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<p style="text-align:justify;">Nyayas (maxims) are specifically used when characterizing a situation. Explanation of Nyaya is found from the Vedic period to Purana, Upanishad, Kavya, Darshana, etc. Ayurveda, being the upaveda of Atharvaveda, also explains various maxims to enlighten their treatise and for the easy understanding of the topics. As these maxims are commonly used by the people, Ayurveda Acharyas found it an easy tool for clarification of the views that they want to put forth in their quotations (sutras). Later the commentators of these sutras integrated several nyayas to explore the exact meaning of the actual verses. <br/>In a compilation of nyayas, it is explained that the nyayas can be dealt with under three distinct heads, and are either illustrations (drishtanta), rules, or principles (as in the case of paribhashas), topics (adhikaras) (as in the case of the kapinjala nyaya) (Colonel G.A. Jacob, 1911).<ref name="ref9">Manjusha AT, Irshad H, Ramadas PV, Mund JS. Nyaya and its relevance in Ayurveda. Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine. 2015 Dec 1;4(12):247.</ref></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Nyayas (maxims) are specifically used when characterizing a situation. Explanation of Nyaya is found from the Vedic period to Purana, Upanishad, Kavya, Darshana, etc. Ayurveda, being the upaveda of Atharvaveda, also explains various maxims to enlighten their treatise and for the easy understanding of the topics. As these maxims are commonly used by the people, Ayurveda Acharyas found it an easy tool for clarification of the views that they want to put forth in their quotations (sutras). Later the commentators of these sutras integrated several nyayas to explore the exact meaning of the actual verses. <br/>In a compilation of nyayas, it is explained that the nyayas can be dealt with under three distinct heads, and are either illustrations (drishtanta), rules, or principles (as in the case of paribhashas), topics (adhikaras) (as in the case of the kapinjala nyaya) (Colonel G.A. Jacob, 1911).<ref name="ref9">Manjusha AT, Irshad H, Ramadas PV, Mund JS. Nyaya and its relevance in Ayurveda. Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine. 2015 Dec 1;4(12):247.</ref></p>
Few nyayas along with their practical utility as per Ayurvedic point of view.
Few nyayas along with their practical utility as per Ayurvedic point of view.
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Text'''
!'''Timeline'''
!'''Nyaya'''
!'''Explanation'''
|-
|Arthapatti pramana, Brihadaranyakopanishad
|900 BCE to 600 BCE
|Dandapoopa Nyaya
|If a rat can even cut the stick (danda) which is very hard, then it can cut the cake (Apoopa) which is very soft. This nyaya can be incorporated in the treatment aspect. If a drug can cure a chronic disease, then it can cure a mild disease.
|-
|Shathapatha Brahmana
|5<sup>th</sup> century BCE
|Munjadisheekoddharana Nyaya
|Maxim is explained when talking about moksha(salvation). Just as the layers of a Munja (a type of grass) stick come off, the soul detaches from external things to achieve ultimate salvation.
|-
|Ramayana
|5000 BC
|Ashoka Vanika Nyaya
|Ravana kept Seeta in Ashoka Vana. He could have kept her in any other garden or prison, but he chose the garden for no special reason and kept her there. Thus, whenever a specific reason is not found to occur a thing, this nyaya is used.
|-
|Mahabharata
|3000 BC
|Simhavalokana Nyaya
|A lion, after catching its food, gives a glance all around. Similarly, if the subject is glanced at superficially without going to its depth, this Nyaya is utilized. It is like an abstract or a brief introduction to the topic
|-
|Meemansa Darshana
|4<sup>th</sup> century BCE
|Dehalideepanyaya.
|“Threshold” is known as Dehali in Sanskrit. When you place a lamp on a threshold, it sheds light both inside and outside. Similarly, when we achieve two results with a single task or activity, then this maxim can be quoted. For example, A drug may act for both deepana and pachana purposes. Balachaturbhadra Rasa is indicated both in Jwara and Atisara.
|-
|Patanjali Mahabhashya
|B.C. Middle period of second century or 150 BC
|Sthalipulaka Nyaya
|We can check if all the grains are boiled, by taking one grain from the cooking pot. This is known as Sthalipulaka Nyaya. This principle can be applied when preparing medicine. By tasting a small amount of avaleha, we can determine if it is properly prepared or not.
|-
|Sankhyadarshana
|4th century AD
|Pangvandha Nyaya
|This is explained while describing the Srushti Utpatti. Like a blind person, describing an elephant, everyone states their theories about the evolution of the Universe.
|-
|Taittariyabhashya Vartika
|6<sup>th</sup> to 5<sup>th</sup> century BCE
|Shakhachandra Nyaya
|To explain one thing, we often use the help of another thing. For instance, to point out the distant moon, we might use the branches of a tree and say that the moon is amidst the branches. Similarly, in Ayurveda, the Adhikarana Siddhanta serves a similar purpose.
|-
|Kamandaki Neetisara
|belongs to the post-Gupta period or A.D. 8th century
|Sundopasunda Nyaya
|Sunda and Upasunda are the Asura brothers featured in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. Where two friends quarrel with each other to get a thing which was liked by both, this Nyaya is applied.
|-
|Bhashapariccheda
|1634 AD
|Kadambakoraka Nyaya and Veechitaranga Nyaya
|By this phenomenon, it is proposed that sound originating from one point doesn’t travel to the listener's ear directly but through a series of origination and destruction.
|-
|Prasanna Raghava Nataka
|8<sup>th</sup> to 4<sup>th</sup> centuries BCE
|Kupamanduka Nyaya
|One should not have a concise mind. Sushruta also quotes that studying only one Shastra is not enough. We should also know allied sciences to better implement our science.
|-
|Panchatantra
|4th–6th centuries CE
|Pankaprakshalana Nyaya
|Panka means mud, and Prakshalana means cleaning. This maxim indicates prevention. After getting wet with mud, one can avoid it instead of cleaning. The stories narrate caution regarding bad things, emphasizing good thoughts.
|-
|Saahityakoumudi, Kavyaprakasha, and Saptapadartha
|1897 AD
Earlier in the 11<sup>th</sup> century
|Suchi Kataha Nyaya
|It is described as suggesting that we do easy work first when both easy and difficult work are before us. This Nyaya is used when multiple jobs/activities must be completed, and priority is assigned to them based on the duration of each job.
|}