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Line 24: − + + + + + + + + + + + + − + + − ==[[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 23, Chapter on Over-nutrition and its disorders ==+ + − === Abstract === − [[Santarpaniya Adhyaya]] is the third chapter in the ''Yojana Chatushka'' (tetrad on management protocol). Sequenced after the chapter on Ayurvedic therapeutics, this chapter lists diseases caused due to ''Santarpana'' (overnutrition) and ''apatarpana'' (undernutrition) and their management through nutraceutical food supplements and medicaments. The chapter also contains a comprehensive list of commonly available list of herbs used for ''Santarpaniya'' diseases, such as ''triphala, aragwadha,'' etc.+ − '''Keywords''': ''santarpana'' (overnutrition), ''apatarpana'' (undernutrition), management of over-nutrition induced disorders, nutrition deficiency disorders.+ − </div> − === Introduction === − + − ''Santarpana'' (overnutrition) leads to vitiation of ''kapha dosha, meda dhatu'' and various obstructive pathologies, whereas ''apatarpana'' (undernutrition) leads to ''vata-pitta dosha'' vitiation and various degenerative pathologies. This concept has been emphasized in this chapter.+ − ===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===+ + + + Line 44:
Line 68: + − Lord Atreya said, “Now we will discuss in detail the chapter about santarpana.” [1-2]+ − ==== Causes of ''santarpana'' induced diseases ====+ + Line 58:
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Line 370: + + − ==== Indications ====+ + Line 319:
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Line 440: + + − ==== Diseases due to ''apatarpana''(under-nutrition) and their treatment ====+ − + + Line 382:
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Line 667: + − ==== Summary ====+ + Line 563:
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Line 692: + − + − Anabolic processes are triggered in a body when there is an intake of calorie rich and excessive food and nutrition but little or no physical exercise, resulting in increased body tissues. This also contributes to causing diseases such as metabolic syndrome. These conditions are managed by purification therapies leading to reduction (''langhana''), and prescribing a regimen of physical exercise, appropriate dietary changes, fomentation and reducing drugs. + − A person engaging in physical and/or mental activities but not taking in adequate nutrition would see catabolic processes triggered in the body resulting in decreased body tissues and, consequently, nutritional deficiency diseases like wasting and psychosis. Any treatment would involve prescription of a high calorie but less filling diet, rest, medicated oil enema and massage. In cases of acute weight loss, nutrition should be given immediately while in the case of chronic loss, the process should be gradual but prolonged.+ − + − + − + − ==== I. Properties of ''Santarpanakarak'' food articles ====+ − + − + − + − + − ==== II. Impact of age on grains and grain-based food products ====+ − + Line 606:
Line 724: − + − + − + − ==== III. Categories of food leading to anabolism ====+ − + Line 622:
Line 740: − + − ==== IV. Effect of lifestyle on anabolism ====+ − Charaka not only explains the adverse effects of bad eating but also explains the ill effects of sedentary behaviour which are the leading cause of metabolic disorders. He explains that those averse to physical or mental activities (exercises), those who are habituated to sleeping during the day and always having the tendency to lying down will end up suffering from various metabolic disorders. Modern researchers have proved this too. Sedentary behaviour refers to low-energy activities that involve energy expenditure (at the level of 1.0–1.5 metabolic equivalent units (METs))<ref> Huang TT, Howarth NC, Lin BH, Roberts SB, McCrory MA: Energy intake and meal portions: associations with BMI percentile in U.S. children. Obes Res 2004, 12:1875-1885 </ref>, and include activities such as lying down, sitting, etc. Individuals could be spending a significant part of their waking hours in sedentary activities<ref> Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H: Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030.Diabetes Care 2004, 27:1047-1053. </ref>. + Line 632:
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Line 788: − + − + − + − ==== Fasting ====+ − ==== Herbs used in management of ''santarpanajanya'' diseases ====+ − + − + − + Line 695:
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Line 822: − + − + + + − '''''Devadaru''''' (Cedrus deodara or Himalayan Cedar) is a herb that is very effective in improving the functions of liver and in maintaining cholesterol levels in healthy limits. ''Devadaru'' pacifies the ''kapha dosha'' by ''tikta, katu'' and ''ushna'' properties, and ''vata dosha'' by ''snigdha'' and ''ushna'' properties so it is useful in disorders induced by ''kapha'' and ''vata doshas''. + Line 717:
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Line 895: + − + − + − + − ==== Table 1: Concise information about herbs used in management of santarpaniya diseases ==== + Line 875:
Line 996: − + + + + + − + − + − Mrudvika are raisins made of dried grapes. They have madhura rasa, madhura vipaka and sheeta veerya and have potent nutritional properties. The most abundant are polyphenol, phenolic acid, tannin are the flavonols, quercetin, kaempferol, phenolic acids, caftaric and coutaric acid. On a wet weight basis, some polyphenol, phenolic acid, and tannin, such as protocatechuic and oxidized cinnamic acids, are present at a higher level in raisins compared to grapes. In human intervention studies, raisins can lower the postprandial insulin response, modulate sugar absorption (glycemic index), affect certain oxidative biomarkers, and promote satiety via leptin and ghrelin<ref> Williamson G, Carughi A. Polyphenol content and health benefits of raisins. Nutr Res. 2010 Aug;30(8):511-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.07.005. </ref>. − Dadima (Punica Granatum): It is madhura, kashaya and amla rasa with ushna veerya and madhur vipaka. Pomegranates have the potential to thin the blood, increase blood flow to the heart, reduce blood pressure, reduce plaque in the arteries, and reduce bad cholesterol while increasing good cholesterol<ref> Lansky, E.; Shubert, S.; Neeman, I. Pharmacological and therapeutical properties of pomegranate. In Proceedings 1st International Symposium on Pomegranate; Megarejo, P.; Martı´nez, J. J.; </ref>. Pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice polyphenols tend to inhibit breastcancer cell proliferation, invasion, and promotes apoptosis of breast cancer cells<ref> N.D., R. Mehta, W. Yu, I. Neeman, T. Livney, A. Amichay, D.Poirier, P. Nicholls, A. Kirby, W. Jiang, R. Mansel, C.Ramachandran, T. Rabi, B. Kaplan, and E. Lansky:Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum) for human breast cancer.Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2002; 71(3): 203-17 </ref>. − + − If we observe the food substances, fruits and other edibles which are advised for the management of apatarpan have high glycemic index. Dates, raisins, and certain fruits mentioned are fast energy giving substances while formulation with sattu are slow energy giving substances. − + + + + + − ==== List of research works done as post graduate and post doctoral level on obeisty, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia ====+ − + Line 912:
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{{#seo:
|title=Santarpaniya Adhyaya
|titlemode=append
|keywords=santarpana (over-nutrition), apatarpana (under-nutrition), management of over-nutrition induced disorders, nutrition deficiency disorders, charak samhita, obesity, dislipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.
|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 23. Over-nutrition, under-nutrition and its disorders
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=carak samhita
|type=article
}}
<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 23. Over-nutrition, under-nutrition and its disorders '''</big>
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Santarpaniya Adhyaya
|title = Santarpaniya Adhyaya
|label5 = Other Sections
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|label6 = Translator and commentator
|data6 = Sabnis M., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y. S.]]
|label7 = Reviewer
|data7 = Byadgi P.S.
|label8 = Editors
|data8 = Dwivedi R.B., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]
|label9 = Year of publication
|data9 = 2020
|label10 = Publisher
|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label11 = DOI
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.025 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.025]
}}
}}
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Diseases are caused due to over nutrition and under nutrition. This chapter enlists the causative factors affecting nutritional status leading to two categories of diseases viz. Santarpana (over-nutrition) and apatarpana (under nutrition). The dietary and lifestyle management of these two disease categories is also elaborated. Nutraceutical preparations, weight reducing recipes, therapeutic procedures like panchakarma and other associated procedures are described with medicaments. The chapter also contains a comprehensive list of commonly available herbs used in treatment of these diseases. </br>
'''Keywords''': ''santarpana'' (over-nutrition), ''apatarpana'' (under-nutrition), management of over-nutrition induced disorders, nutrition deficiency disorders.
</p>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
== Introduction ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
In the series of chapters described for management principles, the present chapter describes two most commonly observed conditions in society viz. ''santarpana'' (over-nutrition) and ''apatarpana'' (undernutrition). It is sequenced after ''langhana'' and ''brimhana'' therapies. The present chapter enlists causes, diseases due to overnutrition and undernutrition and their management through diet and medicaments. It is a blend of nutraceutical food supplements with medicaments. Complications arising due to sedentary lifestyle and over-nutritive diet are also enlisted in the chapter with diseases caused due to undernutrition/ malnourishment and their management with simple dietary preparations. The pharmacological effect of herbs used in management are elaborated in details as well.
In the series of chapters described for management principles, the present chapter describes two most commonly observed conditions in society viz. santarpana(over-nutrition) and apatarpana(undernutrition). It is sequenced after [[langhana]] and [[brimhana]] therapies. The present chapter enlists causes and diseases due to over-nutrition and under-nutrition and their management through diet and medicaments. It is a blend of nutraceutical food supplements with medicaments. Complications arising due to sedentary lifestyle and over-nutritive diet are also enlisted in the chapter with diseases caused due to undernutrition/ malnourishment and their management with simple dietary preparations. The pharmacological effect of herbs used in management are elaborated in detail as well.
Santarpana(overnutrition) leads to vitiation of [[kapha]] [[dosha]] and [[meda dhatu]] and various obstructive pathologies, whereas apatarpana(undernutrition) leads to [[vata]]-[[pitta]] [[dosha]] vitiation and various degenerative pathologies. This concept has been emphasized in this chapter.
</div>
</div>
==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==
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अथातः सन्तर्पणीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||
अथातः सन्तर्पणीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||
इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||
इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||
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athātaḥ santarpaṇīyamadhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||
athātaḥ santarpaṇīyamadhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||
iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||
iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||
</div></div>
Now we shall expound the chapter "Santarpaniya" (Over-nutrition, under-nutrition and its disorders). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]
=== Causes of ''santarpana'' induced diseases ===
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सन्तर्पयति यः स्निग्धैर्मधुरैर्गुरुपिच्छिलैः|
सन्तर्पयति यः स्निग्धैर्मधुरैर्गुरुपिच्छिलैः|
रोगास्तस्योपजायन्ते सन्तर्पणनिमित्तजाः|५|
रोगास्तस्योपजायन्ते सन्तर्पणनिमित्तजाः|५|
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santarpayati yaḥ snigdhairmadhurairgurupicchilaiḥ|
santarpayati yaḥ snigdhairmadhurairgurupicchilaiḥ|
rogAstasyopajAyante santarpaNanimittajAH|5|
rogAstasyopajAyante santarpaNanimittajAH|5|
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Excessive consumption of unctuous, sweet, heavy to digest and slimy food, new grains (especially new rice), new wine, flesh of animals living in marshy area or born in water, cow’s milk and its products, and those prepared with sugar or molasses, varieties of cakes lead to ''santarpana''. Those who indulge in sedentary, inactive lifestyles and sleep during the day are prone to ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' (i.e. ''santarpana'' induced diseases). [3-4]
Excessive consumption of unctuous, sweet, heavy to digest and slimy food, new grains (especially new rice), new wine, flesh of animals living in marshy area or born in water, cow’s milk and its products, and those prepared with sugar or molasses, varieties of cakes lead to ''santarpana''. Those who indulge in sedentary, inactive lifestyles and sleep during the day are prone to ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' (i.e. ''santarpana'' induced diseases). [3-4]
</div>
</div>
=== List of ''santarpana'' induced diseases ===
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प्रमेहपिडकाकोठकण्डूपाण्ड्वामयज्वराः||५||
प्रमेहपिडकाकोठकण्डूपाण्ड्वामयज्वराः||५||
शोफाश्चैवंविधाश्चान्ये शीघ्रमप्रतिकुर्वतः||७||
शोफाश्चैवंविधाश्चान्ये शीघ्रमप्रतिकुर्वतः||७||
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pramēhapiḍakākōṭhakaṇḍūpāṇḍvāmayajvarāḥ||5||
pramēhapiḍakākōṭhakaṇḍūpāṇḍvāmayajvarāḥ||5||
shophAshcaivaMvidhAshcAnye shIghramapratikurvataH||7||
shophAshcaivaMvidhAshcAnye shIghramapratikurvataH||7||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Due to above mentioned causative factors, if the effects of ''santarpana'' are not treated properly, one suffers from various diseases such as obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes, carbuncles, urticaria, itching, ''pandu'' (anaemia), ''amaja'' diseases (i.e., due to formation of ''ama''), ''jwara,'' obstinate skin diseases, diseases secondary to vitiation of ''ama'', dysuria, anorexia or appetite related complaints, ''tandra'' (drowsiness/sleepiness), ''klaibya'' (erectile and sexual dysfunctions), obesity, laziness, heaviness of the body, adhesion or blockages in the channels as well as sense organs, delusion, various types of edema, and such of other diseases. [5-7]
Due to above mentioned causative factors, if the effects of ''santarpana'' are not treated properly, one suffers from various diseases such as obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes, carbuncles, urticaria, itching, ''pandu'' (anaemia), ''amaja'' diseases (i.e., due to formation of ''ama''), [[jwara]],obstinate skin diseases, diseases secondary to vitiation of ''ama'', dysuria, anorexia or appetite related complaints, ''tandra'' (drowsiness/sleepiness), ''klaibya'' (erectile and sexual dysfunctions), obesity, laziness, heaviness of the body, adhesion or blockages in the channels as well as sense organs, delusion, various types of edema, and such of other diseases. [5-7]
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=== Management of ''santarpana''-induced diseases ===
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शस्तमुल्लेखनं तत्र विरेको रक्तमोक्षणम्|
शस्तमुल्लेखनं तत्र विरेको रक्तमोक्षणम्|
व्यायामश्चोपवासश्च धूमाश्च स्वेदनानि च||८||
व्यायामश्चोपवासश्च धूमाश्च स्वेदनानि च||८||
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śastamullēkhanaṁ tatra virēkō raktamōkṣaṇam|
śastamullēkhanaṁ tatra virēkō raktamōkṣaṇam|
vyAyAmashcopavAsashca dhUmAshca svedanAni ca||8||
vyAyAmashcopavAsashca dhUmAshca svedanAni ca||8||
</div></div>
''Santarpaniya vyadhis'' and their complications should be managed by ''ullekhana'' (therapeutic emesis), ''virechana'' (therapeutic purgation), ''raktamokshana'' (blood-letting), specific exercises, therapeutic fasting, ''dhooma'' (hot fomentation with smoke of medicinal plants), and ''swedana'' (sudation). [8]
''Santarpaniya vyadhis'' and their complications should be managed by ullekhana(therapeutic emesis), [[virechana]] (therapeutic purgation), [[raktamokshana]](blood-letting), specific exercises, therapeutic fasting, ''dhooma'' (hot fomentation with smoke of medicinal plants), and [[swedana]](sudation). [8]
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सक्षौद्रश्चाभयाप्राशः प्रायो रूक्षान्नसेवनम्|
सक्षौद्रश्चाभयाप्राशः प्रायो रूक्षान्नसेवनम्|
चूर्णप्रदेहा ये चोक्ताः कण्डूकोठविनाशनाः||९||
चूर्णप्रदेहा ये चोक्ताः कण्डूकोठविनाशनाः||९||
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sakṣaudraścābhayāprāśaḥ prāyō rūkṣānnasēvanam|
sakṣaudraścābhayāprāśaḥ prāyō rūkṣānnasēvanam|
cUrNapradehA ye coktAH kaNDUkoThavinAshanAH||9||
cUrNapradehA ye coktAH kaNDUkoThavinAshanAH||9||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Formulations made up of ''haritaki'' (Terminalia Chebula), such as ''agastyaharitaki'' mixed with honey, habituating with ''ruksha'' food (i.e., without using unctuous substances like oil, ghee etc.), those powders and poultice described in treatment of pruritus and urticaria (mentioned in the third chapter of this section) are advised. [9]
Formulations made up of haritaki(Terminalia Chebula), such as agastyaharitaki mixed with honey, habituating with ruksha food (i.e., without using unctuous substances like oil, ghee etc.), those powders and poultice described in treatment of pruritus and urticaria (mentioned in the third chapter of this section) are advised. [9]
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</div>
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त्रिफलारग्वधं पाठां सप्तपर्णं सवत्सकम्|
त्रिफलारग्वधं पाठां सप्तपर्णं सवत्सकम्|
मात्राकालप्रयुक्तेन सन्तर्पणसमुत्थिताः||११||
मात्राकालप्रयुक्तेन सन्तर्पणसमुत्थिताः||११||
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triphalāragvadhaṁ pāṭhāṁ saptaparṇaṁ savatsakam|
triphalāragvadhaṁ pāṭhāṁ saptaparṇaṁ savatsakam|
mAtrAkAlaprayuktena santarpaNasamutthitAH||11||
mAtrAkAlaprayuktena santarpaNasamutthitAH||11||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The decoction of ''triphala'' (amalaki (Emblica officinalis), ''bibhitaki'' (Terminalia bellirica), and ''haritaki'' (Terminalia chebula)), ''aragvadha'' (Cassia fistula), ''patha'' (Cissampelos pareira), ''saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris), ''vatsaka'' (Holarrhena antidysenterica), ''musta'' (Cyperus rotundus), ''madana'' (Randia dumetorum) and ''nimba'' (Azadirachta indica), mixed together and boiled in water, is advised for consumption regularly. By regular use of this decoction, in the right dose and at the right time, ''santarpaniya vyadhi'' like ''madhumeha'' and other diseases can be controlled properly. [10-11]
The decoction of ''triphala'' (amalaki (Emblica officinalis), ''bibhitaki'' (Terminalia bellirica), and ''haritaki'' (Terminalia chebula)), ''aragvadha'' (Cassia fistula), ''patha'' (Cissampelos pareira), ''saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris), ''vatsaka'' (Holarrhena antidysenterica), ''musta'' (Cyperus rotundus), ''madana'' (Randia dumetorum) and ''nimba'' (Azadirachta indica), mixed together and boiled in water, is advised for consumption regularly. By regular use of this decoction, in the right dose and at the right time, ''santarpaniya vyadhi'' like ''madhumeha'' and other diseases can be controlled properly. [10-11]
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मुस्तमारग्वधः पाठा त्रिफला देवदारु च|
मुस्तमारग्वधः पाठा त्रिफला देवदारु च|
त्वग्दोषाः प्रशमं यान्ति तथा स्नेहोपसंहितैः||१४||
त्वग्दोषाः प्रशमं यान्ति तथा स्नेहोपसंहितैः||१४||
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mustamāragvadhaḥ pāṭhā triphalā dēvadāru ca|
mustamāragvadhaḥ pāṭhā triphalā dēvadāru ca|
tvagdoShAH prashamaM yAnti tathA snehopasaMhitaiH||14||
tvagdoShAH prashamaM yAnti tathA snehopasaMhitaiH||14||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
All ''santarpaniya'' diseases can be cured, if the juices (decoction) of ''musta, aaragvadha, paatha, triphala, devadaru'' (Cedrus deodara), ''shvadamshtra'' (Trinbulus terrestris), ''khadira'' (Acacia catechu Wild), ''nimba, haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and the bark of ''vatsaka'' (Holarrhena anti-dysenterica) are consumed every morning (depending upon the dominant ''dosha'' in the disease).
All ''santarpaniya'' diseases can be cured, if the juices (decoction) of ''musta, aaragvadha, paatha, triphala, devadaru'' (Cedrus deodara), ''shvadamshtra'' (Trinbulus terrestris), ''khadira'' (Acacia catechu Wild), ''nimba, haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and the bark of ''vatsaka'' (Holarrhena anti-dysenterica) are consumed every morning (depending upon the dominant [[dosha]] in the disease).
If the above herbs are used in a powdered form for ''udvartana'' with or without massage or the decoction of the above herbs are used for medicinal bath or if the oil made up of above drugs is used for body application it relieves all the skin disorders caused due to ''santarpaniya vyadhis''.[12-14]
If the above herbs are used in a powdered form for ''udvartana'' with or without massage or the decoction of the above herbs are used for medicinal bath or if the oil made up of above drugs is used for body application it relieves all the skin disorders caused due to ''santarpaniya vyadhis''.[12-14]
</div>
</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
कुष्ठं गोमेदको हिङ्गु क्रौञ्चास्थि त्र्यूषणं वचा|
कुष्ठं गोमेदको हिङ्गु क्रौञ्चास्थि त्र्यूषणं वचा|
मूत्रकृच्छ्रं प्रमेहं च पीतमेतद्व्यपोहति||१६||
मूत्रकृच्छ्रं प्रमेहं च पीतमेतद्व्यपोहति||१६||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
kuṣṭhaṁ gōmēdakō hiṅgu krauñcāsthi tryūṣaṇaṁ vacā|
kuṣṭhaṁ gōmēdakō hiṅgu krauñcāsthi tryūṣaṇaṁ vacā|
mUtrakRucchraM pramehaM ca pItametadvyapohati||16||
mUtrakRucchraM pramehaM ca pItametadvyapohati||16||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Kustha'' (Saussurea lappa), ''gomedaka'' (onyx), ''hingu'' (Ferula narthex), bones of the ''krauncha'' bird (Ardea Jaculator, demoiselle crane), ''sunthi'' (Zingiber officinalis), ''pippali'' (Piper longum), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''vacha'' (Acorus calamus), ''vasa'' (Adhatoda vasica Nees), ''ela'' (Elettaria cardamoum), ''gokshura'' (Tribulus terrestris), ''kharahva'' (Trachyspermum roxburghianum), and ''ashmabheda'' (Bergenia ligulata – crushed and mixed with buttermilk, whey and the juice of a sour variant of ''badara'' (Zizyphus jujuba) are used to treat ''mutrakruchchra'' (dysuria) and ''prameha'' (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus characterized by excess frequency of micturition). [15-16]
''Kustha'' (Saussurea lappa), ''gomedaka'' (onyx), ''hingu'' (Ferula narthex), bones of the ''krauncha'' bird (Ardea Jaculator, demoiselle crane), ''sunthi'' (Zingiber officinalis), ''pippali'' (Piper longum), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''vacha'' (Acorus calamus), ''vasa'' (Adhatoda vasica Nees), ''ela'' (Elettaria cardamoum), ''gokshura'' (Tribulus terrestris), ''kharahva'' (Trachyspermum roxburghianum), and ''ashmabheda'' (Bergenia ligulata – crushed and mixed with buttermilk, whey and the juice of a sour variant of ''badara'' (Zizyphus jujuba) are used to treat ''mutrakruchchra'' (dysuria) and ''prameha'' (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus characterized by excess frequency of micturition). [15-16]
</div>
</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
तक्राभयाप्रयोगैश्च त्रिफलायास्तथैव च|
तक्राभयाप्रयोगैश्च त्रिफलायास्तथैव च|
अरिष्टानां प्रयोगैश्च यान्ति मेहादयः शमम्||१७||
अरिष्टानां प्रयोगैश्च यान्ति मेहादयः शमम्||१७||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
takrābhayāprayōgaiśca triphalāyāstathaiva ca|
takrābhayāprayōgaiśca triphalāyāstathaiva ca|
ariShTAnAM prayogaishca yAnti mehAdayaH shamam||17||
ariShTAnAM prayogaishca yAnti mehAdayaH shamam||17||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Haritaki'' (Terminalia chebula) with butter milk, ''triphala'' (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica Roxb. And Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) and ''arishta'' (different types of medicinal alcoholic preparations) are prescribed for the treatment of obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus and such other diseases. [17]
''Haritaki'' (Terminalia chebula) with butter milk, ''triphala'' (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica Roxb. And Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) and ''arishta'' (different types of medicinal alcoholic preparations) are prescribed for the treatment of obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus and such other diseases. [17]
</div>
</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
त्र्यूषणं त्रिफला क्षौद्रं क्रिमिघ्नमजमोदकः|
त्र्यूषणं त्रिफला क्षौद्रं क्रिमिघ्नमजमोदकः|
मन्थोऽयं सक्तवस्तैलं हितो लोहोदकाप्लुतः||१८||
मन्थोऽयं सक्तवस्तैलं हितो लोहोदकाप्लुतः||१८||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
tryūṣaṇaṁ triphalā kṣaudraṁ krimighnamajamōdakaḥ|
tryūṣaṇaṁ triphalā kṣaudraṁ krimighnamajamōdakaḥ|
mantho~ayaM saktavastailaM hito lohodakAplutaH||18||
mantho~ayaM saktavastailaM hito lohodakAplutaH||18||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Mantha'' (thin gruel) prepared of ''trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper longum, and Piper nigrum), ''triphala'' (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica Roxb., and Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), honey, ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes Burm f.), ''ajamoda'' (Trachy-spermum roxburghianum), roasted wheat flour or coarse ground meal, oil and the decoction of ''agaru'' (Aquilari agallocha Roxb.) help to cure the diseases due to over-nourishment. [18]
''Mantha'' (thin gruel) prepared of ''trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper longum, and Piper nigrum), ''triphala'' (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica Roxb., and Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), honey, ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes Burm f.), ''ajamoda'' (Trachy-spermum roxburghianum), roasted wheat flour or coarse ground meal, oil and the decoction of ''agaru'' (Aquilari agallocha Roxb.) help to cure the diseases due to over-nourishment. [18]
</div>
</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
व्योषं विडङ्गं शिग्रूणि त्रिफलां कटुरोहिणीम्|
व्योषं विडङ्गं शिग्रूणि त्रिफलां कटुरोहिणीम्|
सक्तूनां षोडशगुणो भागः सन्तर्पणं पिबेत्||२१||
सक्तूनां षोडशगुणो भागः सन्तर्पणं पिबेत्||२१||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
vyōṣaṁ viḍaṅgaṁ śigrūṇi triphalāṁ kaṭurōhiṇīm|
vyōṣaṁ viḍaṅgaṁ śigrūṇi triphalāṁ kaṭurōhiṇīm|
saktUnAM ShoDashaguNo bhAgaH santarpaNaM pibet||21||
saktUnAM ShoDashaguNo bhAgaH santarpaNaM pibet||21||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Trikatu'' (Zingiber officianel,Piper langum and Piper nigrum), ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes), varieties of ''shigru'' (Moringa olefera), ''triphala'', ''katurohini'' (Picrorhiza kurroa), ''brihati'' (Solanum indicum), ''kantakari'' (Solanum xanthocarpum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daaruharidra'' (Berberis aristata D.C.), two varieties of ''patha'' (Cissampelos pareira), ''ativisha'' (Aconitum heterophyllum), ''shalaparni'' (Desmodium gangeticum), ''hingu'' (Ferula narthex), root of ''kebuka'' (Costus speciosus), ''yavani'' (Trachyspermum ammi), ''dhanya'' (Coriandrum sativum), ''citraka'' (Plumbago Zeylanica), ''sonchal'' salt, ''ajaji'' (Cuminum cyminum), and ''hapusha'' (Juniperus communis) – all the above herbs powdered and mixed with equal quantities of oil, ghee and honey, added with sixteen times its volume of ''sattu'' (roasted corn flour) and water are used to prepare a formulation for indications (mentioned in the following verse.) [19-21]
''Trikatu'' (Zingiber officianel,Piper langum and Piper nigrum), ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes), varieties of ''shigru'' (Moringa olefera), ''triphala'', ''katurohini'' (Picrorhiza kurroa), ''brihati'' (Solanum indicum), ''kantakari'' (Solanum xanthocarpum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daaruharidra'' (Berberis aristata D.C.), two varieties of ''patha'' (Cissampelos pareira), ''ativisha'' (Aconitum heterophyllum), ''shalaparni'' (Desmodium gangeticum), ''hingu'' (Ferula narthex), root of ''kebuka'' (Costus speciosus), ''yavani'' (Trachyspermum ammi), ''dhanya'' (Coriandrum sativum), ''citraka'' (Plumbago Zeylanica), ''sonchal'' salt, ''ajaji'' (Cuminum cyminum), and ''hapusha'' (Juniperus communis) – all the above herbs powdered and mixed with equal quantities of oil, ghee and honey, added with sixteen times its volume of ''sattu'' (roasted corn flour) and water are used to prepare a formulation for indications (mentioned in the following verse.) [19-21]
</div>
</div>
=== Indications ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
प्रयोगादस्य शाम्यन्ति रोगाः सन्तर्पणोत्थिताः|
प्रयोगादस्य शाम्यन्ति रोगाः सन्तर्पणोत्थिताः|
नराणां दीप्यते चाग्निः स्मृतिर्बुद्धिश्च वर्धते||२४||
नराणां दीप्यते चाग्निः स्मृतिर्बुद्धिश्च वर्धते||२४||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
prayōgādasya śāmyanti rōgāḥ santarpaṇōtthitāḥ|
prayōgādasya śāmyanti rōgāḥ santarpaṇōtthitāḥ|
narANAM dIpyate cAgniH smRutirbuddhishca vardhate||24||
narANAM dIpyate cAgniH smRutirbuddhishca vardhate||24||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The above preparation is useful in the treatment of obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus, ''mudhavata'' (sluggishness of the bowels), obstinate skin diseases including leprosy, piles, jaundice-like hepatobiliary diseases, diseases of the spleen, anemia-like hematological disorders, edema, dysuria, anorexia, heart disease, tuberculosis-like immune-compromised conditions, cough, respiratory disorders, spasmodic obstruction of the throat, parasitic infestation, ''grahani'' (digestive disorders), vitiligo and morbid obesity caused by overnutrition. This also stimulates the power of digestion and enhances memory and intellect. [22-24]
The above preparation is useful in the treatment of obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus, ''mudhavata'' (sluggishness of the bowels), obstinate skin diseases including leprosy, piles, jaundice-like hepatobiliary diseases, diseases of the spleen, anemia-like hematological disorders, edema, dysuria, anorexia, heart disease, tuberculosis-like immune-compromised conditions, cough, respiratory disorders, spasmodic obstruction of the throat, parasitic infestation, ''grahani'' (digestive disorders), vitiligo and morbid obesity caused by overnutrition. This also stimulates the power of digestion and enhances memory and intellect. [22-24]
</div>
</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
व्यायामनित्यो जीर्णाशी यवगोधूमभोजनः|
व्यायामनित्यो जीर्णाशी यवगोधूमभोजनः|
उक्तं सन्तर्पणोत्थानामपतर्पणमौषधम्|२६|
उक्तं सन्तर्पणोत्थानामपतर्पणमौषधम्|२६|
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
vyāyāmanityō jīrṇāśī yavagōdhūmabhōjanaḥ|
vyāyāmanityō jīrṇāśī yavagōdhūmabhōjanaḥ|
uktaM santarpaNotthAnAmapatarpaNamauShadham|26|
uktaM santarpaNotthAnAmapatarpaNamauShadham|26|
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Regular exercise, intake of food only after complete digestion of the previous meal, and regular consumption of barley and wheat are some of the ways for management of obesity and diseases due to overnutrition. In the next verses, formulations and regimen required for the management of malnourishment has been described. [25-26]
Regular exercise, intake of food only after complete digestion of the previous meal, and regular consumption of barley and wheat are some of the ways for management of obesity and diseases due to overnutrition. In the next verses, formulations and regimen required for the management of malnourishment has been described. [25-26]
</div>
</div>
=== Diseases due to ''apatarpana''(under-nutrition) and their treatment ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
वक्ष्यन्ते सौषधाश्चोर्ध्वमपतर्पणजा गदाः||२६||
वक्ष्यन्ते सौषधाश्चोर्ध्वमपतर्पणजा गदाः||२६||
ऊर्ध्ववातादयः सर्वे जायन्ते तेऽपतर्पणात्||२९||
ऊर्ध्ववातादयः सर्वे जायन्ते तेऽपतर्पणात्||२९||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
vakṣyantē sauṣadhāścōrdhvamapatarpaṇajā gadāḥ||26||
vakṣyantē sauṣadhāścōrdhvamapatarpaṇajā gadāḥ||26||
UrdhvavAtAdayaH sarve jAyante te~apatarpaNAt||29||
UrdhvavAtAdayaH sarve jAyante te~apatarpaNAt||29||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Emaciation of the body, reduction in the power of digestion, strength, complexion, ''ojas'' (vital essence of body related with immunity and general strength), semen and muscle tissue, ''jwara'' (continuous fever and cough like condition), pain in chest and flanks, anorexia, weakness in the power of hearing sounds, psychosis, delirium, pain in cardiac region, accumulation of stool and urine, pain in calf, thigh and lumber regions, cracking pain in fingers, bones and joints, and such other diseases due to the vitiation of ''vata'' (such as ''urdhava'' ''vata'' upward movement of ''vata''), etc. are caused due to improper nutrition and starvation. [27- 29]
Emaciation of the body, reduction in the power of digestion, strength, complexion, [[ojas]] (vital essence of body related with immunity and general strength), semen and muscle tissue, [[jwara]] (continuous fever and cough like condition), pain in chest and flanks, anorexia, weakness in the power of hearing sounds, psychosis, delirium, pain in cardiac region, accumulation of stool and urine, pain in calf, thigh and lumber regions, cracking pain in fingers, bones and joints, and such other diseases due to the vitiation of [[vata]](such as ''urdhava'' [[vata]] upward movement of [[vata]]), etc. are caused due to improper nutrition and starvation. [27- 29]
</div>
</div>
=== Management of diseases due to undernutrition===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
तेषां सन्तर्पणं तज्ज्ञैः पुनराख्यातमौषधम्|
तेषां सन्तर्पणं तज्ज्ञैः पुनराख्यातमौषधम्|
यत्तदात्वे समर्थं स्यादभ्यासे वा तदिष्यते ||३०||
यत्तदात्वे समर्थं स्यादभ्यासे वा तदिष्यते ||३०||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
tēṣāṁ santarpaṇaṁ tajjñaiḥ punarākhyātamauṣadham|
tēṣāṁ santarpaṇaṁ tajjñaiḥ punarākhyātamauṣadham|
yattadAtve samarthaM syAdabhyAse vA tadiShyate ||30||
yattadAtve samarthaM syAdabhyAse vA tadiShyate ||30||
</div></div>
For the treatment of such ailments, therapies that nourish instantly need to be administered regularly and for a long period of time. [30]
For the treatment of such ailments, therapies that nourish instantly need to be administered regularly and for a long period of time. [30]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
सद्यःक्षीणो हि सद्यो वै तर्पणेनोपचीयते|
सद्यःक्षीणो हि सद्यो वै तर्पणेनोपचीयते|
नर्ते सन्तर्पणाभ्यासाच्चिरक्षीणस्तु पुष्यति||३१||
नर्ते सन्तर्पणाभ्यासाच्चिरक्षीणस्तु पुष्यति||३१||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
sadyaḥkṣīṇō hi sadyō vai tarpaṇēnōpacīyatē|
sadyaḥkṣīṇō hi sadyō vai tarpaṇēnōpacīyatē|
narte santarpaNAbhyAsAccirakShINastu puShyati||31||
narte santarpaNAbhyAsAccirakShINastu puShyati||31||
</div></div>
A person suffering from acute and drastic weight-loss should be treated with a regimen that nourishes instantly, but one suffering from a chronic type of emaciation requires long term consumption of nourishments. [31]
A person suffering from acute and drastic weight-loss should be treated with a regimen that nourishes instantly, but one suffering from a chronic type of emaciation requires long term consumption of nourishments. [31]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
देहाग्निदोषभैषज्यमात्राकालानुवर्तिना|
देहाग्निदोषभैषज्यमात्राकालानुवर्तिना|
कार्यमत्वरमाणेन भेषजं चिरदुर्बले||३२||
कार्यमत्वरमाणेन भेषजं चिरदुर्बले||३२||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
dēhāgnidōṣabhaiṣajyamātrākālānuvartinā|
dēhāgnidōṣabhaiṣajyamātrākālānuvartinā|
kAryamatvaramANena bheShajaM ciradurbale||32||
kAryamatvaramANena bheShajaM ciradurbale||32||
</div></div>
Some of the critical factors for deciding a course of treatment of emaciation in chronic patients include: body constitution, power of digestion, predominant ''doshas'', form of medicine, dose, and season and time of administration (of the therapy). [32]
Some of the critical factors for deciding a course of treatment of emaciation in chronic patients include: body constitution, power of digestion, predominant [[dosha]], form of medicine, dose, and season and time of administration (of the therapy). [32]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
हिता मांसरसास्तस्मै पयांसि च घृतानि च|
हिता मांसरसास्तस्मै पयांसि च घृतानि च|
स्नानानि बस्तयोऽभ्यङ्गास्तर्पणास्तर्पणाश्च ये||३३||
स्नानानि बस्तयोऽभ्यङ्गास्तर्पणास्तर्पणाश्च ये||३३||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
hitā māṁsarasāstasmai payāṁsi ca ghr̥tāni ca|
hitā māṁsarasāstasmai payāṁsi ca ghr̥tāni ca|
snAnAni bastayo~abhya~ggAstarpaNAstarpaNAshca ye||33||
snAnAni bastayo~abhya~ggAstarpaNAstarpaNAshca ye||33||
</div></div>
For this purpose, (of ''santarpana''), soups made out of flesh, milk, various ghee preparations (clarified butter), along with activities such as bath, oil massage, and medicated enema (processed with ''santarpana'' medicines) are advocated for nourishment. [33]
For this purpose, (of ''santarpana''), soups made out of flesh, milk, various ghee preparations (clarified butter), along with activities such as bath, oil massage, and medicated enema (processed with ''santarpana'' medicines) are advocated for nourishment. [33]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
ज्वरकासप्रसक्तानां कृशानां मूत्रकृच्छ्रिणाम्|
ज्वरकासप्रसक्तानां कृशानां मूत्रकृच्छ्रिणाम्|
तृष्यतामूर्ध्ववातानां वक्ष्यन्ते तर्पणा हिताः||३४||
तृष्यतामूर्ध्ववातानां वक्ष्यन्ते तर्पणा हिताः||३४||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
jvarakāsaprasaktānāṁ kr̥śānāṁ mūtrakr̥cchriṇām|
jvarakāsaprasaktānāṁ kr̥śānāṁ mūtrakr̥cchriṇām|
tRuShyatAmUrdhvavAtAnAM vakShyante tarpaNA hitAH||34||
tRuShyatAmUrdhvavAtAnAM vakShyante tarpaNA hitAH||34||
</div></div>
For these patients suffering from continuous ''jwara'' (fever like conditions), cough, emaciation, dysuria, thirst and upward movement of ''vata'', the following nourishing drinks are prescribed. [34]
For these patients suffering from continuous [[jwara]] (fever like conditions), cough, emaciation, dysuria, thirst and upward movement of [[vata]], the following nourishing drinks are prescribed. [34]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
शर्करापिप्पलीतैलघृतक्षौद्रैः समांशकैः|
शर्करापिप्पलीतैलघृतक्षौद्रैः समांशकैः|
सक्तुद्विगुणितो वृष्यस्तेषां मन्थः प्रशस्यते||३५||
सक्तुद्विगुणितो वृष्यस्तेषां मन्थः प्रशस्यते||३५||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
śarkarāpippalītailaghr̥takṣaudraiḥ samāṁśakaiḥ|
śarkarāpippalītailaghr̥takṣaudraiḥ samāṁśakaiḥ|
saktudviguNito vRuShyasteShAM manthaH prashasyate||35||
saktudviguNito vRuShyasteShAM manthaH prashasyate||35||
</div></div>
''Mantha'' (thin gruel) prepared from sugar, ''pippali'' (Pipper longum), oil, ghee, and honey - in equal quantities added with double the quantity of ''saktu'' (roasted corn flour) is considered an aphrodisiac and is useful in such conditions (as mentioned in above verse). [35]
''Mantha'' (thin gruel) prepared from sugar, ''pippali'' (Pipper longum), oil, ghee, and honey - in equal quantities added with double the quantity of ''saktu'' (roasted corn flour) is considered an aphrodisiac and is useful in such conditions (as mentioned in above verse). [35]
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सक्तवो मदिरा क्षौद्रं शर्करा चेति तर्पणम्|
सक्तवो मदिरा क्षौद्रं शर्करा चेति तर्पणम्|
पिबेन्मारुतविण्मूत्रकफपित्तानुलोमनम्||३६||
पिबेन्मारुतविण्मूत्रकफपित्तानुलोमनम्||३६||
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saktavō madirā kṣaudraṁ śarkarā cēti tarpaṇam|
saktavō madirā kṣaudraṁ śarkarā cēti tarpaṇam|
pibenmArutaviNmUtrakaphapittAnulomanam||36||
pibenmArutaviNmUtrakaphapittAnulomanam||36||
</div></div>
''Saktu'' (roasted corn flour/ coarse ground meal) with ''madira'' (wine), honey and sugar are refreshing and shall be consumed for the elimination of flatus (obstructed ''vata''), faeces, urine, ''kapha'' and ''pitta''. [36]
''Saktu'' (roasted corn flour/ coarse ground meal) with ''madira'' (wine), honey and sugar are refreshing and shall be consumed for the elimination of flatus (obstructed [[vata]]), faeces, urine, [[kapha]] and [[pitta]]. [36]
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फाणितं सक्तवः सर्पिर्दधिमण्डोऽम्लकाञ्जिकम्|
फाणितं सक्तवः सर्पिर्दधिमण्डोऽम्लकाञ्जिकम्|
तर्पणं मूत्रकृच्छ्रघ्नमुदावर्तहरं पिबेत्||३७||
तर्पणं मूत्रकृच्छ्रघ्नमुदावर्तहरं पिबेत्||३७||
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phāṇitaṁ saktavaḥ sarpirdadhimaṇḍō'mlakāñjikam|
phāṇitaṁ saktavaḥ sarpirdadhimaṇḍō'mlakāñjikam|
tarpaNaM mUtrakRucchraghnamudAvartaharaM pibet||37||
tarpaNaM mUtrakRucchraghnamudAvartaharaM pibet||37||
</div></div>
A nourishing drink prepared of ''phanita'' (inspissated juice of the sugar cane and other plants), ''saktu'' (coarse ground meal/ roased corn flour), ghee, whey, and sour gruel nourishes and should be consumed for the treatment of dysuria and ''udavarta''. [37]
A nourishing drink prepared of ''phanita'' (inspissated juice of the sugar cane and other plants), ''saktu'' (coarse ground meal/ roased corn flour), ghee, whey, and sour gruel nourishes and should be consumed for the treatment of dysuria and ''udavarta''. [37]
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मन्थः खर्जूरमृद्वीकावृक्षाम्लाम्लीकदाडिमैः|
मन्थः खर्जूरमृद्वीकावृक्षाम्लाम्लीकदाडिमैः|
परूषकैः सामलकैर्युक्तो मद्यविकारनुत्||३८||
परूषकैः सामलकैर्युक्तो मद्यविकारनुत्||३८||
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manthaḥ kharjūramr̥dvīkāvr̥kṣāmlāmlīkadāḍimaiḥ|
manthaḥ kharjūramr̥dvīkāvr̥kṣāmlāmlīkadāḍimaiḥ|
parUShakaiH sAmalakairyukto madyavikAranut||38||
parUShakaiH sAmalakairyukto madyavikAranut||38||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
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''Mantha'' (thin guel) prepared from date-palm, dry grapes, ''vrikshamla'' (Garcinia indica Ehois), ''amlika'' (Tamarindus indica), ''dadima'' (Punica granatum), ''parushaka'' (Crewia asiatica), and ''amalaki'' (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), are useful for management of disorders caused due to excess consumption of alcohol. [38]
''Mantha'' (thin guel) prepared from date-palm, dry grapes, ''vrikshamla'' (Garcinia indica Ehois), ''amlika'' (Tamarindus indica), ''dadima'' (Punica granatum), ''parushaka'' (Crewia asiatica), and ''amalaki'' (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), are useful for management of disorders caused due to excess consumption of alcohol. [38]
</div>
</div>
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स्वादुरम्लो जलकृतः सस्नेहो रूक्ष एव वा|
स्वादुरम्लो जलकृतः सस्नेहो रूक्ष एव वा|
सद्यः सन्तर्पणो मन्थः स्थैर्यवर्णबलप्रदः||३९||
सद्यः सन्तर्पणो मन्थः स्थैर्यवर्णबलप्रदः||३९||
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svāduramlō jalakr̥taḥ sasnēhō rūkṣa ēva vā|
svāduramlō jalakr̥taḥ sasnēhō rūkṣa ēva vā|
sadyaH santarpaNo manthaH sthairyavarNabalapradaH||39||
sadyaH santarpaNo manthaH sthairyavarNabalapradaH||39||
</div></div>
Sweet and sour ''mantha'' prepared from water with or without unctuous substances refreshes instantly and gives stability, good complexion and strength. [39]
Sweet and sour ''mantha'' prepared from water with or without unctuous substances refreshes instantly and gives stability, good complexion and strength. [39]
=== Summary ===
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तत्र श्लोकः-
तत्र श्लोकः-
सन्तर्पणीये तेऽध्याये सौषधाः परिकीर्तिताः||४०||
सन्तर्पणीये तेऽध्याये सौषधाः परिकीर्तिताः||४०||
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tatra ślōkaḥ-
tatra ślōkaḥ-
santarpaNIye te~adhyAye sauShadhAH parikIrtitAH||40||
santarpaNIye te~adhyAye sauShadhAH parikIrtitAH||40||
</div></div>
Diseases caused due to overnutrition and undernutrition, along with their treatment, have been described in this chapter. [40]
Diseases caused due to overnutrition and undernutrition, along with their treatment, have been described in this chapter. [40]
=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
1. Intake of calorie rich and excessive food and nutrition with little or no physical exercise, results in increased body tissues. This contributes to causing diseases such as metabolic syndrome. These conditions are managed by purification therapies leading to reduction ([[langhana]]), and prescribing a regimen of physical exercise, appropriate dietary changes, fomentation and reducing drugs.
2. Excessive physical and/or mental activities without adequate nutrition causes nutritional deficiency diseases like wasting and psychosis. Treatment is high calorie but less filling diet, rest, medicated oil enema and massage. In cases of acute weight loss, nutrition should be given immediately while in the case of chronic loss, the process should be gradual but prolonged.
=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha''===
== Vidhi Vimarsha(Applied Inferences)==
The word ''santarpana'' means the act of satiating, restoration or refreshing. In this context, the term is used for overeating or overnutrition. Dietary items that are ''prithvi'' and ''apa mahabhuta'' dominant lead to ''santarpana''. Quality, quantity, and age of certain food items can cause alteration in the digestability of the food. For example, aged food grains are light to digest than new food grains. Therefore, the new food grains tend to increase weight, and same quantity of aged food grains do not increase weight. What changes occur in aging of the grains and their mechanism of action needs to be studied.
The word ''santarpana'' means the act of satiating, restoration or refreshing. In this context, the term is used for overeating or overnutrition. Dietary items that are ''prithvi'' and ''apa mahabhuta'' dominant lead to ''santarpana''. Quality, quantity, and age of certain food items can cause alteration in the digestabilibty of the food. For example, aged food grains are light to digest than new food grains. Therefore, the new food grains tend to increase weight, and same quantity of aged food grains do not increase weight. What changes occur in aging of the grains and their mechanism of action needs to be studied.
=== I. Properties of ''Santarpanakarak'' food articles ===
Unctuous (''snigdha''), sweet (''madhura''), heavy to digest (''guru''), and slimy (''pichhilla'') foods predominantly have ''prithvi'' and ''apa mahabhutas'', leading to an increase in ''kapha'' and ''rasa dhatu''.
Unctuous (''snigdha''), sweet (''madhura''), heavy to digest (''guru''), and slimy (''pichhilla'') foods predominantly have [[Prithvi]] and [[jala mahabhuta]], leading to an increase in [[kapha]] and [[rasa dhatu]].
The functional trait of such food articles is ''snigdha'' (oily) ''guna'' is ''sneha'' (unctuousness), ''mriduta'' (softness), and ''ardrata'' (malleability, fluidity)<ref> Gothecha Mohanlal., Dr., editor. Guna Parijnana. Jamnagar: Post Graduate Training Center in Ayurveda; 1958. pp. 19–20. </ref> <ref> Acharya Vaidya Jadavaji Trikamaji, Aachrya Narayana Rama. Sutra Sthana Dalhana. 8 edition. 49. Vol. 1. Chaukhamba Orientalia; 2005. Susruta, ‘Susruta Samhita’ with ‘Nibandha Sangrha’ commentary by Dallhanacharya; p. 12 </ref>. ''Snigdha'' food articles include those derived from lipids and fat molecules. Similarly, ''madhura'' (sweetness) is a property of food substances that possess predominantly sweet taste - not just perceived at the tongue, but also in many parts/tissues along our digestive system. ''Guru'' is the primary property that indicates “heaviness” of a food item, and a ''guru'' food article is heavy to digest and increases bulkiness of the tissues. ''Guru'' is the opposite of ''agni'' and hence delays digestion and metabolism and is used, therefore, in therapies that require nourishment, enhancement of physical strength, etc (''brimhana, agnimaandyakara, upalepa, bala, upachaya'' and ''tarpana''). Finally, ''picchilla'' is sliminess and stickiness, and indicates food items that vitiate ''kapha'' and ''mamsa-meda dhatu'' particularly.
The functional trait of such food articles is ''snigdha'' (oily) [[guna]] is ''sneha'' (unctuousness), ''mriduta'' (softness), and ''ardrata'' (malleability, fluidity)<ref> Gothecha Mohanlal., Dr., editor. Guna Parijnana. Jamnagar: Post Graduate Training Center in [[Ayurveda]]; 1958. pp. 19–20. </ref> <ref> Sushruta. Sutra Sthana, Cha.41 Dravyavisheshavinjaniya Adhyaya verse 11. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. </ref>. ''Snigdha'' food articles include those derived from lipids and fat molecules. Similarly, ''madhura'' (sweetness) is a property of food substances that possess predominantly sweet taste - not just perceived at the tongue, but also in many parts/tissues along our digestive system. ''Guru'' is the primary property that indicates “heaviness” of a food item, and a ''guru'' food article is heavy to digest and increases bulkiness of the tissues. ''Guru'' is the opposite of [[agni]] and hence delays digestion and metabolism and is used, therefore, in therapies that require nourishment, enhancement of physical strength, etc ([[brimhana]], agnimaandyakara, upalepa, bala, upachaya'' and ''tarpana''). Finally, ''picchilla'' is sliminess and stickiness, and indicates food items that vitiate [[kapha]] and [[mamsa]] and [[meda dhatu]] particularly.
Today’s research is consistent with the above findings of Ayurveda. Researchers acknowledge that taste receptors exist in the upper gastrointestinal tract as well. These receptors are “primarily located in the intestinal brush and enteroendocrine cells, and recognize sugars, D-amino acids, sweet proteins, and artificial sweeteners<ref>Greenfield Jerry R., Chisholm Donald J. How Sweet It Is: Intestinal Sweet Taste Receptors in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2013 Oct; 62(10): 3336–3337.</ref>”, per their research. Peptide YY (PYY) exerts its action through NPY receptors by inhibiting gastric motility and increasing water and electrolyte absorption in the colon<ref> Liu C, Aloia T, Adrian T, Newton T, Bilchik A, Zinner M, Ashley S, McFadden D (1996). "Peptide YY: a potential proabsorptive hormone for the treatment of malabsorptive disorders". Am Surg 62 (3): 232–6.Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana 27/309 </ref>. PYY may also suppress pancreatic secretion, as it is secreted by neuro-endocrine cells in the ileum and colon in response to a meal, and has been shown to reduce appetite. It works by slowing the gastric emptying, thereby increasing the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption after a meal. Considering the effects of sweet food substances, PYY, in certain quantities, helps induce satiety in a person and thus in excess, inhibits appetite. This study clearly suggests the impact of ''madhura rasa'' and ''snigdha'' food substances in creating ''santarpaniya vyadhi'' or increased anabolism. Like GLP -1, GIP is related to metabolism and inflammation.
Today’s research is consistent with the above findings of [[Ayurveda]]. Researchers acknowledge that taste receptors exist in the upper gastrointestinal tract as well. These receptors are “primarily located in the intestinal brush and enteroendocrine cells, and recognize sugars, D-amino acids, sweet proteins, and artificial sweeteners<ref>Greenfield Jerry R., Chisholm Donald J. How Sweet It Is: Intestinal Sweet Taste Receptors in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2013 Oct; 62(10): 3336–3337.</ref>”, per their research. Peptide YY (PYY) exerts its action through NPY receptors by inhibiting gastric motility and increasing water and electrolyte absorption in the colon<ref> Liu C, Aloia T, Adrian T, Newton T, Bilchik A, Zinner M, Ashley S, McFadden D (1996). "Peptide YY: a potential proabsorptive hormone for the treatment of malabsorptive disorders". Am Surg 62 (3): 232–6.Charak Samhita Sutra Sthana 27/309 </ref>. PYY may also suppress pancreatic secretion, as it is secreted by neuro-endocrine cells in the ileum and colon in response to a meal, and has been shown to reduce appetite. It works by slowing the gastric emptying, thereby increasing the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption after a meal. Considering the effects of sweet food substances, PYY, in certain quantities, helps induce satiety in a person and thus in excess, inhibits appetite. This study clearly suggests the impact of ''madhura rasa'' and ''snigdha'' food substances in creating ''santarpaniya vyadhi'' or increased anabolism. Like GLP -1, GIP is related to metabolism and inflammation.
Thus, it can be said that excess of ''madhura, guru, snigdha'' and ''pichchilla'' foods can have inflammatory effect at the molecular level. If the above properties elaborated by Charaka are to be understood, it can be clearly stated that they increase body tissues in volume and delay the digestion of food. This seems to be acceptable and the effect may be mediated through peptide YY. As it delays digestion and increases the nutrient uptake, these food substances lead to ''santarpana''.
Thus, it can be said that excess of ''madhura, guru, snigdha'' and ''pichchilla'' foods can have inflammatory effect at the molecular level. If the above properties elaborated by Charak are to be understood, it can be clearly stated that they increase body tissues in volume and delay the digestion of food. This seems to be acceptable and the effect may be mediated through peptide YY. As it delays digestion and increases the nutrient uptake, these food substances lead to ''santarpana''.
=== II. Impact of age on grains and grain-based food products ===
The age of food grains helps determine the quality as well as digestibility of food. ''Shuka dhanya'' (monocotyledons) and ''shami dhanya'' (dicotyledons) that are old /aged are easy to digest and are dry in property as compared to new ones<ref>Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana 27/309 </ref>. ''Nava anna'', or fresh, non-aged rice, millet, etc. increase ''kapha'' and are heavier than old grains. Charaka notes that all new and fresh grains are heavy and induce ''santarpana'', while aged grains are lighter to digest.
The age of food grains helps determine the quality as well as digestibility of food. ''Shuka dhanya'' (monocotyledons) and ''shami dhanya'' (dicotyledons) that are old /aged are easy to digest and are dry in property as compared to new ones. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/309] ''Nava anna'', or fresh, non-aged rice, millet, etc. increase [[kapha]] and are heavier than old grains. Charak notes that all new and fresh grains are heavy and induce ''santarpana'', while aged grains are lighter to digest.
Sharangdhara in Purva Khanda also talks of new and old grains and recommends six to twelve month-old grains to be used. Biochemical changes that help in digestion may be occurring after certain aging of grains. Per researchers (Seguchi, 1993), aging of flour and grains does enhance their functionality as ingredients for cakes and batter. Cereals can be stored for long periods without microbial spoilage. However, biochemical changes also occur during aging. There is great possibility that certain amino acids and phyto chemicals get stabilized in the grain which make them safe for consumption. Eventually, the grain respires, dry matter is lost and functional and nutritional aspects of the grain are altered. Age related changes have great influence on the viscosity of any batter made out of wheat-flour and the water-binding ability of the wheat flour (Shelke et al, 1992). In addition, the starch granule surface protein is found to increase up to three to four times with aging. However, prolonged aging is not recommended (Pomeranz et al, 1968). The moisture content of grains, the storage temperature and relative humidity have been shown to exert dramatic changes in the acidity, pH, free amino nitrogen, crude protein, and protein quality. Significant changes in soluble sugars and amylase contents of the grains have also been reported during storage at elevated temperature<ref> Zia-Ur Rehman, W.H. Shah. Biochemical changes in wheat during storage at three temperatures. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 54: 109–117, 1999. </ref>.
Sharangdhara in Purva Khanda also talks of new and old grains and recommends six to twelve month-old grains to be used. Biochemical changes that help in digestion may be occurring after certain aging of grains. Per researchers (Seguchi, 1993), aging of flour and grains does enhance their functionality as ingredients for cakes and batter. Cereals can be stored for long periods without microbial spoilage. However, biochemical changes also occur during aging. There is great possibility that certain amino acids and phyto chemicals get stabilized in the grain which make them safe for consumption. Eventually, the grain respires, dry matter is lost and functional and nutritional aspects of the grain are altered. Age related changes have great influence on the viscosity of any batter made out of wheat-flour and the water-binding ability of the wheat flour (Shelke et al, 1992). In addition, the starch granule surface protein is found to increase up to three to four times with aging. However, prolonged aging is not recommended (Pomeranz et al, 1968). The moisture content of grains, the storage temperature and relative humidity have been shown to exert dramatic changes in the acidity, pH, free amino nitrogen, crude protein, and protein quality. Significant changes in soluble sugars and amylase contents of the grains have also been reported during storage at elevated temperature<ref> Zia-Ur Rehman, W.H. Shah. Biochemical changes in wheat during storage at three temperatures. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 54: 109–117, 1999. </ref>.
It is to be noted from various studies that the protein content of wheat grains and flour do not change significantly over time (Kim et al 2003). While protein quantity may not change, protein quality does. In one of the studies it was noted that total content of starch gets reduced after certain time when the grains are kept within controlled temperature. In India, wheat gets harvested in the months of March and early April. The atmospheric temperature varies from 25℃ – 45℃ in summer in different parts of India. The total starch content of the flour got decreased by 50 % when stored at 50℃ in comparison to the freshly harvested wheat grains<ref>Seguchi, M. 1993. Effect of wheat flour aging on starch-granule surface proteins. J.Cereal Chem. Vol.70: 362-364. </ref> <ref> Shearer, G., Patey, A. L., and McWeeney, D. J. 1975. Wheat flour proteins: The selectivity of solvents and the stability of gliadin and glutenin fractions of stored flours. J. Sci. Food Agric. 26:337-344. </ref>. This is a significant change that occurs due to aging of wheat. If the starch content of wheat is reduced with time, aged wheat will have lower calorific value and lower glycemic index. It will also be easier to digest. Similar changes have been observed in rice after aging. Post harvest storage has, it has been observed, significant effect on eight known textural properties that are important to the sensory characteristics of cooked rice: adhesion to lips, hardness, cohesiveness of mass, roughness of mass, toothpull, particle size, toothpack, and loose particles<ref> sourced from : https://www.uark.edu/ua/uarpp/Publications/Sensory/Meullenet%20et%20al%202000%20Cereal%20Chem.pdf downloaded on 24/12/2016 </ref>. A difference is observed between ageing of rice flour and rice starch. It is evident that pasting properties of fresh and aged rice are different. It is also reported that the cell wall structure is decomposed by endo –xylanase during storage which led to the changes in amylograms of rice fours<ref> Shibuya, N. and Iwasaki, T. Eff ect of cell wall degradingenzymes on the cooking properties of milled rice and the texture of cooked rice. J Jpn Soc Food Sci Technol 31(1984) 656–660. </ref>.
It is to be noted from various studies that the protein content of wheat grains and flour do not change significantly over time (Kim et al 2003). While protein quantity may not change, protein quality does. In one of the studies it was noted that total content of starch gets reduced after certain time when the grains are kept within controlled temperature. In India, wheat gets harvested in the months of March and early April. The atmospheric temperature varies from 25℃ – 45℃ in summer in different parts of India. The total starch content of the flour got decreased by 50 % when stored at 50℃ in comparison to the freshly harvested wheat grains<ref>Seguchi, M. 1993. Effect of wheat flour aging on starch-granule surface proteins. J.Cereal Chem. Vol.70: 362-364. </ref> <ref> Shearer, G., Patey, A. L., and McWeeney, D. J. 1975. Wheat flour proteins: The selectivity of solvents and the stability of gliadin and glutenin fractions of stored flours. J. Sci. Food Agric. 26:337-344. </ref>. This is a significant change that occurs due to aging of wheat. If the starch content of wheat is reduced with time, aged wheat will have lower calorific value and lower glycemic index. It will also be easier to digest. Similar changes have been observed in rice after aging. Post harvest storage has, it has been observed, significant effect on eight known textural properties that are important to the sensory characteristics of cooked rice: adhesion to lips, hardness, cohesiveness of mass, roughness of mass, toothpull, particle size, toothpack, and loose particles<ref> sourced from : https://www.uark.edu/ua/uarpp/Publications/Sensory/Meullenet%20et%20al%202000%20Cereal%20Chem.pdf downloaded on 24/12/2016 </ref>. A difference is observed between ageing of rice flour and rice starch. It is evident that pasting properties of fresh and aged rice are different. It is also reported that the cell wall structure is decomposed by endo –xylanase during storage which led to the changes in amylograms of rice fours<ref> Shibuya, N. and Iwasaki, T. Eff ect of cell wall degradingenzymes on the cooking properties of milled rice and the texture of cooked rice. J Jpn Soc Food Sci Technol 31(1984) 656–660. </ref>.
These changes in physiochemical properties of grains exert their effect on digestibility of the food. It has been studied through experiments that the moisture content is higher in new grains indicating predominance of ''apa'' and ''prithvi mahabhuta'' which again tends towards ''santaparana''. Aging of rice has an impact on its glycemic index and glycemic load. New grain may have higher glycemic index than the older grain. Due to the effect of time on these food stuffs there are greater possibilities that certain amino acids and phyto chemicals get stabilized in the grain that make them safe for consumption.
These changes in physiochemical properties of grains exert their effect on digestibility of the food. It has been studied through experiments that the moisture content is higher in new grains indicating predominance of [[jala mahabhuta]] and [[prithvi mahabhuta]] which again tends towards ''santarpana''. Aging of rice has an impact on its glycemic index and glycemic load. New grain may have higher glycemic index than the older grain. Due to the effect of time on these food stuffs there are greater possibilities that certain amino acids and phyto chemicals get stabilized in the grain that make them safe for consumption.
''Navamadya''/fresh wine: New or fresh wines should not be consumed because they cause heaviness and create imbalances in all the three ''doshas'' while old wines promote circulation in the body, increase digestion, lightness and enhance taste in food. The effect of aging on tannins and resveratrol has been studied and shows significant difference between old and fresh wine. Aging results in altered and reduced phenolic contents in red wine. Anthocyanin tannin complexes can be formed which can stabilize the colour of red wines resulting in wines that are tasteless, fruity and less astringent after aging<ref> Scudamore-Smith PD, Hooper RL, McLaran ED (1990) Color and phenolic changes of Cabernet Sauvignon wine made by simultaneous yeast/bacterial fermentation and extended pomace contact. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 41, 57-67 </ref>. Oxidation reactions involving phenolics might also change the chemical and sensory profile of wines<ref> Bisson LF, Waterhouse AL, Ebeler SE, Walker MA, Lapsley JT (2002) The present and future of the international wine industry. Nature418, 696-699 </ref>. Oxygen in the air is always ready to react with unprotected juice or wine and many of the substances present get adversely affected by oxidation, producing unpleasant, bitter, off-odours and off-tastes. However, it is recognized that some degree of oxygenation may be beneficial for the formation of red wine, but the quality of white wines is generally impaired by excessive air exposure. As tannins and anthocyanins interact with oxygen, which diffuses during barrel storage, these compounds further polymerize and become less astringent. Red wines become lighter in colour, and proanthocyanidins and other polyphenolics eventually aggregate in larger molecules which accumulate as sediment over time at the base of the bottle. In contrast, white wines often deepen in colour, turning darker honey colours as they oxidize andage <ref>sourcedfrom:http://www.academia.edu/8191054/Biochemical_Changes_throughout_Grape_Berry_Development_and_Fruit_and_Wine_Quality downloaded on 24/12/2016 </ref>.
''Navamadya''/fresh wine: New or fresh wines should not be consumed because they cause heaviness and create imbalances in all the three [[dosha]] while old wines promote circulation in the body, increase digestion, lightness and enhance taste in food. The effect of aging on tannins and resveratrol has been studied and shows significant difference between old and fresh wine. Aging results in altered and reduced phenolic contents in red wine. Anthocyanin tannin complexes can be formed which can stabilize the colour of red wines resulting in wines that are tasteless, fruity and less astringent after aging<ref> Scudamore-Smith PD, Hooper RL, McLaran ED (1990) Color and phenolic changes of Cabernet Sauvignon wine made by simultaneous yeast/bacterial fermentation and extended pomace contact. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 41, 57-67 </ref>. Oxidation reactions involving phenolics might also change the chemical and sensory profile of wines<ref> Bisson LF, Waterhouse AL, Ebeler SE, Walker MA, Lapsley JT (2002) The present and future of the international wine industry. Nature418, 696-699 </ref>. Oxygen in the air is always ready to react with unprotected juice or wine and many of the substances present get adversely affected by oxidation, producing unpleasant, bitter, off-odours and off-tastes. However, it is recognized that some degree of oxygenation may be beneficial for the formation of red wine, but the quality of white wines is generally impaired by excessive air exposure. As tannins and anthocyanins interact with oxygen, which diffuses during barrel storage, these compounds further polymerize and become less astringent. Red wines become lighter in colour, and proanthocyanidins and other polyphenolics eventually aggregate in larger molecules which accumulate as sediment over time at the base of the bottle. In contrast, white wines often deepen in colour, turning darker honey colors as they oxidize and age <ref>sourcedfrom:http://www.academia.edu/8191054/Biochemical_Changes_throughout_Grape_Berry_Development_and_Fruit_and_Wine_Quality downloaded on 24/12/2016 </ref>.
The phenolic compound present in a bottle of wine slowly changes as it ages. The most important component of wine is tannin which binds with proteins. High tannin containing wine inhibits saliva’s ability to lubricate mouth and imparts astringent feeling in mouth. Aged wine undergoes polymerization of tannins. This makes tannin sediments settle to the bottom of the container and lose its property to bind with proteins. Aged wines are very aromatic and possess fruity flavors.
The phenolic compound present in a bottle of wine slowly changes as it ages. The most important component of wine is tannin which binds with proteins. High tannin containing wine inhibits saliva’s ability to lubricate mouth and imparts astringent feeling in mouth. Aged wine undergoes polymerization of tannins. This makes tannin sediments settle to the bottom of the container and lose its property to bind with proteins. Aged wines are very aromatic and possess fruity flavors.
Ageing of wine solely depends on its storage and oxidation of the wine. Normally new wines contain about .02 - .03% acetic acid. This is reduced in aged wine if it is packed properly. This physico-chemical change in aged wine, change in taste and aroma modify its pharmacological effects. Increase in its antioxidant properties and change in Anthocyanin tannin complex makes wine more effective after age. There is also a possibility that chemical process in ageing of wine may also change the molecular size of tannins which might become more bio available after consumption.
Ageing of wine solely depends on its storage and oxidation of the wine. Normally new wines contain about .02 - .03% acetic acid. This is reduced in aged wine if it is packed properly. This physico-chemical change in aged wine, change in taste and aroma modify its pharmacological effects. Increase in its antioxidant properties and change in Anthocyanin tannin complex makes wine more effective after age. There is also a possibility that chemical process in ageing of wine may also change the molecular size of tannins which might become more bio-available after consumption.
=== III. Categories of food leading to anabolism ===
'''''Gorasa''''' (milk and milk products): Over the years, there have been many conflicting views in scientific journals and from nutritionists regarding dairy products and it is often difficult to conclude about their health benefits. Charaka has clearly mentioned in various texts, including this chapter and in [[Prameha Nidana]], that excessive consumption of dairy products, meat, and carbohydrates may lead to many metabolic disorders. It may also create inflammation at a molecular level. Common allergens like casein and gluten create inflammation in the gut. Investigators have correlated higher levels of milk antibodies with rheumatoid arthritis<ref> rheumatoid arthritis </ref> (Arvikar, 2013). Studies suggest (Feskanich D. et al) that cow’s milk could be responsible for an irreversible inability to metabolize blood sugar, and could cause Type I and type II diabetes. This study also suggests that severe disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, heart attacks, multiple sclerosis, and osteoporosis could be attributed to diet rich in milk<ref> Feskanich D. et al. Milk, dietary calcium and bone fractures in women: A 12 year prospective study. Am. J. Public Health 87: 992-997. 1997 </ref>.
'''''Gorasa''''' (milk and milk products): Over the years, there have been many conflicting views in scientific journals and from nutritionists regarding dairy products and it is often difficult to conclude about their health benefits. Charak has clearly mentioned in various texts, including this chapter and in [[Prameha Nidana]], that excessive consumption of dairy products, meat, and carbohydrates may lead to many metabolic disorders. It may also create inflammation at a molecular level. Common allergens like casein and gluten create inflammation in the gut. Investigators have correlated higher levels of milk antibodies with rheumatoid arthritis<ref> rheumatoid arthritis </ref> (Arvikar, 2013). Studies suggest (Feskanich D. et al) that cow’s milk could be responsible for an irreversible inability to metabolize blood sugar, and could cause Type I and type II diabetes. This study also suggests that severe disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, heart attacks, multiple sclerosis, and osteoporosis could be attributed to diet rich in milk<ref> Feskanich D. et al. Milk, dietary calcium and bone fractures in women: A 12 year prospective study. Am. J. Public Health 87: 992-997. 1997 </ref>.
Thus, there has been much research concerning dairy products, besides meat and other forms of complex proteins, which shows their excessive consumption in a very unfavourable<ref> Feskanich D. et al. Milk, dietary calcium and bone fractures in women: A 12 year prospective study. Am. J. Public Health 87: 992-997. 1997 </ref>. These types of food have multifold impact on the health of a person. These can change the gut flora leading to disorders of absorption, adversely affecting auto-immunity and production of antibodies. It has been shown by certain researchers that excess of meat and dairy products leads to immune-activation <ref> Hvatum M, Kanerud L, Hällgren R, Brandtzaeg P. The gut-joint axis: cross reactive food antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Gut. 2006 Sep;55(9):1240-7. </ref> <ref> Pattison DJ, Symmons DP, Lunt M, Welch A, Luben R, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Day NE, Silman AJ. Dietary risk factors for the development of inflammatory polyarthritis: evidence for a role of high level of red meat consumption. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Dec;50(12):3804-12. </ref>. Excess of meat also has certain enzymatic toxicity which can lead to insulin resistance –a basic pathology of obesity, heart disease and type II diabetes.
Thus, there has been much research concerning dairy products, besides meat and other forms of complex proteins, which shows their excessive consumption in a very unfavourable<ref> Feskanich D. et al. Milk, dietary calcium and bone fractures in women: A 12 year prospective study. Am. J. Public Health 87: 992-997. 1997 </ref>. These types of food have multifold impact on the health of a person. These can change the gut flora leading to disorders of absorption, adversely affecting auto-immunity and production of antibodies. It has been shown by certain researchers that excess of meat and dairy products leads to immune-activation <ref> Hvatum M, Kanerud L, Hällgren R, Brandtzaeg P. The gut-joint axis: cross reactive food antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Gut. 2006 Sep;55(9):1240-7. </ref> <ref> Pattison DJ, Symmons DP, Lunt M, Welch A, Luben R, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Day NE, Silman AJ. Dietary risk factors for the development of inflammatory polyarthritis: evidence for a role of high level of red meat consumption. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Dec;50(12):3804-12. </ref>. Excess of meat also has certain enzymatic toxicity which can lead to insulin resistance –a basic pathology of obesity, heart disease and type II diabetes.
All the above types of food mentioned herein could explain 57% of the total structural variation in gut microbiota whereas changes in genetics accounted for no more than 12% <ref> Zhang C., Zhang M., Wang S., Han R., Cao Y., Hua W., Mao Y., Zhang X., Pang X., Wei C., et al. Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet relevant to development of metabolic syndromes in mice. ISME J. 2010;4:232–241. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2009.112. </ref>. This indicates that diet plays a dominant role in shaping gut microbiota and changing key populations may transform healthy gut microbiota into a disease-inducing entity. For example, the western diet, which is high in sugar and fat, causes dysbiosis affecting both host GI tract metabolism and immune homeostasis<ref> Tapiainen T., Ylitalo S., Eerola E., Uhari M. Dynamics of gut colonization and source of intestinal flora in healthy newborn infants. APMIS. 2006;114:812–817. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_488.x. </ref>. Dysbiosis is a very important term that can be helpful in explaining many pathologies mentioned in Ayurvedic literature.
All the above types of food mentioned herein could explain 57% of the total structural variation in gut microbiota whereas changes in genetics accounted for no more than 12% <ref> Zhang C., Zhang M., Wang S., Han R., Cao Y., Hua W., Mao Y., Zhang X., Pang X., Wei C., et al. Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet relevant to development of metabolic syndromes in mice. ISME J. 2010;4:232–241. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2009.112. </ref>. This indicates that diet plays a dominant role in shaping gut microbiota and changing key populations may transform healthy gut microbiota into a disease-inducing entity. For example, the western diet, which is high in sugar and fat, causes dysbiosis affecting both host GI tract metabolism and immune homeostasis<ref> Tapiainen T., Ylitalo S., Eerola E., Uhari M. Dynamics of gut colonization and source of intestinal flora in healthy newborn infants. APMIS. 2006;114:812–817. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_488.x. </ref>. Dysbiosis is a very important term that can be helpful in explaining many pathologies mentioned in Ayurvedic literature.
Thus, an excessive meat/dairy based diet that has been explained by Charaka starts its dreadful effect from GI tract leading to metabolic disorders. This can be compared with the theory of agni elaborated by Ayurveda scholars and also explains how wrong food exerts its effect on immune system leading to inflammation at molecular level. Chronic inflammation changes the normal mechanism of body and leads to certain dreadful metabolic disorders. Thus, over and undernutrition both lead to certain metabolic diseases mediated through inflammation <ref> Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS: Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:1111-1119. </ref>.
Thus, an excessive meat/dairy based diet that has been explained by Charak starts its dreadful effect from GI tract leading to metabolic disorders. This can be compared with the theory of agni elaborated by [[Ayurveda]] scholars and also explains how wrong food exerts its effect on immune system leading to inflammation at molecular level. Chronic inflammation changes the normal mechanism of body and leads to certain dreadful metabolic disorders. Thus, over and undernutrition both lead to certain metabolic diseases mediated through inflammation <ref> Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS: Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:1111-1119. </ref>.
=== IV. Effect of lifestyle on anabolism ===
Charak not only explains the adverse effects of bad eating but also explains the ill effects of sedentary behaviour which are the leading cause of metabolic disorders. He explains that those averse to physical or mental activities (exercises), those who are habituated to sleeping during the day and always having the tendency to lying down will end up suffering from various metabolic disorders. Modern researchers have proved this too. Sedentary behaviour refers to low-energy activities that involve energy expenditure (at the level of 1.0–1.5 metabolic equivalent units (METs))<ref> Huang TT, Howarth NC, Lin BH, Roberts SB, McCrory MA: Energy intake and meal portions: associations with BMI percentile in U.S. children. Obes Res 2004, 12:1875-1885 </ref>, and include activities such as lying down, sitting, etc. Individuals could be spending a significant part of their waking hours in sedentary activities<ref> Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H: Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030.Diabetes Care 2004, 27:1047-1053. </ref>.
Per studies by Lee et al (2001), the association between sedentary behaviour and metabolic health could, to some extent, explain the association between sedentary time and metabolic syndrome <ref> Lee JY, Sohn KH, Rhee SH, Hwang D: Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induce the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through Toll-like receptor 4.J Biol Chem 2001, 276:16683-16689. </ref>.
Per studies by Lee et al (2001), the association between sedentary behaviour and metabolic health could, to some extent, explain the association between sedentary time and metabolic syndrome <ref> Lee JY, Sohn KH, Rhee SH, Hwang D: Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induce the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through Toll-like receptor 4.J Biol Chem 2001, 276:16683-16689. </ref>.
Bedrest studies, though not sufficiently researched in humans, indicate that there is an increased sedentary behavior associated with a range of deleterious metabolic effects <ref> Kalupahana NS, Claycombe KJ, Newman SJ, Stewart T, Siriwardhana N, Mathhan N, Lichtenstein AH, Moustaid-Moussa N: Eicosapentaenoic acid prevents and reverses insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obese mice via modulation of adipose tissue inflammation.J Nutr 2010, 140:1915-1922 </ref>.
Bedrest studies, though not sufficiently researched in humans, indicate that there is an increased sedentary behavior associated with a range of deleterious metabolic effects <ref> Kalupahana NS, Claycombe KJ, Newman SJ, Stewart T, Siriwardhana N, Mathhan N, Lichtenstein AH, Moustaid-Moussa N: Eicosapentaenoic acid prevents and reverses insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obese mice via modulation of adipose tissue inflammation.J Nutr 2010, 140:1915-1922 </ref>.
It can be noted from the above enlisted disorders that ''kapha dosha, rasa, rakta, mamsa'' and ''meda dhatu'' are vitiated in ''santarpaniya'' diseases. Therefore, the treatment protocol shall be designed keeping these factors in mind.
It can be noted from the above enlisted disorders that [[kapha]] [[dosha]], [[rasa]], [[rakta]], [[mamsa]] and [[meda dhatu]] are vitiated in ''santarpaniya'' diseases. Therefore, the treatment protocol shall be designed keeping these factors in mind.
'''''Pramehapidaka''''': This can be compared with diabetic carbuncle which is a complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. It is localized infective gangrene of the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by infection. The predisposing factor is diabetes. In diabetic carbuncle, infection is at hair follicle with severe pain and there is involvement of fibrous strand along with sub-cutaneous tissues. A multi-locular lesion is seen which may give rise to ulcerating carbuncle. In this lesion, gangrenous process can occur which may be due to thrombosis of the lesion.
'''''Pramehapidaka''''': This can be compared with diabetic carbuncle which is a complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. It is localized infective gangrene of the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by infection. The predisposing factor is diabetes. In diabetic carbuncle, infection is at hair follicle with severe pain and there is involvement of fibrous strand along with sub-cutaneous tissues. A multi-locular lesion is seen which may give rise to ulcerating carbuncle. In this lesion, gangrenous process can occur which may be due to thrombosis of the lesion.
'''''Kotha''''', as explained, is a decay of tissues due to certain conditions. In the context of ''santarpanajanya vyadhi'', decay usually is seen in diabetic patients caused mostly due to microangiopathy. Involvement of the blood vessels by atherosclerosis leading to ischemia is a significant factor in diabetic foot. Lower extremity peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is the most common factor associated with limb ulceration, gangrene, impaired wound healing and ultimately amputation<ref> Gayle R, Benjamin AL, Gary NG. The burden of diabetic foot ulcers. The American Journal of Surgery 1998Aug 24; 176(Suppl 2A):65-105. </ref>. It mainly occurs due to blood flow changes, occlusive changes, micro angiopathy, and hematological changes. There is marked change in the flow of blood in peripheral vessels. The microcirculation is regulated by neural factors, local reflexes and vasoactive mediators. The initial haemodynamic changes will be increased flow and pressure of capillary blood<ref> Tooke JE. Microvascular hemodynamics in diabetes mellitus. Clin Sci 1986; 70:119-125 </ref> . As the disease progresses, autoregulation is lost and haemodynamic stress results. It could also be due to increased calcification of vessels or AV shunting or hyperosmolarity of blood. It is well documented by high ankle brachial ratio and also Doppler studies. Occlusive changes occur in more than 50% of diabetics having the disease for more than 10 – 15 years<ref> Pyorala K, Laasko M, Vusiitupa M. Diabetes and atherosclerosis, An epidemiologic view. Diabet Methob Rev 1987; 3:463-524 </ref>. It mainly affects arteries below profunda femoris and is characterized by multiple segment involvement. The tibial & peroneal arteries between the knee and the ankle are primarily affected. Dorsalis pedis artery and foot vessels are usually spared. Patients with diabetes have diminished ability to establish collateral circulation especially in arteries around knee. This disease is more prevalent & accelerated with diabetes mellitus.
'''''Kotha''''', as explained, is a decay of tissues due to certain conditions. In the context of ''santarpanajanya vyadhi'', decay usually is seen in diabetic patients caused mostly due to microangiopathy. Involvement of the blood vessels by atherosclerosis leading to ischemia is a significant factor in diabetic foot. Lower extremity peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is the most common factor associated with limb ulceration, gangrene, impaired wound healing and ultimately amputation<ref> Gayle R, Benjamin AL, Gary NG. The burden of diabetic foot ulcers. The American Journal of Surgery 1998Aug 24; 176(Suppl 2A):65-105. </ref>. It mainly occurs due to blood flow changes, occlusive changes, micro angiopathy, and hematological changes. There is marked change in the flow of blood in peripheral vessels. The microcirculation is regulated by neural factors, local reflexes and vasoactive mediators. The initial haemodynamic changes will be increased flow and pressure of capillary blood<ref> Tooke JE. Microvascular hemodynamics in diabetes mellitus. Clin Sci 1986; 70:119-125 </ref> . As the disease progresses, autoregulation is lost and haemodynamic stress results. It could also be due to increased calcification of vessels or AV shunting or hyperosmolarity of blood. It is well documented by high ankle brachial ratio and also Doppler studies. Occlusive changes occur in more than 50% of diabetics having the disease for more than 10 – 15 years<ref> Pyorala K, Laasko M, Vusiitupa M. Diabetes and atherosclerosis, An epidemiologic view. Diabet Methob Rev 1987; 3:463-524 </ref>. It mainly affects arteries below profunda femoris and is characterized by multiple segment involvement. The tibial & peroneal arteries between the knee and the ankle are primarily affected. Dorsalis pedis artery and foot vessels are usually spared. Patients with diabetes have diminished ability to establish collateral circulation especially in arteries around knee. This disease is more prevalent & accelerated with diabetes mellitus.
'''''Pandu''''' (anemia): It means pallor and is seen in metabolic disorders. Charaka has explained it as a disease as well as complication of other disorders. ''Pandu'' that has been mentioned in ''santarpanajanya'' diseases chapter is ''kapha'' dominant where the causes are elaborated in verses 3 and 4. Two of the most common causes of anemia are due to abnormalities in iron homeostasis: iron-deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation also known as anemia of chronic disease. The anemia caused due to inflammation is elaborated in this context. It is very interesting to know metabolic disorders like obesity and some complication of diabetes like diabetic nephropathy also lead to pallor and iron deficiency<ref> Karlee et al. Is Obesity Associated with Anaemia of Chronic Disease? A Population-based Study. 2008. Doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.353 </ref>. Along with anaemia, renal parameters also get deranged which may lead to abdominal symptoms like nausea and vomiting, so the word ''arochaka'' is used here adjoining to ''mutrakrichhra'' (urinary disorder)<ref> Mehdi et al. Anemia, Diabetes, and Chronic Kidney Disease. 2009. 32(7): 1320-1326 </ref>. In the latter stages of diabetic or hypertensive nephropathy urinary complaints like oligouria or anuria can occur. If it remains untreated due anaemia and congestion in heart, edema starts developing which has been called as ''shopha''.
'''''Pandu''''' (anemia): It means pallor and is seen in metabolic disorders. Charak has explained it as a disease as well as complication of other disorders. ''Pandu'' that has been mentioned in ''santarpanajanya'' diseases chapter is [[kapha]] dominant where the causes are elaborated in verses 3 and 4. Two of the most common causes of anemia are due to abnormalities in iron homeostasis: iron-deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation also known as anemia of chronic disease. The anemia caused due to inflammation is elaborated in this context. It is very interesting to know metabolic disorders like obesity and some complication of diabetes like diabetic nephropathy also lead to pallor and iron deficiency<ref> Karlee et al. Is Obesity Associated with Anaemia of Chronic Disease? A Population-based Study. 2008. Doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.353 </ref>. Along with anaemia, renal parameters also get deranged which may lead to abdominal symptoms like nausea and vomiting, so the word ''arochaka'' is used here adjoining to ''mutrakrichhra'' (urinary disorder)<ref> Mehdi et al. Anemia, Diabetes, and Chronic Kidney Disease. 2009. 32(7): 1320-1326 </ref>. In the latter stages of diabetic or hypertensive nephropathy urinary complaints like oligouria or anuria can occur. If it remains untreated due anaemia and congestion in heart, edema starts developing which has been called as ''shopha''.
'''''Amaja vyadhi''''': ''Ama'' is referred to an intermediate bio product of cellular metabolism leading to number of metabolic disorders. Generation of ''ama'' is thought to start with maldigestion or indigestion of food substances when taken in excess which begins in the stomach. It is a very important factor playing a pivotal role in the genesis of any disease. It is clearly stated that there is no disorder devoid of ''ama''. So all the anabolic disorders where ''ama'' is considered as cause are supposed to be under the category of ''ama vyadhis''.
'''''Amaja vyadhi''''': ''Ama'' is referred to an intermediate bio product of cellular metabolism leading to number of metabolic disorders. Generation of ''ama'' is thought to start with maldigestion or indigestion of food substances when taken in excess which begins in the stomach. It is a very important factor playing a pivotal role in the genesis of any disease. It is clearly stated that there is no disorder devoid of ''ama''. So all the anabolic disorders where ''ama'' is considered as cause are supposed to be under the category of ''ama vyadhis''.
'''''Kushtha''''': There are many skin diseases which are related to anabolism. Anabolism leads to discoloration and hyperpigmentation of skin. Majority of obese people show severe hyperpigmentation, which is called as acanthosis nigricans. Simple acne can also be the result of ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''. Some of the studies<ref> Downing D, Strauss J, Pochi P. Changes in skin surface lipid composition induced by severe caloric restriction in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1972;25:365–367</ref> had reported, how caloric restriction can change sebum composition. Another study <ref> Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, et al. Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:787–793. </ref>linked acne to the consumption of milk.
'''''Kushtha''''': There are many skin diseases which are related to anabolism. Anabolism leads to discoloration and hyperpigmentation of skin. Majority of obese people show severe hyperpigmentation, which is called as acanthosis nigricans. Simple acne can also be the result of ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''. Some of the studies<ref> Downing D, Strauss J, Pochi P. Changes in skin surface lipid composition induced by severe caloric restriction in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1972;25:365–367</ref> had reported, how caloric restriction can change sebum composition. Another study <ref> Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, et al. Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:787–793. </ref>linked acne to the consumption of milk.
'''''Klaibya''''': A person who is unable to have proper sexual intercourse either due to erectile dysfunction or early ejaculation is termed as ''klaibya'' in Ayurveda.''Klaibya'' is described in detail in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] (Chikitsa 30/155) and is mentioned as a complication of either obesity, diabetes or hypertension. While elaborating the properties of ''lashuna'' (garlic) Charaka has explained that ''lashuna'' is important herb in cardiac disorders as well and is useful in ''klaibya''. Looking at its properties on microvessels, ''garlic'' is proven to be a herb which regulates nitric oxide synthesis in the arteries and keeps the lumen of the arteries dilated. Per studies, in cases of hypertensive erectile dysfunction in rats, it has been observed that nitric oxide synthesis in penile artery is lowered<ref> Penson DF et al. Adrenal Control of erectile function and nitric oxide synthase in the rat penis 138(9):3925-32 1997 </ref>. Garlic has positive impact on regulating nitric oxide synthesis<ref> Peyman et al. Therapeutic Uses and Pharmacological Properties of Garlic, Shallot, and Their Biologically Active Compounds 16(10):1031-1048 2013 </ref>.
'''''Klaibya''''': A person who is unable to have proper sexual intercourse either due to erectile dysfunction or early ejaculation is termed as ''klaibya'' in [[Ayurveda]].''Klaibya'' is described in detail in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/155] and is mentioned as a complication of either obesity, diabetes or hypertension. While elaborating the properties of ''lashuna'' (garlic) Charak has explained that ''lashuna'' is important herb in cardiac disorders as well and is useful in ''klaibya''. Looking at its properties on microvessels, ''garlic'' is proven to be a herb which regulates nitric oxide synthesis in the arteries and keeps the lumen of the arteries dilated. Per studies, in cases of hypertensive erectile dysfunction in rats, it has been observed that nitric oxide synthesis in penile artery is lowered<ref> Penson DF et al. Adrenal Control of erectile function and nitric oxide synthase in the rat penis 138(9):3925-32 1997 </ref>. Garlic has positive impact on regulating nitric oxide synthesis<ref> Peyman et al. Therapeutic Uses and Pharmacological Properties of Garlic, Shallot, and Their Biologically Active Compounds 16(10):1031-1048 2013 </ref>.
The direct effect of obesity on increased risk of erectile dysfunction is well researched, and is often attributable to hormonal imbalance, endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance.
The direct effect of obesity on increased risk of erectile dysfunction is well researched, and is often attributable to hormonal imbalance, endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance.
Ultimately, with all these symptoms and conditions, edema over the body develops and along with other complications lands the patient into severe difficulties.
Ultimately, with all these symptoms and conditions, edema over the body develops and along with other complications lands the patient into severe difficulties.
'''''Lekhana''''' is defined as the therapeutic action which (adequately) dries up body tissues and then literally scrapes the unwanted substances (generally solid, unctuous substances) out from the body tissues. Though this may be one meaning of ''lekhana'', all ''lekhana'' activites and ''lekhana dravya'' exert some pharmacological activates that reduce unwanted substances - unwanted ''dosha, dhatu'' or ''mala'' - from the body. The same properties of ''lekhana'' can be achieved by ''virechana, vamana'' or ''raktamokshana''.
'''''Lekhana''''' is defined as the therapeutic action which (adequately) dries up body tissues and then literally scrapes the unwanted substances (generally solid, unctuous substances) out from the body tissues. Though this may be one meaning of ''lekhana'', all ''lekhana'' activites and ''lekhana dravya'' exert some pharmacological activates that reduce unwanted substances - unwanted [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] or [[mala]]- from the body. The same properties of ''lekhana'' can be achieved by [[virechana]], [[vamana]] or [[raktamokshana]].
Exercise and fasting has a very positive effect on anabolic disorders. Exercise results in reduction in fasting blood glucose, which replicates previous beneficial effects of exercise interventions in type II diabetes<ref> D. E. Kelley and B. H. Goodpaster, “Effects of exercise on glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 33, no. 6, supplement, pp. S495–S501, 2001.</ref>.
Exercise and fasting has a very positive effect on anabolic disorders. Exercise results in reduction in fasting blood glucose, which replicates previous beneficial effects of exercise interventions in type II diabetes<ref> D. E. Kelley and B. H. Goodpaster, “Effects of exercise on glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 33, no. 6, supplement, pp. S495–S501, 2001.</ref>.
=== Fasting ===
That fasting and CR (calorie restriction) makes an organism’s metabolic process more efficient, enhancing the organism’s age, is a well-researched subject. Clive McCay at Cornell had published, in 1937, that a 33% caloric restriction resulted in a 50% increase in the maximum lifespan of a rat. Similar experiments were done on organisms such as yeasts, mosquitoes, flies, protozoa, roundworms, fish, etc. Many decades later, the National Institute of Aging (NIA) and the universities of Maryland and Wisconsin tried to study the impact of CR on aging using primates (squirrel and rhesus monkeys). The NIA Primate CR study indicated that CR monkeys “demonstrated an improved metabolic profile”, though they also concluded that the effects of CR in long-lived animals are complex and depend on a variety of factors besides caloric restriction<ref> Mattison et al Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys: the NIA study. Nature 2012 Sep 13: 489(7415):10.1038 </ref>.
That fasting and CR (calorie restriction) makes an organism’s metabolic process more efficient, enhancing the organism’s age, is a well-researched subject. Clive McCay at Cornell had published, in 1937, that a 33% caloric restriction resulted in a 50% increase in the maximum lifespan of a rat. Similar experiments were done on organisms such as yeasts, mosquitoes, flies, protozoa, roundworms, fish, etc. Many decades later, the National Institute of Aging (NIA) and the universities of Maryland and Wisconsin tried to study the impact of CR on aging using primates (squirrel and rhesus monkeys). The NIA Primate CR study indicated that CR monkeys “demonstrated an improved metabolic profile”, though they also concluded that the effects of CR in long-lived animals are complex and depend on a variety of factors besides caloric restriction<ref> Mattison et al Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys: the NIA study. Nature 2012 Sep 13: 489(7415):10.1038 </ref>.
=== Herbs used in management of ''santarpanajanya'' diseases ===
While treating ''santarpanajanya vyadhis'' like ''sthulata'' (obesity) and ''madhumeha'' (diabetes), consumption of ''dravyas'' that have ''guru'' and ''ruksha'' properties is advised. Along with medicines, the diet must also be ''ruksha''. For skin ailments, applying powders of medicinal plants all over the body which can provide relief from ''kandu'' (itching) and ''kotha'' (pre-gangrenous condition) are advised. So the food must be ''guru'' and ''apatarpaka'', i.e., it should induce catabolic activities. Applying these powders on the lesions may improve blood circulation which may consequently improve the increased hydroxylysine and glucose disaccharide content, decrease in proteoglycan and heparin sulfate and decrease in lysine content towards the lesion. The effects of honey, a food rich in antioxidants, on diseases such as cancer, coronary diseases, inflammatory disorders, and aging, has helped it gain lot of attention among nutritionists<ref> Jaganathan et al. Antiproliferative Effects of Honey and of Its Polyphenols: A Review. 2009 Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. Article ID 830616</ref>. Properties of honey are ''ruksha, guru,'' and ''kashaya''. Food and medicine having these properties enhance ''akasha'' and ''vayu mahabhuta'' which tends the person towards ''apatarpana''.
While treating ''santarpanajanya vyadhis'' like ''sthulata'' (obesity) and ''madhumeha'' (diabetes), consumption of ''dravyas'' that have ''guru'' and ''ruksha'' properties is advised. Along with medicines, the diet must also be ''ruksha''. For skin ailments, applying powders of medicinal plants all over the body which can provide relief from ''kandu'' (itching) and ''kotha'' (pre-gangrenous condition) are advised. So the food must be ''guru'' and ''apatarpaka'', i.e., it should induce catabolic activities. Applying these powders on the lesions may improve blood circulation which may consequently improve the increased hydroxylysine and glucose disaccharide content, decrease in proteoglycan and heparin sulfate and decrease in lysine content towards the lesion. The effects of honey, a food rich in antioxidants, on diseases such as cancer, coronary diseases, inflammatory disorders, and aging, has helped it gain lot of attention among nutritionists<ref> Jaganathan et al. Antiproliferative Effects of Honey and of Its Polyphenols: A Review. 2009 Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. Article ID 830616</ref>. Properties of honey are ''ruksha, guru,'' and ''kashaya''. Food and medicine having these properties enhance ''akasha'' and ''vayu mahabhuta'' which tends the person towards ''apatarpana''.
Since ''ruksha dravyas'' are ''akasha'' and ''vayu'' dominant, medicines and food articles of this property are advised. Of the three properties of honey, the most important one is ''guru''. Since ''jatharagni'' is vitiated in obesity (since agni plays an important role in causing or aggravating anabolic disorders), ''guru'' and ''ruksha'' substances are used to pacify it, and thus honey is recommended for obesity. However, the use of honey in diabetes is controversial since honey is full of fructose and it imparts hyperglycaemic properties on diabetic patients. In diseases like obesity, lipid abnormality and diabetes mellitus, gut microbiota plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism.
Since ''ruksha dravyas'' are [[akasha]] and [[vayu]] dominant, medicines and food articles of this property are advised. Of the three properties of honey, the most important one is ''guru''. Since ''jatharagni'' is vitiated in obesity (since [[agni]] plays an important role in causing or aggravating anabolic disorders), ''guru'' and ''ruksha'' substances are used to pacify it, and thus honey is recommended for obesity. However, the use of honey in diabetes is controversial since honey is full of fructose and it imparts hyperglycaemic properties on diabetic patients. In diseases like obesity, lipid abnormality and diabetes mellitus, gut microbiota plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism.
Pericarp of ''haritaki'' showed cardiotonic activities in frog hearts, increasing the force of contraction and cardiac output without altering the heart rate<ref> Reddy VRC, Kumari SVR, Reddy BM, Azeem MA, Prabhkar MC, Rao AVN (1990) Cardionic activity of the fruits of Terminalia chebula. Fitotera- pia 41, 517-52 </ref>. ''Haritaki'' extracts administered before initiating any treatment showed signs of reduced myocardial damage caused by isoproterenol in rats. ''Haritaki'' reduced lipid peroxidation and significantly reduced cholesterolemia, aortic sudanophilia, and cholesterol content of the aorta and liver<ref> The Ayurvedic medicines Haritaki, Amala and Bahira reduce cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Int J Cardiol. 1988 Nov;21(2):167-75.Thakur CP, Thakur B, Singh S, Sinha PK, Sinha SK.Patna Medical College, India. </ref>.
Pericarp of ''haritaki'' showed cardiotonic activities in frog hearts, increasing the force of contraction and cardiac output without altering the heart rate<ref> Reddy VRC, Kumari SVR, Reddy BM, Azeem MA, Prabhkar MC, Rao AVN (1990) Cardionic activity of the fruits of Terminalia chebula. Fitotera- pia 41, 517-52 </ref>. ''Haritaki'' extracts administered before initiating any treatment showed signs of reduced myocardial damage caused by isoproterenol in rats. ''Haritaki'' reduced lipid peroxidation and significantly reduced cholesterolemia, aortic sudanophilia, and cholesterol content of the aorta and liver<ref> The Ayurvedic medicines Haritaki, Amala and Bahira reduce cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Int J Cardiol. 1988 Nov;21(2):167-75.Thakur CP, Thakur B, Singh S, Sinha PK, Sinha SK.Patna Medical College, India. </ref>.
Local application by rubbing of certain herbal powders on the skin reduces ''kapha dosha'' and regulates ''vata dosha'' at that level and inhibits samprapti of ''kandu'' and ''kotha''. Regular rubbing of the powders over the skin increases peripheral circulation of the capillaries supplying the skin and also reduced inflammation at dermal level. Rubbing of dry powders over the body is called ''udvartana''. This softens the skin leaving it with a lustrous glow. The stimulating massage helps revitalize skin, removes fat deposits and improve circulation and digestion. ''Udvartana'' helps open the circulatory channels, facilitating metabolic activities, eliminating excessive perspiration and body odor and improving the complexion of the skin.
Local application by rubbing of certain herbal powders on the skin reduces [[kapha dosha]] and regulates [[vata dosha]] at that level and inhibits samprapti of ''kandu'' and ''kotha''. Regular rubbing of the powders over the skin increases peripheral circulation of the capillaries supplying the skin and also reduced inflammation at dermal level. Rubbing of dry powders over the body is called ''udvartana''. This softens the skin leaving it with a lustrous glow. The stimulating massage helps revitalize skin, removes fat deposits and improve circulation and digestion. ''Udvartana'' helps open the circulatory channels, facilitating metabolic activities, eliminating excessive perspiration and body odor and improving the complexion of the skin.
'''''Triphala''''' is one of the oldest used polyherbal preparations. It is comprised of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica and Emblica officinalis. Some of the positive qualities of ''triphala'' in vivo and in vitro are that it is an antioxidant, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and possesses chemo-preventive potential and anti-mutagenic activities, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, radioprotective effect, immunomodulatory, improving wound healing, enteroprotective efficacies, anti-gastric ulcers and nitric oxide scavenging properties. This herbal combination can have profound healing benefits in multi-organ systems. It is rich in Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Se and Zn, which enhance their bioavailability. Low molecular weight tannins, gallic acid and other important phytochemicals are responsible for the above effects <ref> A systematic review of the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity effects and safety of triphala herbal formulation Kamali Seyed Hamid et al Journal of Medicinal Plants ResearchVol. 7(14), pp. 831-844, 10 April, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/JMPR12.352 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR </ref>.
'''''Triphala''''' is one of the oldest used polyherbal preparations. It is comprised of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica and Emblica officinalis. Some of the positive qualities of ''triphala'' in-vivo and in-vitro are that it is an antioxidant, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and possesses chemo-preventive potential and anti-mutagenic activities, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, radioprotective effect, immunomodulatory, improving wound healing, enteroprotective efficacies, anti-gastric ulcers and nitric oxide scavenging properties. This herbal combination can have profound healing benefits in multi-organ systems. It is rich in Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Se and Zn, which enhance their bioavailability. Low molecular weight tannins, gallic acid and other important phytochemicals are responsible for the above effects <ref> A systematic review of the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity effects and safety of triphala herbal formulation Kamali Seyed Hamid et al Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 7(14), pp. 831-844, 10 April, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/JMPR12.352 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR </ref>.
'''''Aragwadha''''' (Cassia fistula) possesses ''madhura rasa, madhura vipaka'' and has ''sheeta veerya''. It possesses strong antioxidant properties. Aqueous extract of ''Aragwadha'' flowers administered in diabetic rats (streptozotocin induced diabetes) showed antioxidant effect. After investigating antioxidants marker enzymes in the brain, significant increase is observed, with decrease in thiobarbituric reactive substances and hydroperoxide formation comparable with glibenclamide<ref> Latha, M. & Pari, L. Mol Cell Biochem (2003) 243: 23. doi:10.1023/A:1021697311150. </ref>.
'''''Aragwadha''''' (Cassia fistula) possesses ''madhura rasa, madhura vipaka'' and has ''sheeta veerya''. It possesses strong antioxidant properties. Aqueous extract of ''Aragwadha'' flowers administered in diabetic rats (streptozotocin induced diabetes) showed antioxidant effect. After investigating antioxidants marker enzymes in the brain, significant increase is observed, with decrease in thiobarbituric reactive substances and hydroperoxide formation comparable with glibenclamide<ref> Latha, M. & Pari, L. Mol Cell Biochem (2003) 243: 23. doi:10.1023/A:1021697311150. </ref>.
Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the flowers showed antioxidant properties which may be due to presence of flavonoids and tannins<ref> Pharmacological Potentials of Cassia auriculata and Cassia fistula Plants: A Review Sushma Kainsa, Praveen Kumar and Poonam Rani </ref> <ref> George, M., L. Joseph and Ramaswam, 2007. Effect of Cassia auriculata extract on nociception, experimental diabetes and hyperlipidemia in mice and rats. Highland Med. Res. J., 5: 11-19. </ref>. , ''Patha'' (cissampelos pareira): Certain controversies are there about ''patha''. Two different herbs are used as ''patha'' in different part of India- Cyclea peltata and Cissampelos parietal. Properties of ''patha'' are elaborated as ''rasa-tikta virya-usna vipäka-katu guna.-laghu, tiksna karma-vata-kaphahara,visaghna ,grahi, balya''. ''Patha'' is known to have potent diuretic properties. Certain flavonoids were found to exert their diuretic properties by binding with Adenosine A1 Receptor associated with the diuretic action. The diuretic properties of studied plant may be through any of these possible mechanisms since it is rich in alkaloids and flavonoids<ref> Yuliana ND, Khatib A, Link-Struensee AM, Ijzerman AP, Rungkat-Zakaria F, Choi YH, et al. Adenosine A1 receptor binding activity of methoxy flavonoids from orthosiphon stamineus. Planta Med.2009;75:132–6. </ref>.
Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the flowers showed antioxidant properties which may be due to presence of flavonoids and tannins<ref> Pharmacological Potentials of Cassia auriculata and Cassia fistula Plants: A Review Sushma Kainsa, Praveen Kumar and Poonam Rani </ref> <ref> George, M., L. Joseph and Ramaswam, 2007. Effect of Cassia auriculata extract on nociception, experimental diabetes and hyperlipidemia in mice and rats. Highland Med. Res. J., 5: 11-19. </ref>. , ''Patha'' (cissampelos pareira): Certain controversies are there about ''patha''. Two different herbs are used as ''patha'' in different part of India- Cyclea peltata and Cissampelos parietal. Properties of ''patha'' are elaborated as ''rasa-tikta virya-usna vipäka-katu guna.-laghu, tiksna karma-vata-kaphahara,visaghna ,grahi, balya''. ''Patha'' is known to have potent diuretic properties. Certain flavonoids were found to exert their diuretic properties by binding with Adenosine A1 Receptor associated with the diuretic action. The diuretic properties of studied plant may be through any of these possible mechanisms since it is rich in alkaloids and flavonoids<ref> Yuliana ND, Khatib A, Link-Struensee AM, Ijzerman AP, Rungkat-Zakaria F, Choi YH, et al. Adenosine A1 receptor binding activity of methoxy flavonoids from orthosiphon stamineus. Planta Med.2009;75:132–6. </ref>.
''Saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris) possess ''tikta kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka.'' The bark is useful in malarial fevers, abdominal disorders, dyspepsia and in skin diseases. In Ayurveda, it is reported that the bark of the plant when soaked in water overnight, can reduce the blood glucose level after oral administration. However, not much characterization of this properties has been done on a scientific basis. The phytochemicals are indicative of its potential in the treatment of diabetes mellitus<ref>Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India Ind J Pharm Edu Res, 2011, 45(2):114-121 </ref>.
'''''Saptaparna''''' (Alstonia scholaris) possess ''tikta kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka.'' The bark is useful in malarial fevers, abdominal disorders, dyspepsia and in skin diseases. In [[Ayurveda]], it is reported that the bark of the plant when soaked in water overnight, can reduce the blood glucose level after oral administration. However, not much characterization of this properties has been done on a scientific basis. The phytochemicals are indicative of its potential in the treatment of diabetes mellitus<ref>Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India Ind J Pharm Edu Res, 2011, 45(2):114-121 </ref>.
In one of the studies of ''saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris) showed decrease in glycogen content in streptozotocin-diabetic rats support the findings of Grover et al. The decrease in glycogen content may result due to disturbances in glycogen synthetase system. Improvement in liver glycogen of diabetic rats after chronic treatment with aqueous extract of Alstonia scholaris L. bark indicates that possible way of antidiabetic effect of the extract may be by improvement of glycogenesis and / or suppression of glycogenolysis. Thus, study showed that bark of Alstonia scholaris L. possesses antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in STZ diabetic rats. The antiatherogenic potential of the bark extract indicates its usefulness not only in diabetes mellitus but also in the long term complications associated with it<ref> Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in
In one of the studies of ''saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris) showed decrease in glycogen content in streptozotocin-diabetic rats support the findings of Grover et al. The decrease in glycogen content may result due to disturbances in glycogen synthetase system. Improvement in liver glycogen of diabetic rats after chronic treatment with aqueous extract of Alstonia scholaris L. bark indicates that possible way of antidiabetic effect of the extract may be by improvement of glycogenesis and / or suppression of glycogenolysis. Thus, study showed that bark of Alstonia scholaris L. possesses antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in STZ diabetic rats. The antiatherogenic potential of the bark extract indicates its usefulness not only in diabetes mellitus but also in the long term complications associated with it<ref> Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in
Cyperus rotundus has antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic effects due to the presence of flavanoids, polyphenols and terpenes which reduce absorption of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Cyperus rotundus, in the form of a fine powder or an aqueous solution, exhibits lipolytic properties and showed mobilization of fats from adipose tissues. Cyperus rotundus is supposed to have activators of beta adreno receptors<ref> Bhambhole V.d.et al Effect of some medicinal plant preparation on adipose tissue metabolism. Ancient Science of life 1998 117-124 </ref>.
Cyperus rotundus has antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic effects due to the presence of flavanoids, polyphenols and terpenes which reduce absorption of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Cyperus rotundus, in the form of a fine powder or an aqueous solution, exhibits lipolytic properties and showed mobilization of fats from adipose tissues. Cyperus rotundus is supposed to have activators of beta adreno receptors<ref> Bhambhole V.d.et al Effect of some medicinal plant preparation on adipose tissue metabolism. Ancient Science of life 1998 117-124 </ref>.
'''''Madanaphala''''' (Randia dumentorum) has ''madhura, tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is a widely used herb for induction of vomiting used for ''vamana'' procedure. It has ''lekhana'' properties.
'''''Madanaphala''''' (Randia dumentorum) has ''madhura, tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is a widely used herb for induction of vomiting used for [[vamana]] procedure. It has ''lekhana'' properties.
Clearly, the pharmacological action of the above ''dravyas'' all have been proven to have anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidimic properties. The interesting thing to note is that although these ''dravyas'' ultimately work for metabolic disorders, they have different modes of action. Anti-diabetic properties of ''triphala, neem, musta'' and ''saptaparna'' are different. The ''rasa'' of the above mentioned ''dravyas'' is ''tikta kasahaya'' or ''tikta katu'' which is ''akasha, teja'' and ''vayu mahabhuta'' dominant. As we have seen that ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' are due to excess consumption of ''prithvi'' and ''apa mahabhuta,'' those of opposing properties, i.e., ''akasha, teja and vayu'' are used in treating such ailments.
Clearly, the pharmacological action of the above ''dravyas'' all have been proven to have anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidimic properties. The interesting thing to note is that although these ''dravyas'' ultimately work for metabolic disorders, they have different modes of action. Anti-diabetic properties of ''triphala, neem, musta'' and ''saptaparna'' are different. The ''rasa'' of the above mentioned ''dravyas'' is ''tikta kasahaya'' or ''tikta katu'' which is [[akasha]], [[teja]] and [[vayu mahabhuta]] dominant. As we have seen that ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' are due to excess consumption of [[Prithvi]] and [[jala mahabhuta]] those of opposing properties, i.e., [[akasha]], [[teja]] and [[vayu]] are used in treating such ailments.
'''''Devadaru''''' (Cedrus deodara or Himalayan Cedar) is a herb that is very effective in improving the functions of liver and in maintaining cholesterol levels in healthy limits. ''Devadaru'' pacifies the ''kapha dosha'' by ''tikta, katu'' and ''ushna'' properties, and [[vata]] [[dosha]] by ''snigdha'' and ''ushna'' properties so it is useful in disorders induced by [[kapha]] and [[vata]] [[dosha]].
Investigation demonstrate that extracts of C. deodara shows reduction in body weight in treated groups in a dose dependent manner. The major chemical constituents of C. deodara are sterols, poly-phenols, flavanoids such as taxifolin, quercetin and saponins<ref> Agarwal PK, Agarwal SK, Rastogi RP. A new neolignan and other phenolic constituents from Cedrus deodara. Phytochemistry. 1980;19:1260–1.</ref>. It is well established that saponins are useful in treatment of obesity<ref> George Francis, Zohar Kerem, Harinder P.S. Makkar, Becker Klaus. The biological action of saponin in animal systems: A review. Brit J Nutr. 2002;88:587–605. [PubMed] </ref>. Phytosterols have beneficial effects on hyperlipidemia<ref> David JA, Cyril WC. Plant sterols, health claims and strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease risk.J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18:559–62. </ref> and poly-phenols and flavanoids have potential antioxidant properties. Therefore, it could be possible that presence of these compounds is responsible for observed glucose and lipid lowering properties.
Investigation demonstrate that extracts of C. deodara shows reduction in body weight in treated groups in a dose dependent manner. The major chemical constituents of C. deodara are sterols, poly-phenols, flavanoids such as taxifolin, quercetin and saponins<ref> Agarwal PK, Agarwal SK, Rastogi RP. A new neolignan and other phenolic constituents from Cedrus deodara. Phytochemistry. 1980;19:1260–1.</ref>. It is well established that saponins are useful in treatment of obesity<ref> George Francis, Zohar Kerem, Harinder P.S. Makkar, Becker Klaus. The biological action of saponin in animal systems: A review. Brit J Nutr. 2002;88:587–605. [PubMed] </ref>. Phytosterols have beneficial effects on hyperlipidemia<ref> David JA, Cyril WC. Plant sterols, health claims and strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease risk.J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18:559–62. </ref> and poly-phenols and flavanoids have potential antioxidant properties. Therefore, it could be possible that presence of these compounds is responsible for observed glucose and lipid lowering properties.
'''''Shwadanshtra''''' or ''gokshura'' (Tribulus Terrestris) is ''madhura rasatmaka'' and has ''sheeta veerya'' with ''madhura vipaka''. ''Gokshura'' is widely used to relieve certain anabolic disorders. It is helpful for the treatment of angina<ref> Li M, Qu W, Chu S, et al. Effect of the decoction of Tribulus terrestris on mice gluconegensis. Zhong Yao Cai. 2001;24:586-588. </ref>, high cholesterol 65, diabetes 65, and muscle spasms<ref> Arcasoy HB, Erenmemisoglu A, Tekol Y, et al. Effect of Tribulus terrestris L. saponin mixture on some smooth muscle preparations: a preliminary study. Boll Chim Farm. 1998;137:473-475. </ref>, and for the prevention of kidney stones<ref> Sangeeta D, Sidhu H, Thind SK, et al. Effect of Tribulus terrestris on oxalate metabolism in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;44:61-66. </ref>.
'''''Shwadanshtra''''' or ''gokshura'' (Tribulus Terrestris) is ''madhura rasatmaka'' and has ''sheeta veerya'' with ''madhura vipaka''. ''Gokshura'' is widely used to relieve certain anabolic disorders. It is helpful for the treatment of angina<ref> Li M, Qu W, Chu S, et al. Effect of the decoction of Tribulus terrestris on mice gluconegensis. Zhong Yao Cai. 2001;24:586-588. </ref>, high cholesterol 65, diabetes 65, and muscle spasms<ref> Arcasoy HB, Erenmemisoglu A, Tekol Y, et al. Effect of Tribulus terrestris L. saponin mixture on some smooth muscle preparations: a preliminary study. Boll Chim Farm. 1998;137:473-475. </ref>, and for the prevention of kidney stones<ref> Sangeeta D, Sidhu H, Thind SK, et al. Effect of Tribulus terrestris on oxalate metabolism in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;44:61-66. </ref>.
It is very interesting to note that though ''gokshura'' or Tribulus terrestris is ''madhura'' and ''sheeta veerya dravya'' it has been included to treat ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. ''Gokshura'', by the virtue of its phytochemicals and its DHEAS (Dihydro epi andesterone sulphate) stimulating property and its potent diuretic qualities may have been in the group of medicines which are used to impart ''apatarpana''. It has proved to be a very potent herb to cure erectile dysfunction and ''klaibyata'' in patients suffering from metabolic syndrome.
It is very interesting to note that though ''gokshura'' or Tribulus terrestris is ''madhura'' and ''sheeta veerya dravya'' it has been included to treat ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. ''Gokshura'', by the virtue of its phytochemicals and its DHEAS (Dihydro epi andesterone sulphate) stimulating property and its potent diuretic qualities may have been in the group of medicines which are used to impart ''apatarpana''. It has proved to be a very potent herb to cure erectile dysfunction and ''klaibyata'' in patients suffering from metabolic syndrome.
'''''Haridra''''' (Curcuma longa) has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya.'' It is ''laghu ruksha'' in its qualities. Ingestion of 6 gm Curcuma longa increased postprandial serum insulin levels, but did not seem to affect plasma glucose levels or GI, in healthy subjects. The results indicate that Curcuma longa may have an effect on insulin secretion. The active principles in the rhizome of turmeric plant viz; curcuminoids lower lipid peroxidation by maintaining the activities of antioxidant enzymes like super oxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione per oxidase at higher levels. Antioxidant properties of curcuma longa is due to curcumin and its three derivatives (demethoxy curcumin, bisdemethoxy curcumin and diacetyl curcumin)<ref> Wickenberg J, Ingemansson S, Hlebowicz J (2010) Effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in healthy subjects. Nutr J 9: 43 </ref>. A scientific and systemic exploration reveals antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder dissolved in milk which could be used as an effective and safe antidiabetic dietary supplement of high potential<ref> Rai PK, Jaiswal D, Mehta S, Rai DK, Sharma B, et al. (2010) Effect of curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder with milk in stz Induced diabetic rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 25: 175-181 </ref>.
'''''Haridra''''' (Curcuma longa) has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya.'' It is ''laghu ruksha'' in its qualities. Ingestion of 6 gm Curcuma longa increased postprandial serum insulin levels, but did not seem to affect plasma glucose levels or GI, in healthy subjects. The results indicate that Curcuma longa may have an effect on insulin secretion. The active principles in the rhizome of turmeric plant viz; curcuminoids lower lipid peroxidation by maintaining the activities of antioxidant enzymes like super oxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione per oxidase at higher levels. Antioxidant properties of curcuma longa is due to curcumin and its three derivatives (demethoxy curcumin, bisdemethoxy curcumin and diacetyl curcumin)<ref> Wickenberg J, Ingemansson S, Hlebowicz J (2010) Effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in healthy subjects. Nutr J 9: 43 </ref>. A scientific and systemic exploration reveals antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder dissolved in milk which could be used as an effective and safe antidiabetic dietary supplement of high potential<ref> Rai PK, Jaiswal D, Mehta S, Rai DK, Sharma B, et al. (2010) Effect of curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder with milk in stz Induced diabetic rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 25: 175-181 </ref>.
Curcuma longa is known to contain curcuminoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Maximal inhibition of the enzyme Human Pancreatic Amylase (HPA) was obtained with Curcuma longa isopropanol extract and acetone extract. This inhibitory action on HPA causes reduction in starch hydrolysis leading to lowered glucose levels<ref> Ponnusamy S, Ravindran R, Zinjarde S, Bhargava S, Ameeta R (2011) Evaluation of Traditional Indian Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants for Human Pancreatic Amylase Inhibitory Effect In Vitro Evidence-Based.Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10. </ref>. The antioxidants in turmeric also prevent damage to cholesterol, thereby helping to protect against atherosclerosis. In fact, the ability of the antioxidants in turmeric to decrease free radicals is similar to that in vitamins C and E. Since the antioxidant activities of turmeric are not degraded by heat, even using the spice in cooking provides benefits. Animal studies show that curcumin lowers cholesterol and triglycerides, another fat that circulates in the blood stream and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease<ref>http://www.life123.com/health/mens-health/heart-health/turmeric-for-cardiovascular-disease.html </ref>. In a recent study of atherosclerosis, mice were fed a standard American diet, rich in refined carbohydrates and saturated fat, but low in fiber. Some of the mice, however, received this diet plus turmeric mixed in with their food. After four months on these diets, the mice that consumed the turmeric with their food had 20 percent less blockage of the arteries than the mice fed the diet without the turmeric. In another study, rabbits were fed turmeric plus a diet designed to cause atherosclerosis. Several risk factors for the disease were improved, including a decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, and free-radical damage.
Curcuma longa is known to contain curcuminoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Maximal inhibition of the enzyme Human Pancreatic Amylase (HPA) was obtained with Curcuma longa isopropanol extract and acetone extract. This inhibitory action on HPA causes reduction in starch hydrolysis leading to lowered glucose levels<ref> Ponnusamy S, Ravindran R, Zinjarde S, Bhargava S, Ameeta R (2011) Evaluation of Traditional Indian Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants for Human Pancreatic Amylase Inhibitory Effect In Vitro Evidence-Based.Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10. </ref>. The antioxidants in turmeric also prevent damage to cholesterol, thereby helping to protect against atherosclerosis. In fact, the ability of the antioxidants in turmeric to decrease free radicals is similar to that in vitamins C and E. Since the antioxidant activities of turmeric are not degraded by heat, even using the spice in cooking provides benefits. Animal studies show that curcumin lowers cholesterol and triglycerides, another fat that circulates in the blood stream and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In a recent study of atherosclerosis, mice were fed a standard American diet, rich in refined carbohydrates and saturated fat, but low in fiber. Some of the mice, however, received this diet plus turmeric mixed in with their food. After four months on these diets, the mice that consumed the turmeric with their food had 20 percent less blockage of the arteries than the mice fed the diet without the turmeric. In another study, rabbits were fed turmeric plus a diet designed to cause atherosclerosis. Several risk factors for the disease were improved, including a decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, and free-radical damage.
Antidermatophytic properties: Fresh juice of rhizome of haridra is used as an antiparasitic in many skin disorders. Its rhizome powder mixed with cow’s urine is taken internally in itching and dermatitis. Curcuma longa L. leaves have good promise as an antifungal agent that could be used as a therapeutic remedy against human pathogenic fungi on account of its various in vitro and in vivo antifungal properties, viz., strong fungicidal action, long shelf-life, its tolerability of heavy inoculum density, thermo stability, broad range of antidermatophytic properties and absence of any adverse effects. Curcumin obtained from the turmeric rhizome have shown to possess the ability to protect the skin from harmful UV-induced effects by displaying antimutagen, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties<ref> Binic I, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D (2013) Skin Ageing: Natural Weapons and Strategies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. </ref>.
Antidermatophytic properties: Fresh juice of rhizome of ''haridra'' is used as an antiparasitic in many skin disorders. Its rhizome powder mixed with cow’s urine is taken internally in itching and dermatitis. Curcuma longa L. leaves have good promise as an antifungal agent that could be used as a therapeutic remedy against human pathogenic fungi on account of its various in vitro and in vivo antifungal properties, viz., strong fungicidal action, long shelf-life, its tolerability of heavy inoculum density, thermo stability, broad range of antidermatophytic properties and absence of any adverse effects. Curcumin obtained from the turmeric rhizome have shown to possess the ability to protect the skin from harmful UV-induced effects by displaying antimutagen, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties<ref> Binic I, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D (2013) Skin Ageing: Natural Weapons and Strategies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. </ref>.
'''''Neem''''' (Azadirachta indica): It is a ''tikta rasa'' plant having ''sheeta veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It imparts ''ruksha'' and ''laghu'' property. Hydroalcoholic extracts of this plant showed anti-hyperglycemic properties in streptozotocin treated rats and this effect is because of increase in glucose uptake and glycogen deposition in isolated rat hemidiaphragm<ref> Chattopadhyay R.R., Chattopadhyay R.N., Nandy A.K., Poddar G., Maitra S.K. Preliminary report on antihyperglycemic effect of fraction of fresh leaves of Azadiracta indica (Beng neem) Bull. Calcutta. Sch. Trop. Med. 1987;35:29–33. </ref>. Apart from having anti-diabetic properties, this plant also has anti-bacterial, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects<ref> Biswas K., Chattopadhyay I., Banerjee R.K., Bandyopadhyay U. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadiracta indica) Curr. Sci. 2002;82:1336–1345. </ref>.
'''''Neem''''' (Azadirachta indica): It is a ''tikta rasa'' plant having ''sheeta veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It imparts ''ruksha'' and ''laghu'' property. Hydroalcoholic extracts of this plant showed anti-hyperglycemic properties in streptozotocin treated rats and this effect is because of increase in glucose uptake and glycogen deposition in isolated rat hemidiaphragm<ref> Chattopadhyay R.R., Chattopadhyay R.N., Nandy A.K., Poddar G., Maitra S.K. Preliminary report on antihyperglycemic effect of fraction of fresh leaves of Azadiracta indica (Beng neem) Bull. Calcutta. Sch. Trop. Med. 1987;35:29–33. </ref>. Apart from having anti-diabetic properties, this plant also has anti-bacterial, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects<ref> Biswas K., Chattopadhyay I., Banerjee R.K., Bandyopadhyay U. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadiracta indica) Curr. Sci. 2002;82:1336–1345. </ref>.
'''''Twak''''' (Cinnamomum Zelyanicum): It is ''katu tikta rasatmaka'' having ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has been shown that oral administration of cinnamaldehyde produces significant antihyperglycemic effect lowers both total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and, at the same time, increases HDL-cholesterol in STZ induced diabetic rats<ref> Subash Babu P, Prabuseenivasan S, Ignacimuthu S. Phytomedicine, 2007;14:15–22 </ref>.
'''''Twak''''' (Cinnamomum Zelyanicum): It is ''katu-tikta rasatmaka'' having ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has been shown that oral administration of cinnamaldehyde produces significant antihyperglycemic effect lowers both total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and, at the same time, increases HDL-cholesterol in STZ induced diabetic rats<ref> Subash Babu P, Prabuseenivasan S, Ignacimuthu S. Phytomedicine, 2007;14:15–22 </ref>.
Matan et al. have reported antimicrobial properties of Cinnamon bark. The volatile gas phase of combinations of Cinnamon oil and clove oil showed good potential to inhibit growth of spoilage fungi, yeast and bacteria normally found on IMF (Intermediate Moisture Foods) when combined with a modified atmosphere comprising a high concentration of CO2 (40%) and low concentration of O2 (<0.05%). A. flavus, which is known to produce toxins, was found to be the most resistant microorganism<ref> Matan N, Rimkeeree H, Mawson A J, Chompreeda P et al. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2006;107:180–185 </ref>.
Matan et al. have reported antimicrobial properties of Cinnamon bark. The volatile gas phase of combinations of Cinnamon oil and clove oil showed good potential to inhibit growth of spoilage fungi, yeast and bacteria normally found on IMF (Intermediate Moisture Foods) when combined with a modified atmosphere comprising a high concentration of CO2 (40%) and low concentration of O2 (<0.05%). A. flavus, which is known to produce toxins, was found to be the most resistant microorganism<ref> Matan N, Rimkeeree H, Mawson A J, Chompreeda P et al. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2006;107:180–185 </ref>.
Barley: Barley contains greater amounts of soluble and non-soluble starches compared to other cereals, and approximately 17% of the carbohydrate in barley is not absorbed. Undigested carbohydrate produces short chain fatty acids, some which may reduce hepatic glucose production and affect postprandial glycemia. Barley also inhibits serum cholesterol and is also known to reduce blood pressure if given for long term use<ref> Thorburn, A., Muir, J., and Proietto, J. Carbohydrate fermentation decreases hepatic glucose output in healthy subjects. Metabolism1993;42(6):780-785. 8510524 </ref>.
Barley: Barley contains greater amounts of soluble and non-soluble starches compared to other cereals, and approximately 17% of the carbohydrate in barley is not absorbed. Undigested carbohydrate produces short chain fatty acids, some which may reduce hepatic glucose production and affect postprandial glycemia. Barley also inhibits serum cholesterol and is also known to reduce blood pressure if given for long term use<ref> Thorburn, A., Muir, J., and Proietto, J. Carbohydrate fermentation decreases hepatic glucose output in healthy subjects. Metabolism1993;42(6):780-785. 8510524 </ref>.
'''''Hingu'''''(Ferula asafoetida): is a resin having ''katu rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. Ferula asafoetida exhibits anti-cholesterol anti-hypertensive<ref> Sarkisyan RG. Effect of Ferula on arterial pressure. Meditsinskii Zhurnal Uzbekistana.1969;1969:23–4.
'''''Hingu'''''(Ferula asafoetida): is a resin having ''katu rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. Ferula asafoetida exhibits anti-cholesterol anti-hypertensive<ref> Sarkisyan RG. Effect of Ferula on arterial pressure. Meditsinskii Zhurnal Uzbekistana.1969;1969:23–4.Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Influence of spices and spice principles on hepatic mixed function oxygenase system in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1989;26:254–8. [PubMed] </ref> and a potent anti-oxidant properties in experimental animals<ref> Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Influence of spices and spice principles on hepatic mixed function oxygenase system in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1989;26:254–8. [PubMed] </ref>.
Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Influence of spices and spice principles on hepatic mixed function oxygenase system in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1989;26:254–8. [PubMed] </ref> and a potent anti-oxidant properties in experimental animals<ref> Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Influence of spices and spice principles on hepatic mixed function oxygenase system in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1989;26:254–8. [PubMed] </ref>.
'''''Vasa''''' (Adhatoda vasica): has ''tikta rasa, sheeta veerya'' and ''sheeta vipaka'' and is strong anti diabetic and cardio protective<ref> Atal ck.Chemistry and pharmacology of vasicine.Indian drugs 1980 15(2) 15-18 </ref>.
'''''Vasa''''' (Adhatoda vasica): has ''tikta rasa, sheeta veerya'' and ''sheeta vipaka'' and is strong anti diabetic and cardio protective<ref> Atal ck.Chemistry and pharmacology of vasicine.Indian drugs 1980 15(2) 15-18 </ref>.
Apart from its diuretic properties, ''pashanabheda'' exhibits good anti-diabetic properties. The 80% ethanolic extract of ''pashanabheda'' rhizome was fractionated to investigate for a-glucosidase or anti-diabetic properties. Sample solution were evaluated at dose levels of 5.0, 0.5, 0.05 mg/ml to obtain dose response. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited an inhibitory effect of a-glucosidase properties<ref> Youshikawa M, Nishida N, Shimoda H, Takada M, Kawahara Y, Matsuda. Polyphenol constituents from Salacia species: quantitative analysis of mangiiferin with alpha- glucosidase and aldose reductase inhibitory activities. Yakugaku Zasshi, 1231, 2001, 371-378. </ref>.
Apart from its diuretic properties, ''pashanabheda'' exhibits good anti-diabetic properties. The 80% ethanolic extract of ''pashanabheda'' rhizome was fractionated to investigate for a-glucosidase or anti-diabetic properties. Sample solution were evaluated at dose levels of 5.0, 0.5, 0.05 mg/ml to obtain dose response. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited an inhibitory effect of a-glucosidase properties<ref> Youshikawa M, Nishida N, Shimoda H, Takada M, Kawahara Y, Matsuda. Polyphenol constituents from Salacia species: quantitative analysis of mangiiferin with alpha- glucosidase and aldose reductase inhibitory activities. Yakugaku Zasshi, 1231, 2001, 371-378. </ref>.
'''''Takra''''' (butter milk) is used to relieve ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''. It has prime importance in diet and is supposed to be improve appetite. Its properties and medicinal qualities are described in (Ashtanga Hridaya [[Sutra Sthana]] chapter 5).
'''''Takra''''' (butter milk) is used to relieve ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''. It has prime importance in diet and is supposed to be improve appetite. Its properties and medicinal qualities are described in Ashtanga Hridaya Sutra Sthana chapter 5.
'''''Trikatu''''': is combination of equal parts of ''sunthi, maricha'' and ''pippali''. ''Trikatu'' is regarded as an anti-obesity formulation and has been widely used in anabolic disorders. It is widely used to lower cholesterol and triglycerides and is known to increase HDL levels. In one of the studies it is found that ''trikatu'', by virtue of its ability to reduce triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, increases HDL cholesterol to reduce the risk of hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis.<ref> Effect of an indigenous herbal compound preparation ‘Trikatu’ on the lipid profiles of atherogenic diet and standard diet fed Rattus norvegicus Valsala Sivakumar1,Phytotherapy Research Volume 18, Issue 12, pages 976–981, December 2004. </ref> ''Trikatu'' is also known to have immune modulatory properties<ref> Trikatu, an herbal compound as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-an experimental study Vachana Murunikkara, MahaboobKhan RasoolCellular ImmunologyAvailable online 18 December 2013 </ref> and is known to be a good bioavailability enhancer<ref> Effect of trikatu (PIPERINE) on the pharmacokinetic profile of isoniazid in rabbitsRS Karan, VK Bhargava, SK Garg Year : 1998 , Volume : 30 ,, Issue : 4 , Page : 254-256. </ref>.
'''''Trikatu''''': is combination of equal parts of ''sunthi, maricha'' and ''pippali''. ''Trikatu'' is regarded as an anti-obesity formulation and has been widely used in anabolic disorders. It is widely used to lower cholesterol and triglycerides and is known to increase HDL levels. In one of the studies it is found that ''trikatu'', by virtue of its ability to reduce triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, increases HDL cholesterol to reduce the risk of hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis.<ref> Effect of an indigenous herbal compound preparation ‘Trikatu’ on the lipid profiles of atherogenic diet and standard diet fed Rattus norvegicus Valsala Sivakumar1,Phytotherapy Research Volume 18, Issue 12, pages 976–981, December 2004. </ref> ''Trikatu'' is also known to have immune modulatory properties<ref> Trikatu, an herbal compound as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-an experimental study Vachana Murunikkara, MahaboobKhan RasoolCellular ImmunologyAvailable online 18 December 2013 </ref> and is known to be a good bioavailability enhancer<ref> Effect of trikatu (PIPERINE) on the pharmacokinetic profile of isoniazid in rabbitsRS Karan, VK Bhargava, SK Garg Year : 1998 , Volume : 30 ,, Issue : 4 , Page : 254-256. </ref>.
'''''Sunthi''''' or ginger (Zinziber officinale): Ginger has ''katu rasa, madhura vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. Ginger has been shown to exhibit antioxidant effects. (6)-gingerol appears to be the antioxidant constituent present in ginger, as it was shown to protect HL-60 cells from oxidative stress. Ginger oil has dominative protective effects on DNA damage induced by H2O2. Ginger oil might act as a scavenger of oxygen radical and might be used as an antioxidant<ref> Ma J, Jin X, Yang L and Liu ZL. Diarylheptanoids from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. Phytochemistry. 2004;65(8):1137-1143..24 </ref>. In vitro research indicates that gingerols and the related shogaols exhibit cardio depressant properties at low doses and cardiotonic properties at higher doses. Both (6)-shogaol and (6)-gingerol, and the gingerdiones, are reportedly potent enzymatic inhibitors of prostaglandin, thromboxane, and leukotriene biosynthesis. <ref> Shoji N, Iwasa A, Takemoto T, Ishida Y and Ohizumi Y. Cardiotonic principles of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). </ref> Spiced foods or herbal drinks, containing ginger, have the potential to produce significant effects on metabolic targets, such as satiety, thermogenesis, and fat oxidation thus, useful as anti-obesity agent. Thermogenic ingredients, such as ginger, may be considered as functional agent that could help restore a "positive energy balance" and prevent obesity<ref> Westerterp-Plantenga M, Diepvens K, Joosen AM, Berube-Parent S and Tremblay A. Metabolic effects of spices, teas, and caffeine. Physiol Behav. 8-30-2006;89(1):85-91. </ref>.
'''''Sunthi''''' or ginger (Zinziber officinale): Ginger has ''katu rasa, madhura vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. Ginger has been shown to exhibit antioxidant effects. (6)-gingerol appears to be the antioxidant constituent present in ginger, as it was shown to protect HL-60 cells from oxidative stress. Ginger oil has dominative protective effects on DNA damage induced by H2O2. Ginger oil might act as a scavenger of oxygen radical and might be used as an antioxidant<ref> Ma J, Jin X, Yang L and Liu ZL. Diarylheptanoids from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. Phytochemistry. 2004;65(8):1137-1143..24 </ref>. In vitro research indicates that gingerols and the related shogaols exhibit cardio depressant properties at low doses and cardiotonic properties at higher doses. Both (6)-shogaol and (6)-gingerol, and the gingerdiones, are reportedly potent enzymatic inhibitors of prostaglandin, thromboxane, and leukotriene biosynthesis. <ref> Shoji N, Iwasa A, Takemoto T, Ishida Y and Ohizumi Y. Cardiotonic principles of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). </ref> Spiced foods or herbal drinks, containing ginger, have the potential to produce significant effects on metabolic targets, such as satiety, thermogenesis, and fat oxidation thus, useful as anti-obesity agent. Thermogenic ingredients, such as ginger, may be considered as functional agent that could help restore a "positive energy balance" and prevent obesity<ref> Westerterp-Plantenga M, Diepvens K, Joosen AM, Berube-Parent S and Tremblay A. Metabolic effects of spices, teas, and caffeine. Physiol Behav. 8-30-2006;89(1):85-91. </ref>.
'''''Shigru''''' (Moringa olifera): has properties of ''katu, kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It is widely used in ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. Charaka has also elaborated ''shigru'' to be used in obesity and heart diseases. It exhibits strong hypoglycaemic properties.<ref> Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves aqueous extract therapy on hyperglycemic rats Dolly Jaiswal, Prashant Kumar Rai, Amit Kumar, Shikha Mehta, Geeta Watal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123 (2009) 392–396 </ref> The aqueous, ethanol and ether extracts of moringa oleifera leaves contain compounds that cause reduction in heart rate and relaxation of cardiac muscle and have medical use in management of cardiac conditions like hypertension<ref> Effect of moringa oleifera leaf extracts on the isolated rabbit heart and uterus Ntulume, R. Davis URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10570/308Date: 2010-11. </ref>.
'''''Shigru''''' (Moringa olifera): has properties of ''katu, kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It is widely used in ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. Charak has also elaborated ''shigru'' to be used in obesity and heart diseases. It exhibits strong hypoglycaemic properties.<ref> Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves aqueous extract therapy on hyperglycemic rats Dolly Jaiswal, Prashant Kumar Rai, Amit Kumar, Shikha Mehta, Geeta Watal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123 (2009) 392–396 </ref> The aqueous, ethanol and ether extracts of moringa oleifera leaves contain compounds that cause reduction in heart rate and relaxation of cardiac muscle and have medical use in management of cardiac conditions like hypertension<ref> Effect of moringa oleifera leaf extracts on the isolated rabbit heart and uterus Ntulume, R. Davis URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10570/308Date: 2010-11. </ref>.
'''''Katukrohini''''' or ''kutaki'' (Picrorrhiza kurroa): ''Kutaki'' has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya''. It possesses a strong hepatoprotective properties due to phytochemical picroliv and also have a potent antioxidant properties<ref> Phytochemical and Pharmacological Standardisation of Polyherbal Tablets For Hepatoprotective Activity Against Carbon Tetrachloride </ref>. It is found to be effective against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in rats, by reversal of increased serum level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Cholesterol, Bilirubin and decreases level of total protein which occurs during hepatotoxicit<ref> Induced HepatotoxicityVilas A. Arsul*, R. O. Ganjiwale, P. G. Yeole International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2010; 2(4): 265-268 </ref>.
'''''Katukrohini''''' or ''kutaki'' (Picrorrhiza kurroa): ''Kutaki'' has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya''. It possesses a strong hepatoprotective properties due to phytochemical picroliv and also have a potent antioxidant properties<ref> Phytochemical and Pharmacological Standardisation of Polyherbal Tablets For Hepatoprotective Activity Against Carbon Tetrachloride </ref>. It is found to be effective against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in rats, by reversal of increased serum level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Cholesterol, Bilirubin and decreases level of total protein which occurs during hepatotoxicit<ref> Induced HepatotoxicityVilas A. Arsul*, R. O. Ganjiwale, P. G. Yeole International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2010; 2(4): 265-268 </ref>.
'''''Bruhati''''' (Solanum indicum): ''Bruhati'' has ''katu tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. Solanum indicum Linn. fruits have laxative and cardiotonic action<ref> Evaluation of laxative and cardiotonic activity of solanum indicum linn. Fruits Prashanta Kumar Deb Journal of Pharmacy and Phytotheraputics J Pharm Phytother 2013, 1:3, 11 – 14 </ref>.
'''''Brihati''''' (Solanum indicum): ''Brihati'' has ''katu tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. Solanum indicum Linn. fruits have laxative and cardiotonic action<ref> Evaluation of laxative and cardiotonic activity of solanum indicum linn. Fruits Prashanta Kumar Deb Journal of Pharmacy and Phytotheraputics J Pharm Phytother 2013, 1:3, 11 – 14 </ref>.
'''''Ativisha''''' (Aconitum hetrophyllum): has ''tikta katu rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is ''laghu'' and ''ruksha'' and hence is used in ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. Research showed significant reduction in total cholesterol, TG, apolipoprotein B and increase HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A in serum samples and HMG CO A properties in liver samples. Properties of LCAT had increased and also there was increased fecal fat excretion. The mechanism explained for hypolipidemic properties was due to inhibition of HMG COA reductase properties and decrease fat absorption from intestine<ref> Arun Koorapally subash, Anu Augustine, Hypo lipidemic effect of methnol fraction of Aconitum heterophyllum wall ex Royle and the mechanism of action in diet induced obese rats. J.Adv.Pharm. Tech. Res, vol.8, (issue 4):oct-dec ,(2012). </ref>.
'''''Ativisha''''' (Aconitum hetrophyllum): has ''tikta katu rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is ''laghu'' and ''ruksha'' and hence is used in ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. Research showed significant reduction in total cholesterol, TG, apolipoprotein B and increase HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A in serum samples and HMG CO A properties in liver samples. Properties of LCAT had increased and also there was increased fecal fat excretion. The mechanism explained for hypolipidemic properties was due to inhibition of HMG COA reductase properties and decrease fat absorption from intestine<ref> Arun Koorapally subash, Anu Augustine, Hypo lipidemic effect of methnol fraction of Aconitum heterophyllum wall ex Royle and the mechanism of action in diet induced obese rats. J.Adv.Pharm. Tech. Res, vol.8, (issue 4):oct-dec ,(2012). </ref>.
'''''Sthiram''''' (Shliparni desmodium gangeticum): It has ''madhura, tikta rasa, madhur vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has alkaloids, pterocarpans, phospholipids, sterols, flavones and flavonoid glycosides. The plant shows many pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, analgesic, anti-amnesic, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer, and better CVS activites, CNS depressant, antibacterial, wound healing, antipyretic and several miscellaneous actions<ref> Pharmacological activities of desmodium gangeticum: an Overview bhavesh vaghela*, sandip buddhadevleena shukla an international journal of pharmaceutical sciences 08 Vol - 4, issue - 4, jul-sept 2013 issn: 0976-7908 </ref>.
'''''Sthiram''''' (Shliparni desmodium gangeticum): It has ''madhura, tikta rasa, madhur vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has alkaloids, pterocarpans, phospholipids, sterols, flavones and flavonoid glycosides. The plant shows many pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, analgesic, anti-amnesic, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer, and better CVS activites, CNS depressant, antibacterial, wound healing, antipyretic and several miscellaneous actions<ref> Pharmacological activities of desmodium gangeticum: an Overview Bhavesh Vaghela*, sandip buddhadevleena shukla an international journal of pharmaceutical sciences 08 Vol - 4, issue - 4, jul-sept 2013 issn: 0976-7908 </ref>.
''Kebukmool'' (Costus speciosus): It has ''tikta kashaya rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya'' and has strong diuretic action. Increased excretion of Na+ and Cl is observed after its administration. It is known to relieve pulmonary edema<ref> International journal of Ayurveda and Pharmacy Dubey S et al 2012 1(2)648-652 </ref>.
''Kebukmool'' (Costus speciosus): It has ''tikta kashaya rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya'' and has strong diuretic action. Increased excretion of Na+ and Cl is observed after its administration. It is known to relieve pulmonary edema<ref> International journal of [[Ayurveda]] and Pharmacy Dubey S et al 2012 1(2)648-652 </ref>.
'''''Dhanayaka''''' (Coriander sativum): ''Dhanayaka'' has ''katu, tikta'' and ''madhur rasa'' with ''katu vipaka'' and s''heeta veerya''. It possesses potent diuretic and antioxidant properties. Part of seeds shows a significant hypolipidemic action. There was significant increase in β-hydroxy, β-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase and plasma lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase properties (LCAT) were noted in the experimental group. The level of low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol decreased while that of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased in the experimental group. Besides diuretic properties it also exhibits a strong anti diabetic and anti convulsant action<ref> Dhanapakiam P., J. Mini Joseph, V.K. Ramaswamy, M. Moorthi and A. Senthil Kumar : The cholesterol lowering property of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum): Mechanism of action. Journal of Environmental Biology. 2008; 29(1): 53-56 </ref>.
'''''Dhanayaka''''' (Coriander sativum): ''Dhanayaka'' has ''katu, tikta'' and ''madhur rasa'' with ''katu vipaka'' and s''heeta veerya''. It possesses potent diuretic and antioxidant properties. Part of seeds shows a significant hypolipidemic action. There was significant increase in β-hydroxy, β-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase and plasma lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase properties (LCAT) were noted in the experimental group. The level of low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol decreased while that of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased in the experimental group. Besides diuretic properties it also exhibits a strong anti diabetic and anti convulsant action<ref> Dhanapakiam P., J. Mini Joseph, V.K. Ramaswamy, M. Moorthi and A. Senthil Kumar : The cholesterol lowering property of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum): Mechanism of action. Journal of Environmental Biology. 2008; 29(1): 53-56 </ref>.
'''''Sattu''''' is widely used in ''santarpaniya'' disorders. It is prepared by roasting gram flour but has now evolved to include other nutritious flours like barley, wheat etc. ''Sattu'' is a perfect blend of balanced nutrients and is prepared in one of the healthiest cooking methods – roasting. ''Sattu'' has high fibre and phytic acid content. Method of preparing ''sattu'' is such that it retains the nutrient value and increases the shelf life of the ingredients. Roasting can improve protein digestibility. <ref> Nout, M.J.R., 1993. Processed weaning foods for tropical climates. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 43: 213-221. </ref>The goal of roasting is to improve sensory qualities and achieve inactivation of destructive enzymes which improves the storage and nutritional quality of the product. <ref> Rackis, J.J., W.J. Wolf and E.C. Baker, 1986. Protease Inhibitor in Plant Foods, Content and Inactivation. In: Toxicological Significance of Enzyme Inhibitors in Food, Friedman, M. (Ed.). Advance in Exph. Med. and Biol. Plenum, New York, pp: 299-347. </ref>Research reports reduced trypsin inhibitor properties when seed temperatures reached 90-100°C. Researchers <ref> Chen, A.O. and J.R. Whitaker, 1986. Purification and characterization of a lipoxygenase from immature English peas. J. Agric. Food Chem., 34: 203-211. </ref>reported lipoxygenase properties was lost at temperatures of 75-80°C. Some also <ref> Shinde, G.B, R.N. Adsule and A.A. Kale, 1991. Effect of dehulling and cooking treatment on phytate phosphorus polyphenols and trypsin inhibitor activity of cowpea seed. Ind. Food Pack, 36: 63-65. </ref>reported that during roasting total phenols and tannins decrease. It has been observed that the <ref> Malik, M., U. Singh and S. Dahiya, 2002. Nutrient composition of pearl millet as influenced by genotypes and cooking methods. J. Food Sci. Technol., 39: 463-468. </ref>reduction in mineral contents during roasting might be due to the loss of nutrients while heating at high temperature.
'''''Sattu''''' is widely used in ''santarpaniya'' disorders. It is prepared by roasting gram flour but has now evolved to include other nutritious flours like barley, wheat etc. ''Sattu'' is a perfect blend of balanced nutrients and is prepared in one of the healthiest cooking methods – roasting. ''Sattu'' has high fibre and phytic acid content. Method of preparing ''sattu'' is such that it retains the nutrient value and increases the shelf life of the ingredients. Roasting can improve protein digestibility. <ref> Nout, M.J.R., 1993. Processed weaning foods for tropical climates. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 43: 213-221. </ref>The goal of roasting is to improve sensory qualities and achieve inactivation of destructive enzymes which improves the storage and nutritional quality of the product. <ref> Rackis, J.J., W.J. Wolf and E.C. Baker, 1986. Protease Inhibitor in Plant Foods, Content and Inactivation. In: Toxicological Significance of Enzyme Inhibitors in Food, Friedman, M. (Ed.). Advance in Exph. Med. and Biol. Plenum, New York, pp: 299-347. </ref>Research reports reduced trypsin inhibitor properties when seed temperatures reached 90-100°C. Researchers <ref> Chen, A.O. and J.R. Whitaker, 1986. Purification and characterization of a lipoxygenase from immature English peas. J. Agric. Food Chem., 34: 203-211. </ref>reported lipoxygenase properties was lost at temperatures of 75-80°C. Some also <ref> Shinde, G.B, R.N. Adsule and A.A. Kale, 1991. Effect of dehulling and cooking treatment on phytate phosphorus polyphenols and trypsin inhibitor activity of cowpea seed. Ind. Food Pack, 36: 63-65. </ref>reported that during roasting total phenols and tannins decrease. It has been observed that the <ref> Malik, M., U. Singh and S. Dahiya, 2002. Nutrient composition of pearl millet as influenced by genotypes and cooking methods. J. Food Sci. Technol., 39: 463-468. </ref>reduction in mineral contents during roasting might be due to the loss of nutrients while heating at high temperature.
Elevated plasma cholesterol or elevated LDL-cholesterol concentrations have been shown to be one of the risk factors.<ref> Griffin, John D et al Dietary Cholesterol and Plasma Lipoprotein Profiles: Randomized-Controlled Trials, 2013, 2(4):274-282 </ref>It has been suggested that dietary fibre or more specifically phytate which is a component of fibre can influence the etiology of heart disease<ref> Abdoulaye Coulibaly et al, 2011 Phytic Acid in Cereal Grains: Structure, Healthy or Harmful Ways to Reduce Phytic Acid in Cereal Grains and Their Effects on Nutritional Quality. American Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Technology, 1: 1-22. Doi: 10.3923/ajpnft.2011.1.22 </ref>. Researchers <ref> Jariwalla, R.J., R. Sabin, S. Lawson and Z.S. Herman, 1990. Lowering of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and modulation of divalent cations by dietary phytate. J. Applied Nutr., 42: 18-28. </ref> showed that dietary phytate supplementation resulted in the lowering of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. This effect accompanied the decrease in serum Zn level and Zn-Cu ratio. This is because coronary heart disease appears to be caused by an imbalance of Zn-Cu metabolism.
Elevated plasma cholesterol or elevated LDL-cholesterol concentrations have been shown to be one of the risk factors.<ref> Griffin, John D et al Dietary Cholesterol and Plasma Lipoprotein Profiles: Randomized-Controlled Trials, 2013, 2(4):274-282 </ref>It has been suggested that dietary fibre or more specifically phytate which is a component of fibre can influence the etiology of heart disease<ref> Abdoulaye Coulibaly et al, 2011 Phytic Acid in Cereal Grains: Structure, Healthy or Harmful Ways to Reduce Phytic Acid in Cereal Grains and Their Effects on Nutritional Quality. American Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Technology, 1: 1-22. Doi: 10.3923/ajpnft.2011.1.22 </ref>. Researchers <ref> Jariwalla, R.J., R. Sabin, S. Lawson and Z.S. Herman, 1990. Lowering of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and modulation of divalent cations by dietary phytate. J. Applied Nutr., 42: 18-28. </ref> showed that dietary phytate supplementation resulted in the lowering of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. This effect accompanied the decrease in serum Zn level and Zn-Cu ratio. This is because coronary heart disease appears to be caused by an imbalance of Zn-Cu metabolism.
Above are all the important reasons why ''sattu'' is recommended as one of the important food in ''santarpaniya vyadhi''.
Above are all the important reasons why ''sattu'' is recommended as one of the important food in ''santarpaniya vyadhi''.
Those individuals who consume these type of formulations can have normalization of ''agni, smriti'' (memory) and ''buddhi'', that is the power of forming and retaining concepts and general notions, intelligence, reason, intellect, discernment, judgment which gets deranged in ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' in latter stages gets normalised.
Those individuals who consume these type of formulations can have normalization of [[agni]], [[smriti]] (memory) and [[buddhi]], that is the power of forming and retaining concepts and general notions, intelligence, reason, intellect, discernment, judgment which gets deranged in ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' in latter stages gets normalised.
Those individuals who exercise regularly, who do not eat until the previous meals are completely digested, who do not indulge in overeating, who regularly consume barley and wheat in diet get relief from all the diseases due to ''santarpana'' and obesity. This is how all the ''santarpanjanya vyadhis'' are treated with apatarpana medicines.
Those individuals who exercise regularly, who do not eat until the previous meals are completely digested, who do not indulge in overeating, who regularly consume barley and wheat in diet get relief from all the diseases due to ''santarpana'' and obesity. This is how all the ''santarpanjanya vyadhis'' are treated with ''apatarpana'' medicines.
If we observe the herbs mentioned in the management of ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' it is evident from the following table that most of the herbs are ''tikta, katu, kashaya rasa'' dominant having ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. These properties are attributed to ''akash'' and ''vayu mahabhuta''.
If we observe the herbs mentioned in the management of ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' it is evident from the following table that most of the herbs are ''tikta, katu, kashaya rasa'' dominant having ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. These properties are attributed to [[akasha]] and [[vayu]] [[mahabhuta]].
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=== Table 1: Concise information about herbs used in management of ''santarpaniya'' diseases ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Name !! Latin name !! Family !! ''Rasa'' !! ''Veerya'' !! ''Vipaka''
! Name !! Latin name !! Family !! ''Rasa'' !! ''Veerya'' !! ''Vipaka''
|}
|}
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'''''Phanita''''' (molasses) is a semisolid condensed sugarcane preparation, traditionally used to prepare ''arista, asava'' and other forms of alcoholic fermentation. Its heavy in nature, sweet in taste, nutritive and non - aphrodisiac and aggravates tridosha. Sattu, ghee, whey, sour fruits like Garcinia combojia, and kanji work as tarpana medicines in urinary ailments and ''udavarta'' (abnormal conditions characterized by retention of faeces, urine and flatus, associated with pain and leading to or caused by anti-peristaltic movements in the body).
'''''Phanita''''' (molasses) is a semisolid condensed sugarcane preparation, traditionally used to prepare ''arista, asava'' and other forms of alcoholic fermentation. Its heavy in nature, sweet in taste, nutritive and non - aphrodisiac and aggravates tridosha. ''Sattu'', ghee, whey, sour fruits like Garcinia combojia, and ''kanji'' work as ''tarpana'' medicines in urinary ailments and ''udavarta'' (abnormal conditions characterized by retention of faeces, urine and flatus, associated with pain and leading to or caused by anti-peristaltic movements in the body).
'''''Mantha''''' is a formulation made by adding fourteen times of water and blending it thoroughly. ''Mantha'' of ''kharjura'' (dates), ''manuka'' (resins), gracinia, tamarind, pomegranate, ''falsa'' (Grewia asiatica) and ''amalaki'' is useful in alcoholics and alcohol induced disorders. ''Mantha'' prepared out of sweet and sour substances if mixed together and added with or without ghee proves to be ''santarpana'' and improves strength, lustre and power of body.
'''''Kharjura''''' (dates, Phoenix dactylifera) has ''madhura rasa, sheeta veerya'' and ''madhura vipaka''. It is highly nutritious, and has therapeutic effect in the prevention of diseases through modulation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, besides other effects. It contains insignificant amounts of fat and has no cholesterol. It is rich in potassium and iron, besides having adequate levels of B-Complex group of vitamins. They contain health benefiting flavonoid polyphenolic antioxidants. Zea-xanthin is an important dietary carotenoid that selectively gets absorbed in the retinal macula lutea, where it is thought to provide antioxidant and protective light-filtering functions. It thus offers protection against age-related macular degeneration, especially in elderly populations.
'''''Mantha''''' is a formulation made by adding fourteen times of water and blending it thoroughly. Mantha of kharjur (dates), manuka (resins), gracinia, tamarind, pomegranate, falsa (Grewia asiatica) and amalki is useful in alcoholics and alcohol induced disorders. Mantha prepared out of sweet and sour substances if mixed together and added with or without ghee proves to be santarpana and improves strength, lustre and power of body.
'''''Mrudvika''''' are raisins made of dried grapes. They have ''madhura rasa, madhura vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya'' and have potent nutritional properties. The most abundant are polyphenol, phenolic acid, tannin are the flavonols, quercetin, kaempferol, phenolic acids, caftaric and coutaric acid. On a wet weight basis, some polyphenol, phenolic acid, and tannin, such as protocatechuic and oxidized cinnamic acids, are present at a higher level in raisins compared to grapes. In human intervention studies, raisins can lower the postprandial insulin response, modulate sugar absorption (glycemic index), affect certain oxidative biomarkers, and promote satiety via leptin and ghrelin<ref> Williamson G, Carughi A. Polyphenol content and health benefits of raisins. Nutr Res. 2010 Aug;30(8):511-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.07.005. </ref>.
'''''Kharjur''''' (dates, Phoenix dactylifera) has madhura rasa, sheeta veerya and madhur vipaka. It is highly nutritious, and has therapeutic effect in the prevention of diseases through modulation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, besides other effects. It contains insignificant amounts of fat and has no cholesterol. It is rich in potassium and iron, besides having adequate levels of B-Complex group of vitamins. They contain health benefiting flavonoid polyphenolic antioxidants. , Zea-xanthin is an important dietary carotenoid that selectively gets absorbed in the retinal macula lutea, where it is thought to provide antioxidant and protective light-filtering functions. It thus offers protection against age-related macular degeneration, especially in elderly populations.
'''''Dadima''''' (Punica Granatum): It is ''madhura, kashaya'' and ''amla rasa'' with ''ushna veerya'' and ''madhura vipaka.'' Pomegranates have the potential to thin the blood, increase blood flow to the heart, reduce blood pressure, reduce plaque in the arteries, and reduce bad cholesterol while increasing good cholesterol<ref> Lansky, E.; Shubert, S.; Neeman, I. Pharmacological and therapeutical properties of pomegranate. In Proceedings 1st International Symposium on Pomegranate; Megarejo, P.; Martı´nez, J. J.; </ref>. Pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice polyphenols tend to inhibit breastcancer cell proliferation, invasion, and promotes apoptosis of breast cancer cells<ref> N.D., R. Mehta, W. Yu, I. Neeman, T. Livney, A. Amichay, D.Poirier, P. Nicholls, A. Kirby, W. Jiang, R. Mansel, C.Ramachandran, T. Rabi, B. Kaplan, and E. Lansky:Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum) for human breast cancer.Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2002; 71(3): 203-17 </ref>.
Falasa (Grewia asiatica): has kashaya, amla, madhura rasa and laghu, veerya sheeta guna and madhura vipaka. It is useful in madatya, pittaprakopa, trishna, daha, hridroga, amavata, vatarakta, shoola, kshaya, rohini, yoniroga, vrana, jwara. It shows a potent antioxidant properties and shows radio protective properties<ref> Sharma KV, Sisodia R. Evaluation of free radical scavenging activity and radioprotective efficacy of Grewia asiatica fruit. J Radio Prot 2009; 29: 429–443. </ref>.
'''''Falasa''''' (Grewia asiatica): has ''kashaya, amla, madhura rasa'' and ''laghu, veerya sheeta guna'' and ''madhura vipaka''. It is useful in ''madatya, pittaprakopa, trishna, daha, hridroga, amavata, vatarakta, shoola, kshaya, rohini, yoniroga, vrana, jwara''. It shows a potent antioxidant properties and shows radio protective properties<ref> Sharma KV, Sisodia R. Evaluation of free radical scavenging activity and radioprotective efficacy of Grewia asiatica fruit. J Radio Prot 2009; 29: 429–443. </ref>.
It is very interesting to note that honey and sattu are used both in apatarpan and santarpaniya vyadhis. In santarpanajanya vyadhis, Sattu is used along with certain herbs, which are tikta and katu ras dominant. Apart from herbs oil, ghee and honey in prescribed portion is used. While in apatarpana diseases sattu has been used along with sugar, alcoholic beverages, honey, oil and ghee. This is the importance of samyog (combination) of dravyas mentioned by Charaka elsewhere. Sattu when advised with alcoholic beverages or with certain sour substance exerts different nutritional properties. When sattu is given with acidic and fermented substances like alcohol, an enzymetic degradation of phytic acid of sattu is observed. Such a reduction in phytate may increase the amount of soluble iron, zinc and calcium several folds. This makes the combination of sattu more nutritious as compared to the formulation mentioned in the management of santarpanajanya diseases.
If we observe the food substances, fruits and other edibles which are advised for the management of ''apatarpana'' have high glycemic index. Dates, raisins, and certain fruits mentioned are fast energy giving substances while formulation with sattu are slow energy giving substances.
It is very interesting to note that honey and sattu are used both in ''apatarpana'' and ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. In ''santarpanajanya vyadhis, sattu'' is used along with certain herbs, which are ''tikta'' and ''katu rasa'' dominant. Apart from herbs oil, ghee and honey in prescribed portion is used. While in ''apatarpana'' diseases ''sattu'' has been used along with sugar, alcoholic beverages, honey, oil and ghee. This is the importance of ''samayoga'' (combination) of ''dravyas'' mentioned by Charak elsewhere. ''Sattu'' when advised with alcoholic beverages or with certain sour substance exerts different nutritional properties.
When ''sattu'' is given with acidic and fermented substances like alcohol, an enzymetic degradation of phytic acid of ''sattu'' is observed. Such a reduction in phytate may increase the amount of soluble iron, zinc and calcium several folds. This makes the combination of sattu more nutritious as compared to the formulation mentioned in the management of santarpanajanya diseases.
Over-nutrition and disorders induced by it leads to immune activation or susceptibility to inflammatory diseases, such as diabetes while under nutrition results in immune suppression or susceptibility to infection. Over-nutrition (prolonged intake of high fat/sugar diets) and infection lead to chronic and acute inflammation through nutrient and pathogen sensing systems, respectively<ref> Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS: Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:1111-1119. </ref>
Over-nutrition and disorders induced by it leads to immune activation or susceptibility to inflammatory diseases, such as diabetes while under nutrition results in immune suppression or susceptibility to infection. Over-nutrition (prolonged intake of high fat/sugar diets) and infection lead to chronic and acute inflammation through nutrient and pathogen sensing systems, respectively<ref> Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS: Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:1111-1119. </ref>
=== List of research works done as post graduate and post doctoral level on obeisty, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia ===
About 42 research works are found on the subject of hyperlipidaemia with various aspects like aetiopathogenesis and management. Some important work on hyperlipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia are as follows:
About 42 research works are found on the subject of hyperlipidaemia with various aspects like aetiopathogenesis and management. Some important work on hyperlipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia are as follows:
Faculty of Ayurveda, IMS, Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi:
Faculty of [[Ayurveda]], IMS, Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi:
#Satyavati G.V. (1966): Effect of an indigenous drug on lipid metabolism w.s.r to obesity and atherosclerosis.
#Satyavati G.V. (1966): Effect of an indigenous drug on lipid metabolism w.s.r to obesity and atherosclerosis.
#Nigam R. P. (1982): Clinical trial of Arogya-vardhini-herbal in cases of raised Raktagata Sneha (Hyperlipidaemia).
#Nigam R. P. (1982): Clinical trial of Arogya-vardhini-herbal in cases of raised Raktagata Sneha (Hyperlipidaemia).
National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur:
National Institute of [[Ayurveda]], Jaipur:
#Sood Rajiv (1999) : Clinical evaluation of Bala-Hareetaki on serum cholesterol.
#Sood Rajiv (1999) : Clinical evaluation of Bala-Hareetaki on serum cholesterol.
#Gupta Keshav Prasad (2005) : Aetiopathological studies of hyperlipidaemia (Medodushti) w.s.r to Diabetes mellitus and therapeutic trial of Ayurvedic formulation (Lipidocare).
#Gupta Keshav Prasad (2005) : Aetiopathological studies of hyperlipidaemia (Medodushti) w.s.r to Diabetes mellitus and therapeutic trial of Ayurvedic formulation (Lipidocare).
Gopabandhu Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Puri :
Gopabandhu [[Ayurveda]] Mahavidyalaya, Puri :
#Tripathy U.C. (1985): Concept of Medoroga vis-à-vis Hyperlipidaemia and its management with Navaka Guggulu.
#Tripathy U.C. (1985): Concept of Medoroga vis-à-vis Hyperlipidaemia and its management with Navaka Guggulu.
#Pande S (2002) : Biological effect of Lekhana Basti w.s.r. to lipid profile.
#Pande S (2002) : Biological effect of Lekhana Basti w.s.r. to lipid profile.
Smt. K G M Punarvasu Ayurveda College,Mumbai:
Smt. K G M Punarvasu [[Ayurveda]] College,Mumbai:
#Majumadar Dattatraya B. (1990): Rasagata-Sneha (cholesterol) Ka Naidanika Chikitsatmaka Adhyayana.
#Majumadar Dattatraya B. (1990): Rasagata-Sneha (cholesterol) Ka Naidanika Chikitsatmaka Adhyayana.
#Pankajam P. K. (2003) : A study on the effect of selected modalities of Yoga and naturopathy in the control of hyperlipidaemia.
#Pankajam P. K. (2003) : A study on the effect of selected modalities of Yoga and naturopathy in the control of hyperlipidaemia.
Tilak Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Pune:
Tilak [[Ayurveda]] Mahavidyalaya, Pune:
#Kad Vilas S (1997): Study of lipids/Prasadakaya Dhatu with reference toAyurvedic Swastha and Atura Pareekshana.
#Kad Vilas S (1997): Study of lipids/Prasadakaya Dhatu with reference toAyurvedic Swastha and Atura Pareekshana.
#Arora N. K. (2001): Effect of Hareetaki (Terminalia chebula ratha.) in hypercholesterolaemia.
#Arora N. K. (2001): Effect of Hareetaki (Terminalia chebula ratha.) in hypercholesterolaemia.
B V College of Ayurveda, Pune:
B V College of [[Ayurveda]], Pune:
#Sankapal Milind Kumar (2005): Upashayatmak study of Ushnodaka on blood cholesterol and Sthaulaya lakshana.
#Sankapal Milind Kumar (2005): Upashayatmak study of Ushnodaka on blood cholesterol and Sthaulaya lakshana.
Rajiv Gandhi Govt. PG Institute of Ayurveda, Paprola:
Rajiv Gandhi Govt. PG Institute of [[Ayurveda]], Paprola:
#Gupta Madhu (2000): Effect of Ayurvedic formulation on Medoroga w.s.r. to Hyperlipidaemia.
#Gupta Madhu (2000): Effect of Ayurvedic formulation on Medoroga w.s.r. to Hyperlipidaemia.
Institute of Postgraduate Education and Research in Ayurveda,Kolkata:
Institute of Postgraduate Education and Research in [[Ayurveda]],Kolkata:
#Mishra D K (1991) : Role of Commiphora mukul and P. compound in Medoroga w.s.r. to obesity and cholesterol.
#Mishra D K (1991) : Role of Commiphora mukul and P. compound in Medoroga w.s.r. to obesity and cholesterol.
#Suchitra S.S. (2002) : A study on Rookshna Chikitsa w.s.r. to the effect of Shuddha Guggulu and Shuddha Shilajatu on Sthaulya (hypercholesterolaemia) A comparative study.
#Suchitra S.S. (2002) : A study on Rookshna Chikitsa w.s.r. to the effect of Shuddha Guggulu and Shuddha Shilajatu on Sthaulya (hypercholesterolaemia) A comparative study.
SDGM Ayurveda Medical College, Gadag:
SDGM [[Ayurveda]] Medical College, Gadag:
#Mudigoudar Yoshadha S (2000) : The efficacy of Pippalyadi Guggulu in Medoroga (w.s.r. to its hypolipidaemic effect).
#Mudigoudar Yoshadha S (2000) : The efficacy of Pippalyadi Guggulu in Medoroga (w.s.r. to its hypolipidaemic effect).
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== References==
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