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The word panchamahabhuta is made up of three words: ‘pancha’, ‘maha’ and ‘bhuta’. ‘Pancha’ means five, ‘maha’ means great and ‘bhuta’ means that which exists. All the living and non-living objects in the universe are made up of panchamahabhuta.([[Sutra Sthana]] 26/10).Therefore, panchamahabhuta are the five fundamental elements responsible for creation of the universe, including humans. Each individual has a unique panchabhautik constitution. This constitution remains in state of equilibrium in health and any imbalance results in disease. It is crucial for healthcare provider to identify panchabhautik imbalance and should have the capability to restore equilibrium.
{{#seo:
|title=Pancha mahabhuta
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|keywords=Pancha mahabhuta,Pancha mahabhuta in ayurveda,Pancha mahabhuta meaning,Five fundamental elements,Importance of panchamahabhuta,Evolution of panchamahabhuta,Properties of panchamahabhuta,Characteristics of panchamahabhuta,Influence of panchamahabhuta in embryogenesis,Role of bhutagni in digestion and metabolism,Fundamental composition of dosha,Classification of marma (vital points) based on panchamahabhuta predominance,Taste (rasa) and its panchamahabhuta predominance,Application of panchamahabhuta in therapeutics,Application of panchamahabhuta in diagnostic views,Application of panchmahabhuta in disease management,Role of panchamahabhuta in creation of universe,Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
|description=The word panchamahabhuta is made up of three words: ‘pancha’, ‘maha’ and ‘bhuta’
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=carak samhita
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<p style="text-align:justify;">The word panchamahabhuta is made up of three words: ‘pancha’, ‘maha’ and ‘bhuta’. ‘Pancha’ means five, ‘maha’ means great and ‘bhuta’ means that which exists. All the living and non-living objects in the universe are made up of panchamahabhuta.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/10].Therefore, panchamahabhuta are the five fundamental elements responsible for creation of the universe, including humans. Each individual has a unique panchabhautik constitution. This constitution remains in state of equilibrium in health and any imbalance results in disease. It is crucial for healthcare provider to identify panchabhautik imbalance and should have the capability to restore equilibrium. </p>
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|label5 = Correspondence email:
|label5 = Correspondence email:
|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com
|data5 = dryogeshdeole@gmail.com, carakasamhita@gmail.com
|label6 = Publisher
|data6 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India
|label6 = Date of first publication:
|label7 = Date of first publication:
|data6 = March 25, 2020
|data7 = March 25, 2020
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.006 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.006]
}}
}}
==Etymology and derivation==
==Etymology and derivation==
<div style='text-align:justify;'>
The word ‘bhuta’ is derived from “Bhu” dhatu(Sanskrit root) and “Kta”pratyaya(suffix). It means existence in the universe.<ref>Dingarilakshmanachary.Acharya’sAyurvedeeyapadarthavigyana. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit pratisthan;2012.Chapter 12,Pancha mahabhuta;page 66</ref> That which can be perceived through the external sense organs is called Bhuta.<ref>BK Dwivedi.Padarthavijnana. Varanasi: Chowkhambakrishnadas academy;2003.Chapter 2,Dravya vigyana;page49</ref>
The word ‘bhuta’ is derived from “Bhu” dhatu(Sanskrit root) and “Kta”pratyaya(suffix). It means existence in the universe.<ref>Dingarilakshmanachary.Acharya’sAyurvedeeyapadarthavigyana. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit pratisthan;2012.Chapter 12,Pancha mahabhuta;page 66</ref> That which can be perceived through the external sense organs is called Bhuta.<ref>BK Dwivedi.Padarthavijnana. Varanasi: Chowkhambakrishnadas academy;2003.Chapter 2,Dravya vigyana;page49</ref>
==Five fundamental elements ==
==Five fundamental elements ==
The five fundamental elements are ([[Sharira Sthana]]. 1/27)
# [[Akasha]]
The five fundamental elements are [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 1/27]
# [[Vayu]]
# [[Agni]]
#[[Akasha mahabhuta]]
# [[Jala]]
#[[Vayu mahabhuta]]
# [[Prithvi]]
#[[Agni mahabhuta]]
#[[Jala mahabhuta]]
#[[Prithvi mahabhuta]]
Each of these elements possesses inherent physical properties.
Each of these elements possesses inherent physical properties.
==Importance of panchamahabhuta ==
==Importance of panchamahabhuta ==
===Relation with human being===
===Relation with human being===
The [[purusha]] holistic human being is formed by unification of panchamahabhuta and chetana (consciousness). ([[Sharira Sthana]] 01/16)
The [[purusha]] holistic human being is formed by unification of panchamahabhuta and consciousness (chetana). [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 1/16]
===Properties of panchamahabhuta===
===Properties of panchamahabhuta===
Each mahabhuta has dominant inherent functions related to the sense organs. The mahabhuta can perceive enhanced other senses due to addition of subtle elements of other mahabhuta as given below. ([[Sharira Sthana]] 01/26-28)
Each mahabhuta has dominant inherent functions related to the sense organs. The mahabhuta can perceive enhanced other senses due to addition of subtle elements of other mahabhuta as given below. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 1/26-28]
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Mahabhuta !! Dominant inherent function !! Additional general functions due to fundamental composition
! Mahabhuta !! Dominant inherent function !! Additional general functions due to fundamental composition
|-
|-
| | [[Akasha]] ||Shabda(sound)||-
| | [[Akasha]] ||Sound(shabda)||-
|-
|-
| |[[Vayu]]||Sparsa (touch)||Shabda
| |[[Vayu]]||Touch (sparsa)||Sound(shabda)
|-
|-
| |[[Agni]]||Roopa (vision)||Shabda ,Sparsha
| |[[Agni]]||Vision(rupa)||Sound(shabda),Touch (sparsa)
|-
|-
| |[[Jala]]||Rasa (taste)|| Shabda ,Sparsha, Roopa
| |[[Jala]]||Taste (rasa)||Sound(shabda),Touch (sparsa),Vision(rupa)
|-
|-
| |[[Prithvi]]||Gandha (smell)||Shabda ,Sparsha, Roopa, Rasa
| |[[Prithvi]]||Smell (Gandha)||Sound(shabda),Touch (sparsa),Vision(rupa),Taste (rasa)
|-
|-
|}
|}
The mahabhuta provide abode for corresponding sense organs to perform their sensory functions.([[Sutra Sthana]].08/14). These sense organs are tools to know panchabhautik matter in the universe. <ref>Gokhale B.V. Ayrvedache Shastra Ayurveda Bhaskar.Marathi book.Mama Gokhale Janma mahotsava samilti. 2003. Pg.128-9.</ref>
The mahabhuta provide abode for corresponding sense organs to perform their sensory functions.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]].8/14]. These sense organs are tools to know panchabhautik matter in the universe. <ref>Gokhale B.V. Ayurvedache Shastra Ayurveda Bhaskar.Marathi book.Mama Gokhale Janma mahotsava samilti. 2003. Pg.128-9.</ref>
===Characteristics of panchamahabhuta===
===Characteristics of panchamahabhuta===
!Mahabhuta !! Characteristics
!Mahabhuta !! Characteristics
|-
|-
| |[[Akasha]] || Apratighatata (free flow/unobstructability)
| |[[Akasha]] || Free flow/unobstructability (Apratighatata)
|-
|-
| |[[Vayu]] || Chalatva (mobility)
| |[[Vayu]] || Mobility (Chalatva)
|-
|-
| |[[Agni]] || Ushnatva (heat)
| |[[Agni]] || Heat (Ushnatva)
|-
|-
| |[[Jala]] || Dravatva (liquidity)
| |[[Jala]] || Liquidity (Dravatva)
|-
|-
| |[[Prithvi]] || Kharatva (roughness)
| |[[Prithvi]] || Roughness (Kharatva)
|-
|-
|}
|}
===Influence of panchamahabhuta in embryogenesis===
===Influence of panchamahabhuta in embryogenesis===
Mahabhuta play basic functions during embryogenesis. After formation of garbha(foetus), vayu performs function of vibhajana (cell division/multiplication); agni carries function of pachana(metabolism); jala carries function of kledana(moisture or fluid);prithvi carries function of samhanana(compactness or formation of mass); and akasha carries function of vivardhana(enlargement of size). If these functions are carried out in normal proportion, the normal structure of shareera (body) is formed.<ref>Vaidya Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, Narayan Ram Aacaarya, editors. Sus’ruta sam’hita of Sus’ruta with the Nibandhasan,graha Commentry. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2008. sharirasthana 05/03; p.363.</ref>
Mahabhuta play basic functions during embryogenesis. After formation of foetus(garbha), vayu performs function of cell division/multiplication (vibhajana); agni carries function of metabolism(pachana); jala carries function of moisture or fluid(kledana); prithvi carries function of compactness or formation of mass(samhanana); and akasha carries function of enlargement of size(vivardhana). If these functions are carried out in normal proportion, the normal structure of body (shareera) is formed [Su.Sa.Sha.5/3].
In the third month of pregnancy, following body constituents are formed and relative functions begin from mahabhuta.([[Sharira Sthana]].04/12)
In the third month of pregnancy, following body constituents are formed and relative functions begin from mahabhuta.[Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]].04/12]
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|}
|}
===Role of bhutagni in digestion and metabolism===
===Role of [[bhutagni]] in digestion and metabolism===
In the process of digestion and metabolism, the food passes through three levels of action of agni. At first it is acted upon by jatharagni for gross digestion. Then it is acted upon by bhutagni. At this level the agni component of each mahabhuta carries out selective digestion process of their respective component of food. The parthiva agni digests and metabolizes the [[prithvi]] component of ingested food. Further the body constituents are formed by selective process of dhatvagni. ([[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/12-14)
In the process of digestion and metabolism, the food passes through three levels of action of [[agni]]. At first it is acted upon by [[jatharagni]] for gross digestion. Then it is acted upon by bhutagni. At this level the [[agni]] component of each [[mahabhuta]] carries out selective digestion process of their respective component of food. The parthiva agni digests and metabolizes the [[prithvi]] component of ingested food. Further the body constituents are formed by selective process of [[dhatvagni]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/12-14]
Body is formed of panchamahabhuta and so is food. When food is ingested, the relevant mahabhuta and body component is increased.<ref>Vaidya YadavjiTrikamji Acharya, Narayan Ram Aacaarya, editors. Sus’rutasam’hita of Sus’ruta with the Nibandhasan,grahaCommentry. Varanasi: ChowkhambaKrishnadas Academy, 2008. Sutra Sthana 46/526; p.253.</ref>
Body is formed of panchamahabhuta and so is food. When food is ingested, the relevant [[mahabhuta]] and body component is increased [Su.Sa.Su.46/526].
===Fundamental composition of dosha===
===Fundamental composition of [[dosha]]===
Doshas are constituted by specific mahabhuta<ref>Shivprasad Sharma, editor. Astaangasamgraha by vridhavaagbata with SasilekhaCommentry. 3rd edition. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit series office, 2012. Sootrastaana 20/02; p..</ref> as below:
Doshas are constituted by specific [[mahabhuta]] [AS.Su.20/2] as below:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|}
|}
Based on this composition, mahabhuta play vital role in determining prakriti (basic constitution) of human being. ([[Vimana Sthana]].08/95) This principle is applied in therapeutics. In case of decrease in vatadosha in body, the regimen which increases [[vayu]] and [[akasha]] mahahuta is prescribed. Accordingly the regimens which increase corresponding doshas are prescribed.
Based on this composition, mahabhuta play vital role in determining basic constitution ([[prakriti]]) of human being. [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/95] This principle is applied in therapeutics. In case of decrease in [[vata dosha]] in body, the regimen which increases [[vayu]] and [[akasha]] [[mahabhuta]] is prescribed. Accordingly the regimens which increase corresponding [[dosha]] are prescribed.
===Classification of marma (vital points) based on panchamahabhuta predominance===
===Classification of [[marma]] (vital points) based on panchamahabhuta predominance===
The marma or vital points/organs in body are classified in five categories on the basis of their harmful effect on body. The harmful effect depends upon their fundamental composition of mahabhuta<ref>Vaidya YadavjiTrikamji Acharya, Narayan Ram Aacaarya, editors. Sus’rutasam’hita of Sus’ruta with the Nibandhasan,grahaCommentry. Varanasi: ChowkhambaKrishnadas Academy, 2008. sharirasthana06/16; p.371.</ref> as below.
The [[marma]] or vital points/organs in body are classified in five categories on the basis of their harmful effect on body. The harmful effect depends upon their fundamental composition of [[mahabhuta]] [Su.Sa.Sha. 6/16] as below.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
| |Kaalantarapranahara (that which cause death after some time) || [[Jala]], [[agni]]
| |Kaalantarapranahara (that which cause death after some time) || [[Jala]], [[agni]]
|-
|-
| |Vishalyaghna (death is caused after removal of foreign body) || [[Vayu]]
| |Vishalyaghna (that which cause death by removal of foreign body) || [[Vayu]]
|-
|-
| |Vaikalyakara (that which cause disability or deformities) || [[Jala]]
| |Vaikalyakara (that which cause disability or deformities) || [[Jala]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
Thus,mahabhuta have impact on vital force.
Thus, mahabhuta have impact on vital force.
===Rasa (taste) and its panchamahabhuta predominance===
===Taste (rasa) and its panchamahabhuta predominance===
Panchamahabhuta composition determine specific taste of a substance. Accordingly the rasa or tastes perform relevant biological activities and effects.<ref>Vaidya Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, Narayan Ram Aacharya, editors. Sushruta smhita of Sushruta with the Nibandhasan,graha Commentry. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2008. sutra sthana 42/03; p.183.</ref> ([[Sutra Sthana]] 26/40) These are applied for therapeutic purpose.
Panchamahabhuta composition determine specific taste of a substance. Accordingly the rasa or tastes perform relevant biological activities and effects [Su.Sa.Su 42/03], [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/40]. These are applied for therapeutic purpose.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!Rasa !! Mahabhuta!! Physiological effect on dosha
!Rasa !! Mahabhuta!! Physiological effect on dosha
|-
|-
| |Madhura (sweet)|| [[Prithvi]], [[jala]] || Pacification of Vata, Pitta
| |Sweet (madhura)|| [[Prithvi]], [[jala]] || Pacification of Vata, Pitta
|-
|-
| |Amla (sour)|| [[Prithvi]], [[agni]]|| Pacification of Vata
| |Sour (amla)|| [[Prithvi]], [[agni]]|| Pacification of Vata
|-
|-
| |Lavana (salty)|| [[Jala]], [[agni]]|| Pacification of Vata
| |Salty (lavana)|| [[Jala]], [[agni]]|| Pacification of Vata
|-
|-
| |Katu (spicy)|| [[Vayu]], [[agni]]|| Pacification of Kapha
| |Spicy (katu)|| [[Vayu]], [[agni]]|| Pacification of Kapha
|-
|-
| |Tikta (bitter)|| [[Vayu]], [[akasha]] || Pacification of Kapha,Pitta
| |Bitter (tikta)|| [[Vayu]], [[akasha]] || Pacification of Kapha,Pitta
|-
|-
| |Kashaya (astringent)|| [[Prithvi]], [[vayu]] || Pacification of Kapha,Pitta
| |Astringent (kashaya)|| [[Prithvi]], [[vayu]] || Pacification of Kapha,Pitta
|-
|-
|}
|}
==Application of panchamahabhuta in therapeutics==
==Application of panchamahabhuta in therapeutics==
Apart from the therapeutic uses mentioned above, the medicines having dominance of specific mahabhuta are administered in therapeutic procedures. This corresponds to relevant properties and effect of mahabhuta.<ref>Vaidya YadavjiTrikamji Acharya, Narayan Ram Aacaarya, editors. Sus’rutasam’hita of Sus’ruta with the Nibandhasan,grahaCommentry. Varanasi: ChowkhambaKrishnadas Academy, 2008. sutrasthana 41/6-9; p.182-83.</ref>
Apart from the therapeutic uses mentioned above, the medicines having dominance of specific [[mahabhuta]] are administered in therapeutic procedures. This corresponds to relevant properties and effect of [[mahabhuta]] [Su.Sa.Su.41/6-9].
===In shodhana chikitsa(purification therapy)===
===In Purification therapy([[shodhana]] [[chikitsa]])===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Treatment !! Bhuta predominance
!Treatment !! Bhuta predominance
|-
|-
| |Vamana (emesis)drug || [[Agni]] and [[vayu]]
| |Emesis ([[Vamana]])drug || [[Agni]] and [[vayu]]
|-
|-
| |Virechana (purgation) drug || [[Prithvi]] and [[jala]]
| |Purgation ([[Virechana]])drug || [[Prithvi]] and [[jala]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
===In shamana chikitsa(pacification therapy)===
===In pacification therapy ([[shamana]] [[chikitsa]])===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Treatment !! Bhuta predominance
!Treatment !! Bhuta predominance
|-
|-
| |Shamana (alleviation )drug || [[Akasha]]
| |Alleviation (Shamana)drug || [[Akasha]]
|-
|-
| |Grahi drug || [[Vayu]]
| |Constipative (Grahi) drug || [[Vayu]]
|-
|-
| | Deepana drug || [[Agni]]
| |Digestive stimulant (Deepana) drug || [[Agni]]
|-
|-
| |Lekhana drug || [[Vayu]] and [[agni]]
| |Scarifiying (Lekhana) drug || [[Vayu]] and [[agni]]
|-
|-
| |Brihmana drug || [[Prithvi]] and [[jala]]
| |Nourishing (Brihmana) drug || [[Prithvi]] and [[jala]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
Panchamahabhuta theory is applied in the management of diseases. The panchabhautik constitution of basic causative factors and pathogenesis of disease is observed. Then the medicines having opposite panchabhautik constitutions are administered to restore equilibrium in the body.
Panchamahabhuta theory is applied in the management of diseases. The panchabhautik constitution of basic causative factors and pathogenesis of disease is observed. Then the medicines having opposite panchabhautik constitutions are administered to restore equilibrium in the body.
For example, in Jwara, Ama (undigested food) leads to vitiation of rasa dhatu (nutrient fluids). The digestion and metabolism are slowed down. Thus, [[prithvi]] and [[jala]] mahabhuta are increased and cause the disease state. The treatment of jwara includes langhana, swedana, pachana and medicines with tikta (bitter taste). The treatment has [[agni]], [[vayu]] and [[akasha]] dominancy. The herbs like musta (cyperus rotundus), shunthi (Zingiber officinale) having dominancy of the same mahabhuta are administered in the management. This can be applied in various other diseases too.<ref>Bhardwaj Vikas, Sharma Pankaj, and C. Sahana. Panchamahabhuta Siddhanta and Chikitsa-A Bird’s Eye View. Ejbps, 2016; 3(11), 154-159.</ref> Thus panchamahabhuta theory is important in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
For example, in [[Jwara]], undigested food ([[ama]]) leads to vitiation of nutrient fluids (rasa dhatu). The digestion and metabolism are slowed down. Thus, [[prithvi]] and [[jala]] mahabhuta are increased and cause the disease state. The treatment of jwara includes langhana, swedana, pachana and medicines with bitter taste (tikta). The treatment has [[agni]], [[vayu]] and [[akasha]] dominancy. The herbs like Cyperus rotundus(musta), Zingiber officinale(shunthi) having dominancy of the same mahabhuta are administered in the management. This can be applied in various other diseases too.<ref>Bhardwaj Vikas, Sharma Pankaj, and C. Sahana. Panchamahabhuta Siddhanta and Chikitsa-A Bird’s Eye View. Ejbps, 2016; 3(11), 154-159.</ref> Thus panchamahabhuta theory is important in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
==Current researches==
==Current researches==
===Role of panchamahabhuta in creation of universe===
===Role of panchamahabhuta in creation of universe===
In addition to the correlation with five spins in quantum mechanics as mentioned above, the panchamahabhuta are important links in creation of universe. As per the science, the universe is evolved from avyakta(unmanifest) through mahat(cosmic inltelligence) and ahamkara(ego). Then the panchatanmatra (subtle forms of panchamahabhuta) are evolved from rajas dominant taijas and tamas dominant bhutadi ahamkara. The panchatanmatras are important links for knowledge that allows scientists a more detailed and quantifiable understanding of how consciousness gives rise to matter.<ref>Wallace Kieth, The Structure of Matter. Available from https://doshaguru.com/the-fundamental-structure-of-matter/ accessed on March 24, 2020.</ref>
In addition to the correlation with five spins in quantum mechanics as mentioned above, the panchamahabhuta are important links in creation of universe. As per the science, the universe is evolved from [[Avyakta|unmanifest(avyakta)]] through cosmic intelligence ([[mahat]]) and ego([[ahamkara]]). Then the [[panchatanmatra]] (subtle forms of panchamahabhuta) are evolved from rajas dominant taijas and tamas dominant bhutadi ahamkara. The [[panchatanmatras]] are important links for knowledge that allows scientists a more detailed and quantifiable understanding of how consciousness gives rise to matter.<ref>Wallace Kieth, The Structure of Matter. Available from https://doshaguru.com/the-fundamental-structure-of-matter/ accessed on March 24, 2020.</ref>
In this regard, the transformation process in the universe becomes a flow of energy.
In this regard, the transformation process in the universe becomes a flow of energy.
#Rao T. Srinivas(1970). Panchbhutik guna (A study w.s.r. to guru & laghu).
#Rao T. Srinivas(1970). Panchbhutik guna (A study w.s.r. to guru & laghu).
#Upendra D. Dixit (1995). Concept of Panchmahabhuta& it’s utility in Chikitsa .
#Upendra D. Dixit (1995). Concept of Panchmahabhuta & it’s utility in Chikitsa .
#Dr. Bishnupriya Mohanty (2004 Ph.D.) Biotransformation of Panchmahabhuta& it’s interpretation in terms of cell injury.
#Dr. Bishnupriya Mohanty (2004 Ph.D.) Biotransformation of Panchmahabhuta& it’s interpretation in terms of cell injury.
#NalageDilip H (2004).A study of Samskara & its role in alteration of Panch-bhutic composition of Dravya .
#NalageDilip H (2004).A study of Samskara & its role in alteration of Panch-bhutic composition of Dravya .
'''Government Ayurved college Nagpur:'''
'''Government Ayurved college Nagpur:'''
#Bawisakar Geeta (1989). SharirmeinPanchmahabhutonkivyapakata.
#Bawisakar Geeta (1989). Sharir mein Panchmahabhuton ki vyapakata.
#Mana S. (2000) Vibhinna Panchmahabhuta sanghatanatmaka dravyon ka pranishreeravriddhi par tulanatmaka adhyayana
#Mana S. (2000) Vibhinna Panchmahabhuta sanghatanatmaka dravyon ka prani shareera vriddhi par tulanatmaka adhyayana
== More information ==
== More information ==
*[[Katidhapurusha Sharira]]
*[[Katidhapurusha Sharira]]
*[[Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya]]
*[[Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya]]
=== Related articles ===
*[[Akasha mahabhuta]]
*[[Vayu mahabhuta]]
*[[Agni mahabhuta]]
*[[Jala mahabhuta]]
*[[Prithvi mahabhuta]]
*[[Tanmatra]]
=== List of references ===
=== List of references ===
The list of references for Panchamahabhuta in Charak Samhita can be seen here [[Media:References_for_panchamahabhuta.pdf|References_for_panchamahabhuta.pdf]]
The list of references for Panchamahabhuta in [[Charak Samhita]] can be seen here [[Media:References_for_panchamahabhuta.pdf|References_for_panchamahabhuta.pdf]]
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==References==
==References==
[[Category:Pancha mahabhuta]]
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