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Viruddha Ahara (view source)

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‘Viruddha’ means incompatible, opposite or unwholesome or which is harmful for the [[Sharira|body]] or [[Dhatu|dhatu (body-tissue)]]. It possesses opposite qualities compared to [[Dhatu|dhatu]] and vitiates them, leading to various [[Vyadhi|diseases]] or complications. The concept of viruddha is broadly explained in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]. Viruddha ashana (intake of unwholesome food or diet) is mentioned as a causative factor for various [[Vyadhi|diseases]], especially [[Skin diseases in Integrative Medicine|skin diseases]] ([[Kushtha Chikitsa|kushtha]]), [[Visarpa Chikitsa|erysipelas (visarpa)]], psychiatric diseases like insanity ([[Unmada Chikitsa|unmada]]) etc. In the context of agrya samgraha (collection of definitive and first choice of medication or treatment), in [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]], intake of viruddha ahara is the foremost causative factor for nindita [[Vyadhi|vyadhi]] (wretched diseases like [[Kushtha Chikitsa|kushtha]]). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 25/40] In modern time, knowingly or unknowingly unwholesome combinations of food, faulty diet/junk foods, or processed/packed food are consumed. This produces ill effects on the [[Sharira|body]], such as allergies, food toxicities, etc. The cases of food incompatibility and food-food interactions, food-drug interactions are increasing. Therefore, a need to understand the concept of viruddha has risen to know measures for preserving health. The [[Ahara vidhi|dietary guidelines]] about what to eat and what is to be avoided; what type of food can be combined or taken together and what not; are important to prevent [[Vyadhi|diseases]] too. Faulty dietary habits can be corrected and incompatibility with ill effects can be prevented by knowing concept of viruddha. This chapter describes concept of viruddha, its practices and its effects on health.

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‘Viruddha’ means incompatible, opposite or unwholesome or which is harmful for the [[Sharira|body]] or [[Dhatu|dhatu (body-tissue)]]. It possesses opposite qualities compared to [[Dhatu|dhatu]] and vitiates them, leading to various [[Vyadhi|diseases]] or complications. The concept of viruddha is broadly explained in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]. Viruddha ashana (intake of unwholesome food or diet) is mentioned as a causative factor for various [[Vyadhi|diseases]], especially [[Skin diseases in Integrative Medicine|skin diseases]] ([[Kushtha Chikitsa|kushtha]]), [[Visarpa Chikitsa|erysipelas (visarpa)]], psychiatric diseases like insanity ([[Unmada Chikitsa|unmada]]) etc. In the context of agrya samgraha (collection of definitive and first choice of medication or treatment), in [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]], intake of viruddha ahara is the foremost causative factor for nindita [[Vyadhi|vyadhi]] (wretched diseases like [[Kushtha Chikitsa|kushtha]]). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 25/40] In modern time, knowingly or unknowingly unwholesome combinations of food, faulty diet/junk foods, or processed/packed food are consumed. This produces ill effects on the [[Sharira|body]], such as allergies, food toxicities, etc. The cases of food incompatibility and food-food interactions, food-drug interactions are increasing. Therefore, a need to understand the concept of viruddha has risen to know measures for preserving [[Health|health]]. The [[Ahara vidhi|dietary guidelines]] about what to eat and what is to be avoided; what type of food can be combined or taken together and what not; are important to prevent [[Vyadhi|diseases]] too. Faulty dietary habits can be corrected and incompatibility with ill effects can be prevented by knowing concept of viruddha. This chapter describes concept of viruddha, its practices and its effects on [[Health|health]].

{{Infobox

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== Etymology ==

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The word ‘viruddha’ is originated from the Panini root word “Rudhir Avarani” by applying the prefix “Vi”. Thus, the word Viruddha means one which specifically obstructs, opposes or resists. The unwholesome or opposite food and practices that are opposite to the normal [[Dhatu|dhatu]] or [[Sharira|body]] physiology is ‘viruddha’. Diet which dislodges dosha within the [[Sharira|body]] but does not expel them out of the [[Sharira|body]] are termed as ‘viruddha’ /ahita (unwholesome). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/85] Every dravya (substance/drugs) is ‘viruddha’ which provokes the dosha, but does not eliminate them outside the [[Sharira|body]]. [A. H. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 7/45-46] Viruddha ahara means the incompatibility of foods / food substances.

+

The word ‘viruddha’ is originated from the Panini root word “Rudhir Avarani” by applying the prefix “Vi”. Thus, the word Viruddha means one which specifically obstructs, opposes or resists. The unwholesome or opposite food and practices that are opposite to the normal [[Dhatu|dhatu]] or [[Sharira|body]] physiology is ‘viruddha’. Diet which dislodges [[Dosha|dosha]] within the [[Sharira|body]] but does not expel them out of the [[Sharira|body]] are termed as ‘viruddha’ /ahita (unwholesome). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/85] Every [[Dravya|dravya]] (substance/drugs) is ‘viruddha’ which provokes the [[Dosha|dosha]], but does not eliminate them outside the [[Sharira|body]]. [A. H. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 7/45-46] Viruddha ahara means the incompatibility of foods / food substances.

== Types ==

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Some food items are unwholesome individually or in combinations for the dosha as well as [[Dhatu|dhatu]] of the [[Sharira|body]]. Whereas some of them are unwholesome due to their contradictory qualities. Some by their combination, some by their preparation methods, some by their desha (geographical area or by [[Sharira|body]] type), kala (time), matra (dose) and some by their swabhava (inherent nature). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/81] Mainly, eighteen types of viruddha are mentioned in [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]] as follows: [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/86-101]

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Some food items are unwholesome individually or in combinations for the [[Dosha|dosha]] as well as [[Dhatu|dhatu]] of the [[Sharira|body]]. Whereas some of them are unwholesome due to their contradictory qualities. Some by their combination, some by their preparation methods, some by their [[Desha|desha]] (geographical area or by [[Sharira|body]] type), [[Kala|kala (time)]], matra (dose) and some by their swabhava (inherent nature). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/81] Mainly, eighteen types of viruddha are mentioned in [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]] as follows: [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/86-101]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify;"

|+Table no.1: Types of viruddha

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|-

| style="text-align:center;"|1

−

|'''~~Desha~~ (region)'''

+

|'''DeshaDesha (region)]]'''

|Intake of ruksha (dry) and tikshna (sharp acting) diet in arid region or deserts (jangala desha)

−

Intake of snigdha (unctuous) and sheeta (cold) substance in anupa desha (marshy land)

+

Intake of snigdha (unctuous) and [[Sheeta|sheeta (cold)]] substance in anupa desha (marshy land)

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|2

−

|'''Kala (time)'''

+

|'''[[Kala|Kala (time)]]'''

−

|Intake of sheeta (cold) and ruksha (dry) in winter,

+

|Intake of [[Sheeta|sheeta (cold)]] and ruksha (dry) in winter,

−

Intake of katu (pungent) and ushna (hot) substance in summer.

+

Intake of [[Katu|katu (pungent)]] and ushna (hot) substance in summer.

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|3

−

|'''Agni '''

+

|'''[[Agni|Agni]]'''

'''(Power of digestion)'''

−

|Intake of food opposite to the power of digestion i.e., agni, for example taking heavy food in case of poor digestive capacity (manda agni)

+

|Intake of food opposite to the power of digestion i.e., [[Agni|agni]], for example taking heavy food in case of poor digestive capacity (manda agni)

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|4

|'''Matra (dose)'''

−

|Ghee and honey (madhu) in equal quantity

+

|[[Ghee|Ghee]] and honey (madhu) in equal quantity

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|5

−

|'''Satmya (adaptability)'''

+

|'''[[Satmya|Satmya]] (adaptability)'''

−

|Intake of sweet and cold substance by person who is accustomed to katu (pungent) rasa and ushna (hot potency)

+

|Intake of sweet and cold substance by person who is accustomed to [[Katu|katu (pungent)]] rasa and ushna (hot potency)

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|6

−

|'''Dosha '''

+

|'''[[Dosha|Dosha]]'''

'''(Regulatory functional factors of the [[Sharira|body]])'''

−

|Using food, medicine or procedure having similar qualities with dosha, but at variance with the habit of individual

+

|Using food, medicine or procedure having similar qualities with [[Dosha|dosha]], but at variance with the habit of individual

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|7

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|'''Virya (potency)'''

−

|Substance of ushna (hot) virya taking along with sheeta (cold) virya.

+

|Substance of ushna (hot) virya taking along with [[Sheeta|sheeta (cold)]] virya.

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|9

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'''(State of health)'''

−

|Intake of vata dosha aggravating food by a person after exhaustion, sexual act and exercise.

+

|Intake of [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]] aggravating food by a person after exhaustion, sexual act and exercise.

−

Intake of kapha dosha aggravating food by a person after sleep or by lazy person.

+

Intake of [[Kapha dosha|kapha dosha]] aggravating food by a person after sleep or by lazy person.

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|11

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|'''Upachara (treatment)'''

−

|Intake of cold things after taking ghrita (ghee).

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|Intake of cold things after taking [[Ghee|ghrita (ghee)]].

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|14

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== Common examples of viruddha ==

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Following tables show the common examples practiced in ancient social practices with their consequences on health mentioned in [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]]. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/82-83] Some of these are practiced in the current era, whereas some are not. The additional examples observed in today’s society are given in the table.

+

Following tables show the common examples practiced in ancient social practices with their consequences on [[Health|health]] mentioned in [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]]. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/82-83] Some of these are practiced in the current era, whereas some are not. The additional examples observed in today’s society are given in the table.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify;"

|+Table no. 2: Common examples of viruddha and the consequences

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| style="text-align:center;"|6

|Shaka (leaves) of padmauttarika/ kusumbha shaka (Carthamus tinctorius Linn.), sarkara (type of wine), maireya (type of wine) and honey

−

|Aggravate the dosha especially vata

+

|Aggravate the [[Dosha|dosha]] especially [[Vata dosha|vata]]

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|7

|Meat of haridraka bird fried in mustard oil

−

|Aggravate the dosha, especially pitta.

+

|Aggravate the [[Dosha|dosha]], especially [[Pitta dosha|pitta]].

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|8

|Payasa (milk) when taken with mantha

−

|Aggravate the dosha, specially kapha

+

|Aggravate the [[Dosha|dosha]], specially [[Kapha dosha|kapha]]

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|9

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|-

| style="text-align:center;"|1

−

|Ripe fruit of nikucha (Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.) with soup of masha (Vigna mungo L.), sugar and ghee

+

|Ripe fruit of nikucha (Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.) with soup of masha (Vigna mungo L.), sugar and [[Ghee|ghee]]

|Mutually contradictory

|-

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|-

| style="text-align:center;"|5

−

|Honey and ghee or honey and rain water in equal quantity, honey with seeds of pushkara (Nelumbo nucifera/ blue lotus), intake of hot water after taking honey, Moolaka (radish) with honey

+

|Honey and [[Ghee|ghee]] or honey and rain water in equal quantity, honey with seeds of pushkara (Nelumbo nucifera/ blue lotus), intake of hot water after taking honey, Moolaka (radish) with honey

|All are unwholesome

|-

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| style="text-align:center;"|1

|Rasa viruddha

−

|Madhura (sweet) and lavana (salty), amla (sour) and lavana, katu (pungent) and tikta (bitter), katu and kashaya (astringent), tikta and kashaya.

+

|Madhura (sweet) and lavana (salty), amla (sour) and lavana, [[Katu|katu (pungent)]] and tikta (bitter), katu and kashaya (astringent), tikta and kashaya.

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|2

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|-

| style="text-align:center;"|10

−

|Grahini dosha

+

|Grahini [[Dosha|dosha]]

|A. H. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/92

|-

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Tea along with garlic preparations: Tea possesses anticoagulant compounds. Garlic possesses anticlotting properties. So, when this combination is taken together, the chances of bleeding increases. Therefore, such combinations to be avoided.</li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Pomegranate juice and grapefruit juice: Both pomegranate juice and grapefruit juice can block the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme systems within the intestines and increases blood levels of medications.</li>

−

<li style="font-weight:bold">Milkshake/ Smoothie/ Fruit salad/ Custard: Milkshake i.e., combination of food and milk together is the example for samyoga viruddha. Combination of milk with fruit aggravates kapha dosha within the [[Sharira|body]] therefore such combination should be avoided especially for kapha prakriti (constitution) persons. Fruits are mostly acidic in nature. Especially the unripen one, so if they are taken along with milk then milk gets curdeled and produces indigestion. Our [[Sharira|body]] needs different types of enzymes for the breakdown of fruits and different types of enzymes for the breakdown of protein present in milk.</li>

+

<li style="font-weight:bold">Milkshake/ Smoothie/ Fruit salad/ Custard: Milkshake i.e., combination of food and milk together is the example for samyoga viruddha. Combination of milk with fruit aggravates [[Kapha dosha|kapha dosha]] within the [[Sharira|body]] therefore such combination should be avoided especially for [[Kapha dosha|kapha]] prakriti (constitution) persons. Fruits are mostly acidic in nature. Especially the unripen one, so if they are taken along with milk then milk gets curdeled and produces indigestion. Our [[Sharira|body]] needs different types of enzymes for the breakdown of fruits and different types of enzymes for the breakdown of protein present in milk.</li>

−

<li style="font-weight:bold">Study over kadaliphala (banana) with milk and their incompatibility: Kadaliphala (Musa Paradisiaca Linn.) along with milk is an example of samyoga viruddha (incompatibility of combination of two or more substances). Banana is already kaphakara (one which aggravates kapha dosha) and milk is also kaphakara so, when both of these taken together, they together provoke kapha dosha in [[Sharira|body]] and diminishes the agni (gastric fire) and produces ama (undigested food) which produces toxins within the [[Sharira|body]] and produces gastric disturbances and other [[Vyadhi|diseases]] like cough, allergic reactions, etc. This study was planned to evaluate the toxicological implication of their combination on wistar rats. Repeated administration of the combination of cow milk with banana showed statistically significant increase in the level of SGOT and urea whereas, statistically significant decrease in the level of creatinine. Also, alterations in the sections of liver, spleen, heart indicating mild toxic effect of combination of cow’s milk with banana. Hence, continuous intake of such incompatibility proves harmful to the [[Sharira|body]].<ref name="ref3">Shweta K, Sudhakar, Shobha Bhat K. Toxicological evaluation of banana and milk combination as incompatible diet- An experimental exploration of Samyoga Viruddha concept. JAIM, Elsevier. 2021 Jul-Sep; 12 (3): 427-434 </ref></li>

+

<li style="font-weight:bold">Study over kadaliphala (banana) with milk and their incompatibility: Kadaliphala (Musa Paradisiaca Linn.) along with milk is an example of samyoga viruddha (incompatibility of combination of two or more substances). Banana is already kaphakara (one which aggravates [[Kapha dosha|kapha dosha]]) and milk is also kaphakara so, when both of these taken together, they together provoke [[Kapha dosha|kapha dosha]] in [[Sharira|body]] and diminishes the [[Agni|agni]] (gastric fire) and produces ama (undigested food) which produces toxins within the [[Sharira|body]] and produces gastric disturbances and other [[Vyadhi|diseases]] like cough, allergic reactions, etc. This study was planned to evaluate the toxicological implication of their combination on wistar rats. Repeated administration of the combination of cow milk with banana showed statistically significant increase in the level of SGOT and urea whereas, statistically significant decrease in the level of creatinine. Also, alterations in the sections of liver, spleen, heart indicating mild toxic effect of combination of cow’s milk with banana. Hence, continuous intake of such incompatibility proves harmful to the [[Sharira|body]].<ref name="ref3">Shweta K, Sudhakar, Shobha Bhat K. Toxicological evaluation of banana and milk combination as incompatible diet- An experimental exploration of Samyoga Viruddha concept. JAIM, Elsevier. 2021 Jul-Sep; 12 (3): 427-434 </ref></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Milk and egg/ baked milk and egg bakery products: Milk and egg combination or combination of milk and egg baked bakery products such as bread, cake, muffins are examples of samyoga viruddha. It is widely used in today’s day to day life mostly at a breakfast time. Milk and egg both are rich in proteins, whereas egg is also called as a reference protein. Both this together should never be consumed as it is heavy to digest and produces ama or indigestion resulting in various allergies or incompatibility. <ref name="ref4">Leonard SA, Nowak-Węgrzyn AH. Baked milk and Eggs Diets for Milk and Egg Allergy Management. Europe PMC. 2015 Jan-Feb;3(1):13-23 </ref></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Honey with warm water: Honey with warm water is example of samyoga viruddha is also widely used nowadays assuming that it will helps in detoxification of [[Sharira|body]] and helps in weight loss which is a big misconception. In [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], it is mentioned one should never consume honey with warm water because it may prove fatal. Therefore, it is to be avoided. Honey is not collected from any particular flower, but it is made from the sap and juices of different flowers and plants which are incompatible with each other in respect to their rasa (taste), guna (virtue), virya (potency), vipaka (post digestion effect). Furthermore, honey being prepared by poisonous bees, it becomes injurious after contact with heat or fire. Accordingly, the use of hot or boiled honey is forbidden. It is also reported that during nectar and pollen forage, honey bees transform phytochemicals from floral nectars of host plants into honey. The diversity of secondary metabolites in plants attributes to the variance in phytochemical profiles in honey composition.<ref name="ref5">Amin, Hetal, Kiran S., Deshbhratar, Vivekkumar Mangilal Chayal. Ayurvedic Challenges for recent use of honey with warm substances. Rasamruta. 2019; 11:15.</ref> </li>

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== Contemporary views ==

−

The concept of viruddha ahara mentioned in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] easily correlates with the concept of incompatibility, adverse reactions, food and food interactions, food and drug interactions, etc. Observations on antagonistic food is a unique contribution from [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] in order to prevent internal diseases and synergize action of drugs in the management of disorders. In [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], it is clearly mentioned that certain combinations should be avoided because they hinder the formation of bodily tissue ([[Dhatu|dhatu]]), they vitiate the normal homeostasis of dosha within the [[Sharira|body]] and such combinations are termed as viruddha ahara (incompatible diet). The different combinations of food which is cooked by wrong methods, consumed without following dietic regimens, combined with the food having opposite qualities can be described as viruddha ahara.<ref name="ref7">Swetha Chalamalasetty, Tatapudi Mahesh Babu, A. Vijayalakshmi, V. Narasimha. Concept of Viruddha Ahara- The Present Scenario. IAMJ 2017; 5 (2) </ref> In present era, modern scientists are still working on this aspect. It is important to understand the mechanism of how viruddha ahara is a cause of many metabolic disorders. It is essential to know certain food combinations, which interact with each other and create many systemic disorders. Food-drug interactions, food-food interactions are a very common phenomenon nowadays which is mostly associated with orally administered medicines. It can occur by multiple factors through change in absorption rate or extent, nature of properties of drug, post prandial physiology, route of drug administration, etc. Thus, understanding of such mechanisms is a must while recommending a specific drug with or without food.<ref name="ref8">Deng J, Zhu X, Chen Z, Fan CH, Kwan HS, Wong CH, et.al. A Review of Food-Drug Interactions on Oral Drug Absorption. Drugs. 2017 Nov;77(17):1833-1855</ref> Following are some citations for the such incompatibility which is as follows:

+

The concept of viruddha ahara mentioned in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] easily correlates with the concept of incompatibility, adverse reactions, food and food interactions, food and drug interactions, etc. Observations on antagonistic food is a unique contribution from [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] in order to prevent internal diseases and synergize action of drugs in the management of disorders. In [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], it is clearly mentioned that certain combinations should be avoided because they hinder the formation of bodily tissue ([[Dhatu|dhatu]]), they vitiate the normal homeostasis of [[Dosha|dosha]] within the [[Sharira|body]] and such combinations are termed as viruddha ahara (incompatible diet). The different combinations of food which is cooked by wrong methods, consumed without following dietic regimens, combined with the food having opposite qualities can be described as viruddha ahara.<ref name="ref7">Swetha Chalamalasetty, Tatapudi Mahesh Babu, A. Vijayalakshmi, V. Narasimha. Concept of Viruddha Ahara- The Present Scenario. IAMJ 2017; 5 (2) </ref> In present era, modern scientists are still working on this aspect. It is important to understand the mechanism of how viruddha ahara is a cause of many metabolic disorders. It is essential to know certain food combinations, which interact with each other and create many systemic disorders. Food-drug interactions, food-food interactions are a very common phenomenon nowadays which is mostly associated with orally administered medicines. It can occur by multiple factors through change in absorption rate or extent, nature of properties of drug, post prandial physiology, route of drug administration, etc. Thus, understanding of such mechanisms is a must while recommending a specific drug with or without food.<ref name="ref8">Deng J, Zhu X, Chen Z, Fan CH, Kwan HS, Wong CH, et.al. A Review of Food-Drug Interactions on Oral Drug Absorption. Drugs. 2017 Nov;77(17):1833-1855</ref> Following are some citations for the such incompatibility which is as follows:

<ol><li style="font-weight:bold">Food allergies/ incompatibility A study shows that food incompatibilities affect approximately 20% of the general population in western countries. The data shows that in 25% of the affected children and 10% of affected adults, the incompatibility is based on an allergy, that is, on an immunologically generated incompatibility reaction. Gastrointestinal symptoms occur in a third of these cases. Food allergies are caused by IgE-dependent or IgE-independent immunologic reactions, which leads to an inflammatory reaction, in which mast cells, eosinophilic granulocytes, and other cells are involved.<ref name="ref9">Bischoff, S.C. Food allergies. Springer Link. Current Gastroenterology Reports 8, 374–382 (2006).

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Viruddha Ahara (view source)

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