Changes

prasRutAH sarShapaiH kalkairviTsa~ggAnAhabhedanaH ||12||

prasRutAH sarShapaiH kalkairviTsa~ggAnAhabhedanaH ||12||

Basti prepared with a total of four prasṛtas of tila taila (sesame oil), cow’s urine, dadhimaṇḍa (whey) and amlakāñjī (fermented sour gruel) mixed with a paste of sarṣapa (Brassica campestris Linn.) relieves the stagnation of stool and constipation. (12)

Basti prepared with a total of four prasritas of tila taila (sesame oil), cow’s urine, dadhimaṇḍa (whey) and amlakāñjī (fermented sour gruel) mixed with a paste of sarṣapa (Brassica campestris Linn.) relieves the stagnation of stool and constipation. (12)

==== ''Pancha-prasritika basti''-II ====

==== ''Pancha-prasritika basti''-II ====

ete salavaNAH koShNA nirUhAH prasRutairnava||14||

ete salavaNAH koShNA nirUhAH prasRutairnava||14||

Basti prepared with five prasṛtas decoction of śvadaṁṣṭrā (Tribulus terrestris Linn.), aśmabhida (Bergenia ligulata Wall.), eraṇḍa (Ricinus communis Linn.) together, taila and surāsava (an alcoholic preparation) added with paste of yaṣṭi (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.), kauntī (Piper aurantiacum Wall.), māgadhikā (Piper longum Linn.) and sitāḥ (sugar candy) is useful in mūtrakṛcchra (a condition characterized by difficult and painful micturition) and ānāha (constipation). These nine prasṛta bastis are given with salt and moderately warm. (13-14)

Basti prepared with five prasritas decoction of śvadaṁṣṭrā (Tribulus terrestris Linn.), aśmabhida (Bergenia ligulata Wall.), eraṇḍa (Ricinus communis Linn.) together, taila and surāsava (an alcoholic preparation) added with paste of yaṣṭi (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.), kauntī (Piper aurantiacum Wall.), māgadhikā (Piper longum Linn.) and sitāḥ (sugar candy) is useful in mūtrakṛcchra (a condition characterized by difficult and painful micturition) and ānāha (constipation). These nine prasrita bastis are given with salt and moderately warm. (13-14)

==== Treatment of stagnated basti ====

==== Treatment of stagnated basti ====

=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===

=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===

The unit prasṛta, according to caraka saṁhitā is an amount of two palas which is approximately equal to 100 milliliter (1pala=50ml).[ ] ,[ ] (verse 1-2)Carakasamhitā is written in the form of dialogue between the teacher (Ātreya) and his disciples (mainly Agniveśa). Mild form of shodhana measures are for those subjects who are not suitable for strong measures and for the patients who suffered with the complications of the measures described in previous chapters. Vamana and virechana are major procedures for shodhana. However, these are contraindicated for the tender persons. Tender persons may not tolerate even basti. Therefore, mild forms of bastis are described for them. Similarly, the measures to treat the complications developed due to the faulty application of the procedures especially the basti.  

The unit prasrita, according to [[Charaka Samhita]] is an amount of two palas which is approximately equal to 100 milliliter (1pala=50ml).[ ] ,[ ] (verse 1-2)Carakasamhitā is written in the form of dialogue between the teacher (Ātreya) and his disciples (mainly Agniveśa). Mild form of shodhana measures are for those subjects who are not suitable for strong measures and for the patients who suffered with the complications of the measures described in previous chapters. Vamana and virechana are major procedures for shodhana. However, these are contraindicated for the tender persons. Tender persons may not tolerate even basti. Therefore, mild forms of bastis are described for them. Similarly, the measures to treat the complications developed due to the faulty application of the procedures especially the basti.  

Some translators interpreted the phrase ‘karmaṇā viplutānāṁ’ as ‘exhausted of hard work’.[ ] However, the meaning of this phrase can be taken as ‘complicated by the consequences of the therapies’, which seems to be more appropriate in this context.  The complications may be natural consequences of the therapies or may be due to faulty application. (verse 3)

Some translators interpreted the phrase ‘karmaṇā viplutānāṁ’ as ‘exhausted of hard work’.[ ] However, the meaning of this phrase can be taken as ‘complicated by the consequences of the therapies’, which seems to be more appropriate in this context.  The complications may be natural consequences of the therapies or may be due to faulty application. (verse 3)

The recipe in verse 4 is composed of total five prasṛtas (2 prasṛtas of milk, 1 prasṛta each of honey, sesame oil and ghṛta), therefore this basti is named by Gaṅgādhara as pāñcaprāsṛtika basti.[ ] This basti is useful for eliminating vāta as well as promoting the strength and the complexion.  

The recipe in verse 4 is composed of total five prasritas (2 prasritas of milk, 1 prasrita each of honey, sesame oil and ghṛta), therefore this basti is named by Gaṅgādhara as pāñcaprāsṛtika basti.[ ] This basti is useful for eliminating vāta as well as promoting the strength and the complexion.  

Vāta eliminating mesures usually promotes quality of dhātus and upadhātus (structural components of the body). This eventually results in promotion of the body strength and the complexion. Word ‘bala’ also denotes the immune function; hence this may also be interpreted as promoting immune activity. In ancient time to mix a basti material, churning stick was used. In modern time an electric blender is an ideal alternative. With a blender the mixture is better homogenized than a manual churning stick.

Vāta eliminating mesures usually promotes quality of dhātus and upadhātus (structural components of the body). This eventually results in promotion of the body strength and the complexion. Word ‘bala’ also denotes the immune function; hence this may also be interpreted as promoting immune activity. In ancient time to mix a basti material, churning stick was used. In modern time an electric blender is an ideal alternative. With a blender the mixture is better homogenized than a manual churning stick.

Cakrapāṇi considered bilvādi group in his Āyurveda dīpikā commentary as daśamula.[ ]This group consists of roots of ten plants viz. bilva (Aegle marmelos Carr.), śyonāka (Oroxylum indicumVent.),gambhārī (Gmelina arborea Roxb.), pāṭalā (Stereospermum suaveolensDC.),agnimantha (Premna integrifolia Roxb.), śālaparṇī (Desmodium gangeticumDC.), pṛśniparṇī (Uraria picta Desr.) bṛhatī (Solanum indicum Linn.) kaṇṭakārī (Solanum suranttense Burm.) and gokṣura (Tribulus terrestris Linn.).  While Gaṅgādhara in his Jalpakalpataru commentary mentions this as pañchamūla –the roots of a group of five plants viz. bilva,śyonāka, gambhārī, pāṭalā and agnimantha.[ ]Since next verse (5th) describes a recipe with pañchamūla, in this verse considering bilvādi as daśamula is more logical and practical. This basti consists a total of eight prasṛtas (one prasṛta each of taila, prasannā, madhu and ghṛta and two prasṛtaseachof bilvādi decoction and kulattha decoction). Therefore, Gaṅgādhara names this as aṣṭaprāsṛtika basti.[ ]

Cakrapāṇi considered bilvādi group in his Āyurveda dīpikā commentary as daśamula.[ ]This group consists of roots of ten plants viz. bilva (Aegle marmelos Carr.), śyonāka (Oroxylum indicumVent.),gambhārī (Gmelina arborea Roxb.), pāṭalā (Stereospermum suaveolensDC.),agnimantha (Premna integrifolia Roxb.), śālaparṇī (Desmodium gangeticumDC.), pṛśniparṇī (Uraria picta Desr.) bṛhatī (Solanum indicum Linn.) kaṇṭakārī (Solanum suranttense Burm.) and gokṣura (Tribulus terrestris Linn.).  While Gaṅgādhara in his Jalpakalpataru commentary mentions this as pañchamūla –the roots of a group of five plants viz. bilva,śyonāka, gambhārī, pāṭalā and agnimantha.[ ]Since next verse (5th) describes a recipe with pañchamūla, in this verse considering bilvādi as daśamula is more logical and practical. This basti consists a total of eight prasritas (one prasrita each of taila, prasannā, madhu and ghṛta and two prasritas each of bilvādi decoction and kulattha decoction). Therefore, Gaṅgādhara names this as aṣṭaprāsṛtika basti.[ ]

The basti in verse six, consists of total nine prasṛtas i.e. pañchamūla decoction- five prasṛtas, sesame oil - two prasṛtas, honey- one prasṛta, ghṛta- one prasṛta. Therefore, Gaṅgādhara names this as navaprāsṛtika basti.[ ] (verses 4-6)

The basti in verse six, consists of total nine prasritas i.e. pañchamūla decoction- five prasritas, sesame oil - two prasritas, honey- one prasrita, ghṛta- one prasrita. Therefore, Gaṅgādhara names this as navaprāsṛtika basti.[ ] (verses 4-6)

Akṣa and karṣa are the units of same amount, which is equal to about twelve grams. Hence the amount of rock salt in this basti would be about 6 grams. Śukra is one of the seven dhātus (structural components). Śukra is not a single entity. It comprises male reprodudtive cells and substances including the androgenic hormones responsible for manhood in a man. This basti promotes quality and quantity of all these entities in the body.

Akṣa and karṣa are the units of same amount, which is equal to about twelve grams. Hence the amount of rock salt in this basti would be about 6 grams. Śukra is one of the seven dhātus (structural components). Śukra is not a single entity. It comprises male reprodudtive cells and substances including the androgenic hormones responsible for manhood in a man. This basti promotes quality and quantity of all these entities in the body.

The usual contents of a nirūha basti are salt, honey, oil, kalka and decoction (or a liquid). These are to be mixed by churning in the sequence as mentioned above. Here the mixing may be in this sequence- saindhava, honey, oil, ghṛta, hapuṣā (fruits of Juniperus communis Linn.)and milk.

The usual contents of a nirūha basti are salt, honey, oil, kalka and decoction (or a liquid). These are to be mixed by churning in the sequence as mentioned above. Here the mixing may be in this sequence- saindhava, honey, oil, ghṛta, hapuṣā (fruits of Juniperus communis Linn.)and milk.

(verse 7)

(verse 7)

Basti is usually contraindicated in kuṣṭha [Ca. Si. 2/14][ ]. However, Suśrutasaṁhitā recommends nirūhabastis in this condition [Su.Ci.35/22].[ ] Practically nirūha basti, with bitter substances e.g. pañchatikta nirūha, is useful in kuṣṭha.

Basti is usually contraindicated in kuṣṭha [Ca. Si. 2/14][ ]. However, Suśrutasaṁhitā recommends nirūhabastis in this condition [Su.Ci.35/22].[ ] Practically nirūha basti, with bitter substances e.g. pañchatikta nirūha, is useful in kuṣṭha.

The quantity of kalka of sarṣapa is not mentioned in the above recipe. According to commentary of Cakrapāṇi on this verse, it may be decided. [ ] In the nirūha bastis with an amount of twelve prasṛtas, the amount of kalka is usually two palas (about100gms).  In present recipe, the amount is five prasṛtas and therefore the amount of kalka of sarṣapa would be about 40 gms. This principle is applicable in latter recipes also where the amount of kalka is not mentioned.  

The quantity of kalka of sarṣapa is not mentioned in the above recipe. According to commentary of Cakrapāṇi on this verse, it may be decided. [ ] In the nirūha bastis with an amount of twelve prasritas, the amount of kalka is usually two palas (about100gms).  In present recipe, the amount is five prasritas and therefore the amount of kalka of sarṣapa would be about 40 gms. This principle is applicable in latter recipes also where the amount of kalka is not mentioned.  

This basti contains viḍaṅga (Embelia ribes Burm.) which is the best among krimighna(anti-parasitic) [Ca.Su. 25/40] substances. Therefore, it has a krimināśana effect. (verse 9-10)

This basti contains viḍaṅga (Embelia ribes Burm.) which is the best among krimighna(anti-parasitic) [Ca.Su. 25/40] substances. Therefore, it has a krimināśana effect. (verse 9-10)

Gaṅgādhara in his Jalpakalpataru commentary considers payasyāas kṣīrakākolī, which is Fritillaria roylei Hook. Some scholars consider payasyāas vidārī, but in present recipe vidārīis already one ingredient therefore to consider it kṣīrakākolīis appropriate.

Gaṅgādhara in his Jalpakalpataru commentary considers payasyāas kṣīrakākolī, which is Fritillaria roylei Hook. Some scholars consider payasyāas vidārī, but in present recipe vidārīis already one ingredient therefore to consider it kṣīrakākolīis appropriate.

In the recipes of verse 11-12, the amount of paste is not mentioned. This may be calculated as stated in earlier verse 8th -9th. (verse 11-12)

In the recipes of verse 11-12, the amount of paste is not mentioned. This may be calculated as stated in earlier verse 8th -9th. (verse 11-12)

In above verses from 4 to 14, nine recipes of prasṛtabastis are described. Here a special and practical instruction is given that even if salt is not mentioned in any of the recipes, rock salt is to be added and these bastis are always given with a moderate warm temperature.

In above verses from 4 to 14, nine recipes of prasrita bastis are described. Here a special and practical instruction is given that even if salt is not mentioned in any of the recipes, rock salt is to be added and these bastis are always given with a moderate warm temperature.

While preparing the bastis, rock salt is to be added. The amount is to be calculated according to the principle described in the 7th verse i.e. about 6 gms. After preparing the basti, to keep it warm until it is administered, a hot water bath may be used. (verse 13-14)

While preparing the bastis, rock salt is to be added. The amount is to be calculated according to the principle described in the 7th verse i.e. about 6 gms. After preparing the basti, to keep it warm until it is administered, a hot water bath may be used. (verse 13-14)

In the verse 15-16, two opposite possibilities are described.  It may be milder than normal or it may be stronger than a normal. A mild basti is unable not only to eliminate doṣas, but it itself is not ableto come out. This is ayoga or hīnayoga (insufficient action). In such a case a basti is to be repeated with a stronger recipe. Contrary to this, if a basti is stronger it may cause an atiyoga (action in excess) causing evacuation of colonic contents more than required and eventually loss of essential substances.

In the verse 15-16, two opposite possibilities are described.  It may be milder than normal or it may be stronger than a normal. A mild basti is unable not only to eliminate doṣas, but it itself is not ableto come out. This is ayoga or hīnayoga (insufficient action). In such a case a basti is to be repeated with a stronger recipe. Contrary to this, if a basti is stronger it may cause an atiyoga (action in excess) causing evacuation of colonic contents more than required and eventually loss of essential substances.

6. pitta  is associated with śakṛt stool (pitta is primary and stool is secondary)

6. pitta  is associated with śakṛt stool (pitta is primary and stool is secondary)

In the 31st verse the possible combination are-

In the 31st verse the possible combination are-

            1. stool is associated with kapha (stoolis primary and kapha is secondary)

1. stool is associated with kapha (stoolis primary and kapha is secondary)

2. pitta is associated with kapha (pitta is primary and kapha is secondary)

2. pitta is associated with kapha (pitta is primary and kapha is secondary)

3. kapha is associated with stool (kapha is primary andstool is secondary)  

3. kapha is associated with stool (kapha is primary andstool is secondary)  

The chapter describes various clinical forms of atisara according to the components involved in the pathogenesis. The therapeutics for these various forms of atisāra is described in a planned manner. Ayurvedic management is not merely medicaments but it recommends the food preparations those are helpful in restoring the normalcy of the body components of the patient. Thus the chapter is significantly useful for clinical practice of basti therapies and the treatment of disease atisāra, which includes several modern diseases such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s dieases and irritable bowel syndrome. (verse 46)

The chapter describes various clinical forms of atisara according to the components involved in the pathogenesis. The therapeutics for these various forms of atisāra is described in a planned manner. Ayurvedic management is not merely medicaments but it recommends the food preparations those are helpful in restoring the normalcy of the body components of the patient. Thus the chapter is significantly useful for clinical practice of basti therapies and the treatment of disease atisāra, which includes several modern diseases such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s dieases and irritable bowel syndrome. (verse 46)

The basti formulations mentioned in this chapter are used widely in today’s clinical practice. However, though atisara (diarrhea) is explained in detail as complication of improperly administered basti, in todays clinical practice, this complication is observed rarely.  

The basti formulations mentioned in this chapter are used widely in today’s clinical practice. However, though atisara (diarrhea) is explained in detail as complication of improperly administered basti, in todays clinical practice, this complication is observed rarely.  

Glossary

 

=== Glossary ===

 

Abhiṣyanda (abhiShyanda; अभिष्यन्द): Oozing; The term signifies excessive oozing of body fluids.

Abhiṣyanda (abhiShyanda; अभिष्यन्द): Oozing; The term signifies excessive oozing of body fluids.

Ādhmāna (AdhmAna; आध्मान): Distention: The term signifies distention of a bodypart caused due to stagnation of the substances inside it; but generally, is taken for distention of the abdomen associated with pain due to various reasons like obstruction to the urine and feces, accumulation of blood in abdomen etc.

Ādhmāna (AdhmAna; आध्मान): Distention: The term signifies distention of a bodypart caused due to stagnation of the substances inside it; but generally, is taken for distention of the abdomen associated with pain due to various reasons like obstruction to the urine and feces, accumulation of blood in abdomen etc.

Pitta (pitta; पित्त): One of the three bodily doṣas that is responsible for digestion and metabolism in the body. It is situated in umbilicus, stomach, sweat, lymph, blood, watery fluids of the body, eye and skin. It is predominant of Agni mahābhūta. Its attributes are: sasneha (slightly unctuous), tīkṣṇa (sharp), uṣṇa (hot), laghu (light), visra (of pungent odour), sara (flowing) and drava (liquid). pitta is of five types: pāchaka, ālochaka, raṅjaka, bhrājaka and sādhaka.

Pitta (pitta; पित्त): One of the three bodily doṣas that is responsible for digestion and metabolism in the body. It is situated in umbilicus, stomach, sweat, lymph, blood, watery fluids of the body, eye and skin. It is predominant of Agni mahābhūta. Its attributes are: sasneha (slightly unctuous), tīkṣṇa (sharp), uṣṇa (hot), laghu (light), visra (of pungent odour), sara (flowing) and drava (liquid). pitta is of five types: pāchaka, ālochaka, raṅjaka, bhrājaka and sādhaka.

Prasannā (prasannA; प्रसन्ना): supernatant part of surā (an alcoholic preparation)

Prasannā (prasannA; प्रसन्ना): supernatant part of surā (an alcoholic preparation)

Prasṛta (prasRuta; प्रसृत): An amount equal to about 100 milliliter.

Prasṛta (prasRita; प्रसृत): An amount equal to about 100 milliliter.

Prastha (prastha; प्रस्थ): An amount equal to about 800 milliliter.

Prastha (prastha; प्रस्थ): An amount equal to about 800 milliliter.

Pravāhik (pravAhik; प्रवाहिक्): dysentery, a condition characterized by frequency of defecation withtenesmus.

Pravāhik (pravAhik; प्रवाहिक्): dysentery, a condition characterized by frequency of defecation withtenesmus.