mmol/L and 70 mmol/L respectively.<ref name=Guyton/>

When synthesized the sweat is isotonic, but while moving towards the exterior, some sodium ions are reabsorbed. In case of  severe sweating, this reabsorption is more intense due to the action of aldosterone. The thermoregulation via sweating occurs through the eccrine glands innervated by sympathetic cholinergic fibres. The eccrine sweat is basically made up of water and sodium chloride (NACl). It may also contain mixture of many other chemicals from the interstitial fluid as well. The amount of sodium and cholride in the eccrine sweat is considered to be less, 60 mmol/L and 70 mmol/L respectively.<ref name=Guyton/>

'''Apocrine glands:''' These glands are located deep in subcutaneous layer in limited areas like axilla (armpit), pubic region, around the nipple of breast, scalp. The activity of apocrine glands increases with the onset of puberty and declines at old age. This process shows that these glands have got some relationship with reproductive physiology. The secretion from apocrine glands is odorless but bacterial decomposition makes it odorous, secretion show cyclic changes in females with menstrual cycle. These glands are structurally similar to eccrine glands, but are larger. Their coiled region lies within the subcutaneous tissue rather than the dermis.<ref>Pocock G et.al. Human Physiology, Oxford Printing Press, Sweat glands, regulation of internal environment, part nine, Fifth Edition, 2018, Page No.655-657</ref> In contrast to the eccrine glands, apocrine glands produce vicious, lipid rich sweat comprising of proteins, sugars and ammonia.

'''Apocrine glands:''' These glands are located deep in subcutaneous layer in limited areas like axilla (armpit), pubic region, around the nipple of breast, scalp. The activity of apocrine glands increases with the onset of puberty and declines at old age. This process shows that these glands have got some relationship with reproductive physiology. The secretion from apocrine glands is odorless but bacterial decomposition makes it odorous, secretion show cyclic changes in females with menstrual cycle. These glands are structurally similar to eccrine glands, but are larger. Their coiled region lies within the subcutaneous tissue rather than the dermis.<ref>Pocock G et.al. Human Physiology, Oxford Printing Press, Sweat glands, regulation of internal environment, part nine, Fifth Edition, 2018, Page No.655-657</ref> In contrast to the eccrine glands, apocrine glands produce vicious, lipid rich sweat comprising of proteins, sugars and ammonia.

'''Different types of sweating:'''

'''Different types of sweating:'''

#Insensible sweating: which occurs even in cold climate amounts to 600 – 800 ml daily.

1. Insensible sweating: which occurs even in cold climate amounts to 600 – 800 ml daily.

#Thermal sweating: This occurs in hot environmental temperature, the threshold being 28°C for men and 31˚C for women. As the environmental temperature rises sweating increases. It is to be emphasized that when the ambient temperature is higher than body temperature sweating is the only method of keeping the body temperature normal.

 

#Psychic sweating:-

2. Thermal sweating: This occurs in hot environmental temperature, the threshold being 28°C for men and 31˚C for women. As the environmental temperature rises sweating increases. It is to be emphasized that when the ambient temperature is higher than body temperature sweating is the only method of keeping the body temperature normal.

 

3. Psychic sweating:-

Emotional sweating: In emotional condition, sweating occurs chiefly in the palms, soles, and axilla and upto some extent it is also present at head, neck and elsewhere in the body.

Emotional sweating: In emotional condition, sweating occurs chiefly in the palms, soles, and axilla and upto some extent it is also present at head, neck and elsewhere in the body.

Even dry pieces of wood can be bent by means of oleation and fomentation, when duly applied. This simile shows immense benefit of [[swedana]].  

Even dry pieces of wood can be bent by means of oleation and fomentation, when duly applied. This simile shows immense benefit of [[swedana]].  

'''Types of swedana:'''

'''Types of [[swedana]]:'''

A. Agni sweda: It is [[swedana]] or fomentation involving the application of direct heat. They are of 13 types where the heat is produced from fire.

A. Agni sweda: It is [[swedana]] or fomentation involving the application of direct heat. They are of 13 types where the heat is produced from fire.

'''Indications:'''

'''Indications:'''

Fomentation is useful for coryza (pratisyaya), cough, hiccup, dyspnea, heaviness of the body, pan in the ear, neck and head, hoarseness of voice, spasmodic obstruction in the throat, paralysis of the face, one limb, whole body or half of the body, in flexures of the body, distension of the abdomen, constipation and suppression of urine, pandiculation (vijrmbhaka), stiffness of sides of back etc.

Fomentation is useful for coryza (pratisyaya), cough, hiccup, dyspnea, heaviness of the body, pain in the ear, neck and head, hoarseness of voice, spasmodic obstruction in the throat, paralysis of the face, one limb, whole body or half of the body, in flexures of the body, distension of the abdomen, constipation and suppression of urine, pandiculation (vijrmbhaka), stiffness of sides of back etc.

'''Contraindications:'''

'''Contraindications:'''

==“Sweda” as an important entity in diagnosis of diseases==

==“Sweda” as an important entity in diagnosis of diseases==

Sweda is an important diagnostic indicator of impaired fat metabolism (meda dhatu agni) and body temperature. Excess sweating (atiswedana) is a feature of morbid obesity (atisthoulya). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/4] It is a feature of [[jwara]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/132], [[udara]] roga. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]13/20] Excess sweating is present as clinical sign of [[kushtha]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/11], pittaja pandu [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/21], tamaka shwasa [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/64], vatarakta. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/16] Lack of sweating is present in conditions like eka-kushtha [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/21], vatarakta. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/16] Sweating is a prodromal sign of [[prameha]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/13] and [[kushtha]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/11]

Sweda is an important diagnostic indicator of impaired fat metabolism (meda dhatu agni) and body temperature. Excess sweating (atiswedana) is a feature of morbid obesity (atisthoulya). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/4] It is a feature of [[jwara]] (fever)[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/132], [[udara]] roga (generalized enlargment of abdomen). [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]13/20] Excess sweating is present as clinical sign of [[kushtha]] (skin disorders) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/11], pittaja pandu (type of anemia) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/21], tamaka shwasa (bronchial asthma) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/64], vatarakta (gouty arthritis). [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/16] Lack of sweating is present in conditions like eka-kushtha [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/21], vatarakta. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/16] Sweating is a prodromal sign of [[prameha]] (obstinate urinary disorders0 [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/13] and [[kushtha]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/11]

According to the contemporary medical sciences as well, the increased sweating or hyperhidrosis may be a constitutional abnormality often present with family history. It can also be physiologically present as feature of flushing at the time of onset of natural menopause. Pathological causes might include thyroid over-activity, phaeochromocytoma, acromegaly, gustatory hyperhidrosis (autonomic dysfunction and diabetes mellitus), serotonin secreting carcinoid tumors of gut. It is also seen in the patients with acute hematological malignancies. [Hutchinson’s Clinical Methods.p.268]<ref name=Hutch/>

According to the contemporary medical sciences as well, the increased sweating or hyperhidrosis may be a constitutional abnormality often present with family history. It can also be physiologically present as feature of flushing at the time of onset of natural menopause. Pathological causes might include thyroid over-activity, phaeochromocytoma, acromegaly, gustatory hyperhidrosis (autonomic dysfunction and diabetes mellitus), serotonin secreting carcinoid tumors of gut. It is also seen in the patients with acute hematological malignancies. [Hutchinson’s Clinical Methods.p.268]<ref name=Hutch/>

==Therapeutic aspects related to the concept of sweda==

==Therapeutic aspects related to the concept of sweda==

The treatment of swedavahastrotodushti is based on the management of fever ([[jwara]] vyadhi) (Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 5/28], ([[udara]] vyadhi). [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/20]

The treatment of swedavahastrotodushti is based on the management of fever ([[jwara]] vyadhi) (Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 5/28], enlargement of abdomen ([[udara]] vyadhi) etc. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/20]

==Recent advances in assessment of sweat==

==Recent advances in assessment of sweat==

Journal {online} 2019 {cited January, 2020} Available from:http://www.iamj.in/posts/images/upload/2455_2460.pdf</ref>   

Journal {online} 2019 {cited January, 2020} Available from:http://www.iamj.in/posts/images/upload/2455_2460.pdf</ref>   

#Shraddha C. and Anjana G. have elaborated the diagnostic importance of sweda with respect to different pathological and physiological conditions.<ref>Chavare SD, Ghogare A. Diagnostic importance of Sweda as per Ayurveda – a literature review. ejpmr, 2022,9(5), 192-195</ref>  

#Shraddha C. and Anjana G. have elaborated the diagnostic importance of sweda with respect to different pathological and physiological conditions.<ref>Chavare SD, Ghogare A. Diagnostic importance of Sweda as per Ayurveda – a literature review. ejpmr, 2022,9(5), 192-195</ref>  

#Pretty P. has elaborated the concept of sweda in the purview of dhatumala.<ref>Pretty P. A Critical Analysis of Dhatumala (Metabolic Waste Product). AYUSHDHARA, 2020;7(Suppl 1):64-68.</ref>

#Pretty P. has elaborated the concept of sweda in the purview of metabolic waste product (dhatumala).<ref>Pretty P. A Critical Analysis of Dhatumala (Metabolic Waste Product). AYUSHDHARA, 2020;7(Suppl 1):64-68.</ref>

==Related Chapters==

==Related Chapters==