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Nitya sevaniya - asevaniya dravya (view source)

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{{#seo:

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|title=Daily consumable (~~Nitya~~ sevaniya) and ~~daily~~ non-consumable (~~Nitya~~ asevaniya) food

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|title=Daily consumable (nitya sevaniya) and non-consumable (nitya asevaniya) food

|titlemode=append

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|keywords=Daily consumable (Nitya sevaniya) and daily non-consumable (Nitya asevaniya) food, carakasamhitaonline, charak samhita online, Daily consumable food items, Reasons behind avoiding curd for daily consumption, Prohibited items for long term/excessive intake (Nati-upayunjit dravya), Deshmukh Saylee, Basisht G., Khandel S.K., Deole Y.S.

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|keywords=Daily consumable (Nitya sevaniya) and daily non-consumable (Nitya asevaniya) food, carakasamhitaonline, charak samhita online, Daily consumable food items, Reasons behind avoiding curd for daily consumption, Prohibited items for long term/excessive intake (Nati-upayunjit dravya), Deshmukh Saylee, Basisht G., Khandel S.K., Deole Y.S., health, food for regular consumption, healthy food for regular use, Charak Samhita, alternative medicine, complementary medicine, Ayurveda, mung, green gram, saindhav, rock salt, vegetarian diet, non vegetarian diet, meat contraindications, animal meats, nutrition, junk food,

|description=This chapter is about daily consumable and non consumable food items as prescribed in ayurveda and their contemporary aspects.

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

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|type=article

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Nitya means regulary or daily. Sevaniya means consumable. This chapter is about daily consumable and non consumable food items as prescribed in ayurveda and their contemporary aspects.

+

'Nitya' means regulary or daily. 'Sevaniya' means consumable or that can be taken for a long time. This chapter is about daily consumable and non consumable food items as prescribed in [[ayurveda]] and their contemporary aspects.

−

~~=== Need of concept of ''‘Nitya sevaniya’'' (daily consumable) food: ===~~

Nutrition is a prerequisite for healthy life. A proper diet is essential from a very early age of life for growth, development, and active life. Nutrition is the science that deals with all the factors of which food is composed and how proper nourishment is brought about. Due to a lack of time and awareness, junk food intake has been increasing. ‘Junk foods' are foods that lack nutrients like vitamins and minerals and are high in calories, salts, sugars, and fats.<ref name="ref1">Junk food and your health | healthdirect accessed on 12.06.2023.</ref> Junk food is so-called because it doesn’t play a role in healthy eating, especially if it's eaten excessively or frequently. An unhealthy diet is one of the leading risks for the global disease burden, mainly for noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer.<ref name="ref2">Healthy diet (who.int) accessed on 12.06.2023.</ref> So, there is a need to elaborate on the concept of daily consumable and non-consumable food items.

{{Infobox

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== Etymology and meaning ==

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Wholesome ~~called “Pathya”~~ in ~~Ayurveda~~ is the regimen that does not adversely affect the body channels i.e., ''Patha/~~Srotasa~~''. The word ''“Nitya''” means constantly/continuously. Criteria for the classification of food items have not been clearly mentioned in the texts of Ayurveda but in context of vitiation of body channels (''srotodushti''), Acharya ~~Charaka~~ has stated that food and regimens that promote the morbidity by aggravation of ~~''doshas''~~ and go contrary to the well-being of ''dhatu'' vitiates the channels. With the help of this quotation, it can be said that the food that leads to vitiation of body channels by vitiation of ''dosha'' and ''dhatu'' can be considered as daily non-consumable (nitya asevaniya). On the contrary, it can be said that a diet that does not lead to any srotodushti by vitiation of any dosha and dhatu can be said as daily consumable (''nitya sevaniya''), maintaining equilibrium of all the dosha. Daily consumable and daily non-consumable food items have been quoted in ‘''Matrashitiya Adhyaya''’ of ~~Charaksamhita~~ and ~~Ashtangahrudaya~~, ‘Annapanavidhi adhyaya’ of Ashtanga Samgraha and ''~~Viharavarga~~'' of Kaiyyadevanighantu. In a similar context, ~~Ekanta~~ hitakara (solely wholesome) and ~~Ekanta~~ ahitakara (solely unwholesome) food etc. have also been described at various places in the texts of ~~Ayurveda~~. Nitya sevaniya and ~~Ekanta~~ hitakara dravya have been stated for daily intake for maintenance of health because of their specific properties described in the texts of ~~Ayurveda~~, while ''Nitya asevaniya'' and ''Ekanta ahitakara dravya'' are prohibited for regular/long time use because of their harmful effects on body.

+

Wholesome (pathya) in [[ayurveda]] is the regimen that does not adversely affect the body channels i.e., ''Patha/[[Srotas]]''. The word ''“Nitya''” means constantly/continuously. Criteria for the classification of food items have not been clearly mentioned in the texts of [[Ayurveda]], but in context of vitiation of body channels (''srotodushti''), Acharya Charak has stated that food and regimens that promote the morbidity by aggravation of [[dosha]] and go contrary to the well-being of [[dhatu]] vitiates the channels. With the help of this quotation, it can be said that the food that leads to vitiation of body channels by vitiation of [[dosha]] and [[dhatu]] can be considered as daily non-consumable (nitya asevaniya). On the contrary, it can be said that a diet that does not lead to any srotodushti by vitiation of any [[dosha]] and [[dhatu]] can be said as daily consumable (''nitya sevaniya''), maintaining equilibrium of all the [[dosha]]. Daily consumable and daily non-consumable food items have been quoted in ‘[[Matrashitiya Adhyaya]]''’ of [[Charak Samhita]] and Ashtanga Hridaya, ‘Annapanavidhi adhyaya’ of Ashtanga Samgraha and ''Vihara varga'' of Kaiyyadevanighantu. In a similar context, ekanta hitakara (solely wholesome) and ekanta ahitakara (solely unwholesome) food etc. have also been described at various places in the texts of [[ayurveda]]. Nitya sevaniya and ekanta hitakara [[dravya]] have been stated for daily intake for maintenance of health because of their specific properties described in the texts of [[ayurveda]], while ''Nitya asevaniya'' and ''Ekanta ahitakara dravya'' are prohibited for regular/long time use because of their harmful effects on body.

== Daily consumable food items ==

−

List of daily consumable food items described in Charak Samhita, Ashtanga hridaya, Ashtanga samgraha and Kaiyyadeva Nighantu is as follows:

+

List of daily consumable food items described in [[Charak Samhita]], Ashtanga hridaya, Ashtanga samgraha and Kaiyyadeva Nighantu is as follows:

{| class="wikitable"

|+Some food items have been uniquely mentioned like:

|

−

* Indian gooseberry- Emblica officinalis Gaertn (''Amalaki'')

+

* Indian gooseberry- Emblica officinalis Gaertn (''[[Amalaki]]'')

* Cow’s milk (''Godugdha'')

* Cow’s ghee (''Goghrita'')

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* Rice- Oryza sativum L. (''Shashtika'' ''Shali'')

* Barley- Hordeum vulgare L. (''Yava'')

−

|Ch.Su.5/12 A.Sa.~~Su.~~10/45, A.Hr.~~Su.~~8/42, Kai.Ni.7/277

+

|[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/12] A.Sa.Sutra Sthana 10/45, A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/42, Kai.Ni.7/277

|-

|

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* Cork swallow wort- Leptadenia reticulata Retz./ Holostemma adakodien schultes (''Jivanti'')

* Dried grapes-Vitis vinifera L. (''Mridvika'')

−

* Chebulic myrobalan- Terminalia chebula Retz. (''Pathyaa''/''Haritaki'')

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* Chebulic myrobalan- Terminalia chebula Retz. (''Pathyaa''/[[Haritaki]])

* Pointed gourd- Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. (''Patola'')

* Rock sugar (''Sharkara'')

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!

−

'''~~Prop'''~~

+

'''Properties'''

−

+

!'''Effect on [[Dosha]]'''

−

~~'''erties~~'''

−

!'''Effect on Dosha'''

!

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|cold

|dry

−

|alleviates all the 3 ~~''Dosha''~~

+

|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]]

|antioxidant, immuno-modulatory, hepato-protective , cyto-protective

|<ref name="ref9">Bhattacharya A, Chatterjee A, Ghosal S, Bhattacharya SK. Antioxidant activity of active tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis; Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1999;Jul37(7):676–80.</ref>,<ref name="ref10">Madhuri S., Pandey Govind, Verma Karuna S. Anti-oxidant, Immuno- modulatory and Anti-cancer activities of Emblica Officinalis: An Overview; International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2011;2(8):38–42.</ref>,<ref name="ref11">Karadka T, Rashmi M et al. Hepatoprotective properties of the Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn): a review; Food & Function. 2013;10(4):1431-1441.</ref>,<ref name="ref12">M Sai Ram, D Neetu, B Yogesh, B Anju, P Dipti, T Pauline, S.K Sharma, S.K.S Sarada, G Ilavazhagan, Devendra Kumar, W Selvamurthy. Cyto-protective and immune-modulating properties of Amla (Emblica officinalis) on lymphocytes: an in-vitro study; Journal of Ethno-pharmacology. 2002;1:5–10.</ref>

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|cold

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|alleviates all the 3 ~~''Dosha''~~, purifies blood

+

|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]], purifies blood

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

|

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|cold

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|alleviates ''Vata'', does not vitiate ''Kapha'' & ''Pitta''

+

|alleviates [[Vata]], does not vitiate [[Kapha]] & [[Pitta]]

|antioxidant, skin protecting activity against AGEs and UV-A, hepatoprotective, immune-modulatory, cytoprotective, embryo-protective.

|<ref name="ref13">Hwa Lee, Mi-Hyun Nam, Jeong Han Kang, Jae-Eon Yang, Chung-Oui Hong, Jun- Gu Oh, Yun-Chang Koo, Young-Bu Kim1, Kwang-Won Lee. Antioxidant and protective effects of black Punica granatum extract on AGEs and UV-A- induced damaged human fibroblast (647.28); April The FASEB Journal; 2014;28(1):647.28.</ref>,<ref name="ref14">Kumar AK, Vijayalakshmi K. Protective effect of Punica granatum peel and Vitis vinifera seeds on DEN-induced oxidative stress and hepatocellular damage in rats; Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2015;175(1):410–20.</ref>,<ref name="ref15">Joseph MM, Aravind SR, Varghese S, Mini S, Sreelekha TT. Evaluation of antioxidant, antitumor and immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharide isolated from fruit rind of Punica granatum; Mol Med Rep. 2012;5(2):489–96.</ref>,<ref name="ref16">Piero Sestili, Chiara Martinelli, Donata Ricci, Daniele Fraternale, Anahi Bucchini, Laura Giamperi, Rosanna Curcio, Giovanni Piccoli, Vilberto Stocchi. Cytoprotective effect of preparations from various parts of Punica granatum L. fruits in oxidatively injured mammalian cells in comparison with their antioxidant capacity in cell free systems; Pharmacological Research, 2007;56(1):18–26.</ref>,<ref name="ref17">Kishor RK, Sudhakar D, Parthasarathy PR. Embryo protective effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit extract in adriamycin-induced oxidative stress; Indian J Biochem Biophys. 2009;46(1):106–11.</ref>

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|cold

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|alleviates ''Vata'' & ''Pitta''

+

|alleviates [[Vata]] & [[Pitta]]

|anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, gut protective

|<ref name="ref18">Kulczycki A Jr & MacDermott RP. Bovine IgG and human immune responses, Con A-induced mitogenesis of human mononuclear cells is suppressed by bovine IgG. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology. 1985;77:255-258.</ref>,<ref name="ref19">Dvorak B. Milk epidermal growth factor and gut protection. J Pediatr. 2010 Feb;156(2 Suppl):S31-5.</ref>

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|cold

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|alleviates ''Vata'' & ''Pitta''

+

|alleviates [[Vata]] & [[Pitta]]

|antioxidant, and anti-atherogenic properties, gastroprotective and adaptogenic, antimicrobial activity, immunostimulant, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity.

|<ref name="ref20">Chinnadurai K, Kanwal HK, Tyagi AK, Stanton C, Ross P. High conjugated linoleic acid enriched ghee (clarified butter) increases the antioxidant and antiatherogenic potency in female Wistar rats; Lipids Health Dis. 2013;7;12:121.</ref>,<ref name="ref21">S M S Samarakoon, S K M K Herapathdeniya, H M Chandola, B Ravishankar. Experimental evaluation of gastroprotective and adaptogenic activity of Amalakayas Rasayana and its vehicle (ghee and honey); Sri Lanka Journal of Indigenous Medicine. 2011;01(2):51–99.</ref>,<ref name="ref22">Prasad V, Dorle AK. Evaluation of ghee based formulation for wound healing activity. J Ethnopharmacology. 2006;107(1):38–47.</ref>,<ref name="ref23">Fulzele SV, Bhurchandi PM, Kanoje VM, Joshi SB, Dorle AK. Immunostimulant activity of Ashthamangal Ghrita in Rats. Ind J Pharmacol. 2002;34:194–197.</ref>

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|cold

|Heavy, unctuous '' ''

−

|alleviates ''Vata'' & ''Pitta''

+

|alleviates [[Vata]] & [[Pitta]]

|anti- oxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, neuro-protective, anti-microbial activity, protective to the skin and gastric, intestinal mucosa.

|<ref name="ref25">Pandey BR, Singh N, Verma P. Therapeutic Potential of Organic Triticum aestivum Linn. (Wheat Grass) in Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases: An Overview; International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research. 2012;4(1):10–14.</ref>,<ref name="ref26">Ji-Young Im, Hyeon-Hui Ki, Mingjie Xin, Se-Uk Kwon, Young Ho Kim, Dae-Ki Kim, Sun-Pyo Hong, Jong-Sik Jin, Young-Mi Lee. Anti-obesity effect of Triticum aestivum sprout extract in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice; Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry; 2015;79(7):1133-40.</ref>,<ref name="ref27">Athul Sundaresan, Arul Selvi, H.K. Manonmani. The Anti-Microbial Properties of Triticum aestivum (Wheat Grass) Extract. Lifescience Global. 2015;4(3):84-91.</ref>,<ref name="ref28">G. Balint, A. Apathy, M. Gaal, A. Telekes, A. Resetar, G. Blazso, G. Falkay, B. Szende, A. Paksy, M. Ehrenfeld, Y. Shoenfeld, M. Hidvegi. Effect of Avemara a fermented wheat germ extract on rheumatoid arthritis Preliminary data, Clinical Experimental Rheumatology. 2006;24(3):325–328.</ref>,<ref name="ref29">T Lakshmi Srinivas, S Mohana Lakshmi, S Neelufar Shama, G Koteswara Reddy, K R Prasanna. Medicinal Plants as Anti-Ulcer Agents. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2013;2(4):91–97.</ref>,<ref name="ref30">E. Ben-Arye, E. Goldin, D. Wengrower, A. Stamper, R. Kohn, E. Berry. Wheat grass juice in the treatment of active distal ulceative colitis: a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial, Scand Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002;37(4):444–9.</ref>,<ref name="ref31">Han HS, Jang JH, Jang JH, Choi JS, Kim YJ, Lee C, Lim SH, Lee HK, Lee J. Water extract of Triticum aestivum L. and its components demonstrate protective effect in a model of vascular dementia; J Med Food. 2010;13(3):572–8.</ref>

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|cold

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|alleviates ''Kapha'' & ''Pitta'', partially vitiates ''Vata''

+

|alleviates [[Kapha]] & [[Pitta]], partially vitiates [[Vata]]

|hepatoprotective, cardio- protective, cyto-protective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties.

|<ref name="ref37">Ateeq M J, Alarami, Mohammed S A Al-Awar. Hepatoprotective and Hepatocurative effects of NABK Honey in Penicillin-induced Hepatic toxicity;Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation. 2013;Sep-Oct.2(5):34–40.</ref>,<ref name="ref38">Md. Ibrahim Khalil, E. M. Tanvir, Rizwana Afroz, Siti Amrah Sulaiman, Siew Hua Gan. Cardioprotective Effects of Tualang Honey: Amelioration of Cholesterol and Cardiac Enzymes Levels; 2015;2015:286051.</ref>,<ref name="ref39">Faeza Abdel Mogib El-Dahtory, Sohier Yahia. Cytoprotective effect of honey against chromosomal breakage in fanconi anemia patients in vitro; Indian J Hum Genet. 2011;17(2):77–81.</ref>,<ref name="ref40">Wafaa M. Abdel-Moneim, Hemmat H. Ghafeer. The potential protective effect of natural Honey against Cadmium-induced Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity; Mansoura J. Forensic Med. Clin. Toxicol. 2007;15(2):75-98.</ref>

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|cold

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|alleviates ''Vata'' & ''Pitta''

+

|alleviates [[Vata]] & [[Pitta]]

|antioxidant, hepato-protective, immuno-modulatory, Vaso protective, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, cardioprotective, gastroprotective and nephroprotective properties.

|<ref name="ref41">G.K. JayaprAkashaa, R.P. Singh, K.K. Sakariah. Antioxidant activity of grape seed (Vitis vinifera) extracts on peroxidation models in vitro; Food Chemistry. 2001;73(3):285–290.</ref>,<ref name="ref42">Pirinççioğlu M, Kızıl G, Kızıl M, Özdemir G, Kanay Z, Ketani MA. Protective effect of Öküzgözü (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) grape juice against carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress in rats; Food Funct. 2012;3(6):668–73.</ref>,<ref name="ref43">Rajaa k. baker. Effect of Aqueous Extract of Vitis Vinifera l. Leaf on the Rabbit Females Have Highly Thyroxine Induced by Levothyroxine Sodium; Journal of Natural Sciences Research. 2014;4(3):482-487.</ref>,<ref name="ref44">Schneider E, von der Heydt H, Esperester A. Planta Med.; Evaluation of polyphenol composition in red leaves from different varieties of Vitis vinifera. 2008;74(5):565–72. </ref>,<ref name="ref45">Jin HY, Cha YS, Baek HS, Park TS. Neuroprotective effects of Vitis vinifera extract on prediabetic mice induced by a high-fat diet; Korean J Intern Med. 2013;28(5):579–86.</ref>,<ref name="ref46">Kequan Zhou, Julian J. Raffoul. Potential Anticancer Properties of Grape Antioxidants; Journal of Oncology; 2012;Sp.Issue:1–8.</ref>,<ref name="ref47">B. V. S. Lakshmi, M. Sudhakar, P. Shashank. Protective Role of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Vitis vinifera against Adriamycin Induced Cardiac, Renal and Hepatic Toxicities in Rat; International Journal of Pharma Research & Review. 2014;3(5):13–19.</ref>,<ref name="ref48">Cuevas VM, Calzado YR, Guerra YP, Yera AO, Despaigne SJ, Ferreiro RM, Quintana DC. Effects of grape seed extract, vitamin C, and vitamin e on ethanol- and aspirin-induced ulcers. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2011;2011:740687.</ref>

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|cold

|Laghu, Vishada

−

|alleviates ''Kapha'' & ''Pitta'', partially vitiates ''Vata''

+

|alleviates [[Kapha]] & [[Pitta]], partially vitiates [[Vata]]

|anti-oxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-anemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-microbial

−

|<ref name="ref49">Yao Y, Yang X, Tian J, Liu C, Cheng X, Ren G. Anti-oxidant and anti- diabetic activities of black mung bean (Vigna radiata L.); J Agric Food Chem. 2013;28;61(34):8104–9.</ref>,<ref name="ref50">Tran Van Hien. Radioprotective effects of Vitexina for breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy with Cobalt-60; ~~Inergrative~~ cancer therapies. 2002;1(1):38–43.</ref>,<ref name="ref51">Manikandaselvi S., David Raj C., Aravind S., Ravikumar R., Thinagarbabu R., Nandhini S. Anti-Anemic Activity of Sprouts of Vigna Radiata L. in male Albino Rats; International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2015;7(11):263-267.</ref>,<ref name="ref52">Nobuhiko Tachibana. Intake of Mungbean Protein Isolate Reduces Plasma Triglyceride Level in Rats; Functional foods in healyh and disease. 2013;3(9):365–376.</ref>,<ref name="ref53">Camalxaman SN, Zain ZM, Amom Z, Maimunah M, Mohamed E, Rambely AS. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Vigna radiata (L) Wilzeck extracts against gram negative enteric bacteria. World App Sci J. 2013;21(10):1490-4.</ref>

+

|<ref name="ref49">Yao Y, Yang X, Tian J, Liu C, Cheng X, Ren G. Anti-oxidant and anti- diabetic activities of black mung bean (Vigna radiata L.); J Agric Food Chem. 2013;28;61(34):8104–9.</ref>,<ref name="ref50">Tran Van Hien. Radioprotective effects of Vitexina for breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy with Cobalt-60; Integrative cancer therapies. 2002;1(1):38–43.</ref>,<ref name="ref51">Manikandaselvi S., David Raj C., Aravind S., Ravikumar R., Thinagarbabu R., Nandhini S. Anti-Anemic Activity of Sprouts of Vigna Radiata L. in male Albino Rats; International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2015;7(11):263-267.</ref>,<ref name="ref52">Nobuhiko Tachibana. Intake of Mungbean Protein Isolate Reduces Plasma Triglyceride Level in Rats; Functional foods in healyh and disease. 2013;3(9):365–376.</ref>,<ref name="ref53">Camalxaman SN, Zain ZM, Amom Z, Maimunah M, Mohamed E, Rambely AS. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Vigna radiata (L) Wilzeck extracts against gram negative enteric bacteria. World App Sci J. 2013;21(10):1490-4.</ref>

|-

|style="text-align:center;" |12.

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|hot

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|alleviates all the 3 ~~''Dosha''~~

+

|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]]

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

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|hot

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|alleviates all the 3 ~~''Dosha''~~

+

|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]]

|antioxidant and anti-microbial, anti-aging, cardio-protective, hepato-protective activities

|<ref name="ref54">Pai Aruna, Rao JVLN Seshagiri, Rajendra Madhu, Sudhakar M. Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activity of seeds of Terminalia chebula plant extracts; Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Opinion. 20122(12):188–190.</ref>,<ref name="ref55">H.N. Shivaprasad, M.D. Kharya, A.C. Rana, S. Mohan. Preliminary Immunomodulatory Activities of the Aqueous Extract of Terminalia chebula; Pharmaceutical Biology. 2006;44(1):32-34.</ref>,<ref name="ref56">Suchalatha S, Shyamala Devi CS; Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against experimental myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol; Indian J Exp Biol.;42(2):174–8.</ref>,<ref name="ref57">Min-Kyung Choi, Hyeong-Geug Kim, Jong-Min Han, Jin-Seok Lee, Jong Suk Lee, Sun Ho Chung, Chang-Gue Son. Hepatoprotective Effect of Terminalia chebula against t-BHP-Induced Acute Liver Injury in C57/BL6 Mice; Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015;1–11.</ref>

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|hot

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|alleviates all the 3 ~~''Dosha''~~

+

|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]]

|antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antitumor, cytotoxic, arsenic poisoning ameliorative, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal

|<ref name="ref58">Mahia Khandaker, Saleha Akter, Mohammad Zafar Imam, Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.: A vegetable with diverse pharmacological properties, Food Science and Human Wellness, 2018;7(1):34-48.</ref>

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|style="text-align:center;" |15.

|Rock salt

−

|salty, sweet

+

|salty,sweet

|Sweet

|cold

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|alleviates all the 3 ~~''Dosha''~~

+

|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]]

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

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|cold

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|alleviates all the 3 ~~''Dosha''~~

+

|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]]

|antioxidant, cytoprotective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective.

|<ref name="ref59">Priya Gurumoorthy and Kavitha G Singh. Quantitative analysis of Proteins and Antioxidants; during Stress on Oryza Sativa; Journal of Global Biosciences. 2014;3(2):552–561.</ref>,<ref name="ref60">Bunyada Jittorntrum, Rodjana Chunhabundit, Ratchanee Kongkachuichai, Supanart Srisala, Yupin Visetpanit. Cytoprotective and Cytotoxic Effects of Rice Bran Extracts on H2O2- Induced Oxidative Damage in Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells; Thai J Toxicology. 2009;24(2): 92–100.</ref>,<ref name="ref61">Yang LC, Hsieh CC, Lin WC. Characterization and immuno-modulatory activity of rice hull polysaccharides; Carbohydrate Polymer. 2015 Jun 25;124:150-6.</ref>,<ref name="ref62">Sinthorn W, Chatuphonprasert W, Chulasiri M, Jarukamjorn K. Thai red rice extract provides liver protection in paracetamol-treated mice by restoring the glutathione system; Pharmaceutical Biology. 2015;8:1–10.</ref>

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|cold

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|alleviates ''Pitta''

+

|alleviates [[Pitta]]

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

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|cold

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|alleviates all the 3 ~~''Dosha''~~

+

|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]]

|anti-inflammatory activity, diuretic activity, anti-venom activity, hypo glycemic activity and anti-bacterial activity

|<ref name="ref63">Gopalakrishnan K, Udayakumar R. Antimicrobial Activity of M. quadrifolia (L.) against some selected pathogenic microorganisms. British Microbiol Res J. 2014;4(9):1046-1056.</ref>,<ref name="ref64">Ripa FA, Nahar L, Haque M, Islam MM. Antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of crude extract of Marsilea quadrifolia. Euro J Sci Res. 2009;33(1):123- 129.</ref>,<ref name="ref65">Uma R, Pravin B. Invitro Cytotoxic Activity of Marsilea quadrifolia Linn of MCF-7 Cells of Human Breast Cancer. Int Res J Med Sci. 2013;1(1):10-13.</ref>,<ref name="ref66">Singh S, Yadav AK. Protection of stress induced behavioural and physiological alteration by Marsilea quadrifolia in rodents. J Chem Pharm Res. 2014;6(7):2207-2217.</ref>,<ref name="ref67">Zahan R, Ripa FA, Alam MB, Haque MA, Mosaddik MA, Nahar L. Hypoglycemic and in Vitro antioxidant effects of methanolic extract of Marsilea quadrifolia plant. Pharmaconosy J. 2011;3(26):86-92.</ref>,<ref name="ref68">Asham, Tripathys, Madhuri. Y. Preliminary Screening of Marsilea Quadrifolia extracts for their Antianxiety potential. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013;5(3):137-139.</ref>,<ref name="ref69">Sethi P. Antibacterial Activity of Marsilea Quadrifolia Linn. Int J Res Plant Sci. 2014; 4(2):60-62.</ref>,<ref name="ref70">Mathangi T, Prabhakaran P. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the extracts of the aquatic fern Marsilea quadrifolia Linn. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2013;2(10):534- 536. </ref>

Line 273: Line 270:

|cold

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|alleviates all the 3 ~~''Dosha''~~

+

|alleviates all the 3 [[dosha]]

|anti-inflammatory, analgesic, gastroprotective, hepato-protective, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial ,

|<ref name="ref71">Usman LA, Hamid AA, Muhammad NO, Olawore NO, Edewor TI and Saliu BK. Chemical constituents and antiinflammatory activity of leaf essential oil of Nigerian grown Chenopodium album L. EXCLI Journal, 9, 2010, 181.</ref>,<ref name="ref72">Elif Korcan S, Aksoy O, Erdoğmuş SF, Ciğerci İH and Konuk M. Evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant and DNA protective capacity of Chenopodium album's ethanolic leaf extract. Chemosphere. 2013;90(2):374-379.</ref>,<ref name="ref73">Lone BA, Chishti MZ, Bhat FA, Tak H, Bandh SA, Khan A. Evaluation of anthelmintic antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Chenopodium album. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2017 Dec;49(8):1597-1605.</ref>,<ref name="ref74">Nigam V and Paarakh PM. Hepatoprotective activity of Chenopodium album Linn against paracetamol induced liver damage. Pharmacologyonline, 2011;3:312-328.</ref>

Line 283: Line 280:

|cold

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|alleviates ''Kapha'' & ''Pitta''

+

|alleviates [[Kapha]] & [[Pitta]]

|anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory

|<ref name="ref75">Sowjanya K et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Hordeum vulgare. International Journal of Lifesciences and Pharma Research. 2020.Sp8:423-427.</ref>,<ref name="ref76">Lemieszek MK, Komaniecka I, Chojnacki M, Choma A, Rzeski W. Immunomodulatory Properties of Polysaccharide-Rich Young Green Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Extract and Its Structural Characterization. Molecules. 2022;27(5):1742.</ref>

Line 294: Line 291:

<li style="font-weight:bold">For promotion of aphrodisiac activity and mind rejuvenation: Daily intake of ghee and milk have been advised in Charakasamhita due to their nootropic, nourishing and aphrodisiac properties.</li></ol>

−

== ~~DAILY NON~~-~~CONSUMABLE FOOD ITEMS~~ ==

+

== Non-consumable food items for daily practice (food that need to be avoided for long term and regular use) ==

Daily non-consumable food items described in various texts of Ayurveda are enlisted in Table 3. These food items can be consumed in certain conditions concerning the prakriti, season, or diseases. However, if taken regularly without any pre-requisite condition, the food items can produce harmful effects on health.

{| class="wikitable"

|+'''Table 3: List of daily non-consumable food items'''

|

−

* Curd (''Dadhi'') (In the evenings)

+

* Curd ([[Dadhi]]) (In the evenings)

* Inspissated milk (''Kilata'')

* Fermented curd/cheese (''Kurchika'')

−

|Ch.Su.5/10

+

|[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/10]

−

A.Sa.~~Su.~~10/43

+

[A.Sa.Sutra Sthana 10/43]

−

A.Hr.~~Su.~~8/40

+

[A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/40]

−

Kai.Ni.7/278

+

[Kai.Ni.7/278]

|-

|

Line 314: Line 311:

* Alkaline preparation (''Kshara'')

* Flour preparation (''Pishta'')

−

|A.Sa.~~Su.~~10/45

+

|A.Sa.Sutra Sthana 10/45

−

A.Hr.~~Su.~~8/40

+

A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/40

Kai.Ni.7/278

Line 322: Line 319:

|

* Fish (''Matsya'')

−

|Ch.Su.5/10

+

|Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/10

−

A.Sa.~~Su.~~10/43

+

A.Sa.Sutra Sthana 10/43

−

A.Hr.~~Su.~~8/40

+

A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/40

|-

|

Line 336: Line 333:

|Ch.Su.5/10

−

A.Hr.~~Su.~~8/40

+

A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/40

Kai.Ni.7/278

Line 349: Line 346:

* Molasses (''Phanita'')

* Flat beans (''Nishpava'')

−

|A.Hr.~~Su.~~8/40

+

|A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/40

Kai.Ni.7/278

Line 363: Line 360:

|

* Meat of emaciated animal (''Krisha'' ''mamsa'')

−

|Ch.Su.5/10

+

|Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/10

−

A.Hr.~~Su.~~8/40

+

A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 8/40

|-

|

* Pork meat (''Shukara'' ''mamsa'')

−

|Ch.Su.5/10

+

|Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 5/10

|}

Properties of daily non-consumable food items mentioned in different classics are summarized in Table 4.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!'''S.No.'''

−

!'''Substance'''

+

!'''Substance ([[dravya]])'''

−

!'''Taste'''

+

!'''Taste ([[rasa]])'''

−

!'''Post digestive effect'''

+

!'''Post digestive effect([[vipaka]]'''

−

!'''Potency'''

+

!'''Potency ([[veerya]])'''

−

!'''Effect on ~~Dosha~~'''

+

!'''Effect on [[dosha]]'''

|-

|1.

Line 385: Line 382:

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

|Hot

−

|vitiates all the three ~~Dosha~~

+

|vitiates all the three [[dosha]]

|-

|2.

Line 392: Line 389:

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

|Cold

−

|vitiates ''Kapha'', alleviates ''Pitta'', causing constipation, heavy to digest

+

|vitiates [[Kapha]], alleviates [[Pitta]], causing constipation, heavy to digest

|-

|3.

Line 399: Line 396:

|sour

|Hot

−

|vitiates ''Kapha'' & ''Pitta''

+

|vitiates [[Kapha]] & [[Pitta]]

|-

|4.

Line 413: Line 410:

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|heavy to digest, vitiates ''Kapha'', causing constipation, causing indigestion and ~~''Aama''~~

+

|heavy to digest, vitiates [[Kapha]], causing constipation, causing indigestion and [[Ama]]

|-

|6.

Line 420: Line 417:

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

|Hot

−

|Vitiates ''Vata'' & ''Pitta'', alleviates ''Kapha''

+

|Vitiates [[Vata]] & [[Pitta]], alleviates [[Kapha]]

|-

|7.

Line 427: Line 424:

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|heavy to digest, vitiates ''Pitta'' & ''Rakta''

+

|heavy to digest, vitiates [[Pitta]] & [[Rakta]]

|-

|8.

Line 434: Line 431:

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

|Hot

−

|heavy to digest, vitiates ''Pitta'' & ''Rakta''

+

|heavy to digest, vitiates [[Pitta]] & [[Rakta]]

|-

|9.

Line 441: Line 438:

|sour

|Hot

−

|vitiates ''Kapha'' & ''Rakta'', alleviates ''Vata''

+

|vitiates [[Kapha]] & [[Rakta]], alleviates [[Vata]]

|-

|10.

Line 448: Line 445:

|sweet

|Hot

−

|vitiates ''Pitta'' & ''Kapha'', alleviates ''Vata''

+

|vitiates [[Pitta]] & [[Kapha]], alleviates [[Vata]]

|-

|11.

Line 455: Line 452:

|sour

|Hot

−

|vitiates ''Pitta'' & ''Vata'', alleviates ''Kapha''

+

|vitiates [[Pitta]] & [[Vata]], alleviates [[Kapha]]

|-

|12.

Line 462: Line 459:

|sweet

|Hot

−

|vitiates all the three ~~''Dosha''~~

+

|vitiates all the three [[dosha]]

|-

|13.

Line 483: Line 480:

|sour

|Cold

−

|vitiates ''Rakta'', alleviates ''Vata'', heavy to digest

+

|vitiates [[Rakta]], alleviates [[Vata]], heavy to digest

|-

|16.

Line 490: Line 487:

|pungent

|Hot

−

|vitiates ''Pitta'' & ''Rakta'' alleviates ''Kapha''

+

|vitiates [[Pitta]] & [[Rakta]] alleviates [[Kapha]]

|-

|17.

Line 497: Line 494:

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|vitiates all the three ~~''Dosha''~~

+

|vitiates all the three [[dosha]]

|-

|18.

Line 504: Line 501:

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|vitiates all the three ~~''Dosha''~~

+

|vitiates all the three [[dosha]]

|-

|19.

Line 511: Line 508:

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

−

|vitiates all the three ~~''Dosha''~~, heavy to digest

+

|vitiates all the three [[dosha]], heavy to digest

|-

|20.

Line 518: Line 515:

|pungent

|Cold

−

|vitiates ~~''Kapha''~~ & ~~''Rakta''~~

+

|vitiates [[kapha]] & [[rakta]]

|}

== Reasons behind avoiding curd for daily consumption ==

−

Curd should not be consumed at night. Otherwise, if curd is to be taken, it should be mixed with ghee, sugar, green gram soup, honey, or ~~amalaka~~ (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.). It should not be heated also. Excess consumption of curd can lead to jwara (fever), raktapitta (bleeding disorders), visarpa (erysipelas), kushtha (obstinate skin diseases), pandu (anemia like disorders), bhrama (giddiness, vertigo) and severe kamala (jaundice and other hepato-biliary disorders). [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 7/61-62] Curd is an appetizer and an aphrodisiac. It increases unctuousness and strength. It is sour on digestion and hot in potency. It is effective in treating vata disorders. It is recommended to treat chronic illnesses like rhinitis, diarrhea, colds, irregular fevers, anorexia, dysuria, and emaciation. Generally, curd is prohibited in autumn, summer, and spring seasons. It is also unwholesome in raktapitta (bleeding disorders) and kapha disorders. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 7/225-7] Curd increases body's moisture content and blocks the bodily channels.~~. .~~ Hence, it is known as ‘maha abhishyandi’. Curd can vitiate kapha and pitta dosha. It can lead to various disorders of over-nutrition and blood vitiation. Hence, it shall not be consumed daily or in excess quantity.

+

Curd should not be consumed at night. Otherwise, if curd is to be taken, it should be mixed with ghee, sugar, green gram soup, honey, or [[amalaki]] (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.). It should not be heated also. Excess consumption of curd can lead to [[jwara]] (fever), [[raktapitta]] (bleeding disorders), [[visarpa]] (erysipelas), [[kushtha]] (obstinate skin diseases), [[pandu]] (anemia like disorders), bhrama (giddiness, vertigo) and severe [[kamala]] (jaundice and other hepato-biliary disorders). [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 7/61-62] Curd is an appetizer and an aphrodisiac. It increases unctuousness and strength. It is sour on digestion and hot in potency. It is effective in treating vata disorders. It is recommended to treat chronic illnesses like rhinitis, diarrhea, colds, irregular fevers, anorexia, dysuria, and emaciation. Generally, curd is prohibited in the autumn, summer, and spring seasons. It is also unwholesome in [[raktapitta]] (bleeding disorders) and [[kapha]] disorders. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 7/225-7] Curd increases body's moisture content and blocks the bodily channels.Hence, it is known as ‘maha abhishyandi’. Curd can vitiate kapha and pitta dosha. It can lead to various disorders of over-nutrition and blood vitiation. Hence, it shall not be consumed daily or in excess quantity.

== Other food items ==

Line 528: Line 525:

=== Prohibited items for long term/excessive intake (Nati-upayunjit dravya): ===

−

There is the description of some food items/drugs prohibited for long term use and also in more quantity- long pepper- Piper longum Linn. (Pippali), alkali (Kshara) and salt (Lavana). Long pepper if continuously used in large dose, aggravates Kapha and Pitta. It was commonly used as spice in ancient times but even presently used in some pickles in south India. Alkali (Kshara) if used excess, produces harmful effects on hair, eyes, heart and virility. Carbonated drinks and baking soda are examples of alkaline preparations used routinely. Salt (Lavana), if used excess leads to oozing, laxative effect, fatigue and harmful effects on hair, eyes. Chips, butter, junk food which are routinely being consumed contain excess amounts of salt.

+

There is the description of some food items/drugs prohibited for long term use and also in more quantity- long pepper- Piper longum Linn. ([[Pippali]]), alkali (Kshara) and salt (Lavana). Long pepper if continuously used in large dose, aggravates Kapha and Pitta. It was commonly used as spice in ancient times but even presently used in some pickles in south India. Alkali (Kshara) if used excess, produces harmful effects on hair, eyes, heart and virility. Carbonated drinks and baking soda are examples of alkaline preparations used routinely. Salt (Lavana), if used excess leads to oozing, laxative effect, fatigue and harmful effects on hair, eyes. Chips, butter, junk food which are routinely being consumed contain excess amounts of salt.

+

=== Solely unwholesome food items (Ekanta ahitakara ahara dravya) ===

−

~~=== Solely unwholesome food items (Ekanta ahitakara ahara dravya): ===~~

Alkali and toxins (Visha) are solely unwholesome food items.

== Contemporary views ==

−

=== ~~Nutra vigilance~~ in ~~Ayurveda~~ ===

+

−

~~Nutra vigilance~~ is defined as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects related to the use of a food, dietary supplement, or medical food.<ref name="ref99">Stephen M. Schmitz, Hector L. Lopez, Douglas MacKay. Nutravigilance: principles and practices to enhance adverse event reporting in the dietary supplement and natural products industry. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014;65(2):129–134.</ref> It is mainly concerned with the food safety. The Nutra vigilance approach is derived from well-defined principles of pharmacovigilance related to drug safety. The primary purpose of Nutra vigilance is to protect customer/patient safety. Ayurvedic literature gives detailed ~~description~~ of adverse events of selective food items like daily non-consumable food like curd, solely unwholesome food like alkali, food-food incompatibilities like intake of milk with certain food items and drug-food incompatibilities like prohibition of certain food items while administration of Shilajatu.

+

=== Nutravigilance in [[ayurveda]] ===

+

Nutravigilance is defined as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects related to the use of food, dietary supplement, or medical food.<ref name="ref99">Stephen M. Schmitz, Hector L. Lopez, Douglas MacKay. Nutravigilance: principles and practices to enhance adverse event reporting in the dietary supplement and natural products industry. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014;65(2):129–134.</ref> It is mainly concerned with the food safety. The Nutra vigilance approach is derived from well-defined principles of pharmacovigilance related to drug safety. The primary purpose of Nutra vigilance is to protect customer/patient safety. Ayurvedic literature gives detailed descriptions of adverse events of selective food items like daily non-consumable food like curd, solely unwholesome food like alkali, food-food incompatibilities like intake of milk with certain food items and drug-food incompatibilities like prohibition of certain food items while administration of Shilajatu.

=== Epigenetic Diet ===

−

Among all the external environmental factors, nutrition is thought to be one of the most important because it assists in modifying the expression of genes at the transcriptional level. Epigenetics is generally defined as heritable changes in gene expression that occur without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and RNA interference may occur through external factors and are widely known for their reversibility.<ref name="ref100">Choi SW, Friso S. Epigenetics: A New Bridge between Nutrition and Health. Adv. Nutr. 2010;1(1):8–16.</ref><ref name="ref101">Duthie SJ. Epigenetic modifications and human pathologies: cancer and CVD. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2011;70(1):47–56.</ref><ref name="ref102">Li Y, Daniel M, Tollefsbol TO. Epigenetic regulation of caloric restriction in aging. BMC Med. 2011;9:98.</ref><ref name="ref103">Meeran SM, Ahmed A, Tollefsbol TO. Epigenetic targets of bioactive dietary components for cancer prevention and therapy. Clin. Epigenetics. 2010;1(3–4):101–116. </ref> It has been proved that some compounds show potential in delaying aging-processes and degenerative diseases with regular consumption. The theory is more commonly referred to as the “Epigenetic Diet” as it introduces bioactive compounds that aid in delaying the onset of aging and age-associated disease processes.<ref name="ref104">Lee IM, Blair SN, Allison DB, Folsom AR, Harris TB, Manson JE, Wing RR. Epidemiologic data on the relationships of caloric intake, energy balance, and weight gain over the life span with longevity and morbidity. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2001;56(Sp1):7–19. </ref><ref name="ref105">Stromsnes K, Correas AG, Lehmann J, Gambini J, Olaso-Gonzalez G. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Diet: Role in Healthy Aging. Biomedicines. 2021;9(8):922.</ref> Nitya sevaniya food can be correlated with the concept of “Epigenetic diet” in modern science. Most of them possess anti-inflammatory potential which can facilitate to alleviate the inflammatory processes derived from diseases and unhealthy diets, and thereby promote healthy aging.

−

== ~~Update~~ of ~~Research carried out~~ on Nitya ~~Sevaniya~~ and ~~Asevaniya food~~ ==

+

Among all the external environmental factors, nutrition is thought to be one of the most important because it assists in modifying the expression of genes at the transcriptional level. Epigenetics is generally defined as heritable changes in gene expression that occur without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and RNA interference, may occur through external factors and are widely known for their reversibility.<ref name="ref100">Choi SW, Friso S. Epigenetics: A New Bridge between Nutrition and Health. Adv. Nutr. 2010;1(1):8–16.</ref><ref name="ref101">Duthie SJ. Epigenetic modifications and human pathologies: cancer and CVD. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2011;70(1):47–56.</ref><ref name="ref102">Li Y, Daniel M, Tollefsbol TO. Epigenetic regulation of caloric restriction in aging. BMC Med. 2011;9:98.</ref><ref name="ref103">Meeran SM, Ahmed A, Tollefsbol TO. Epigenetic targets of bioactive dietary components for cancer prevention and therapy. Clin. Epigenetics. 2010;1(3–4):101–116. </ref> It has been proved that some compounds show potential in delaying aging-processes and degenerative diseases with regular consumption. The theory is more commonly referred to as the “Epigenetic Diet” as it introduces bioactive compounds that aid in delaying the onset of aging and age-associated disease processes.<ref name="ref104">Lee IM, Blair SN, Allison DB, Folsom AR, Harris TB, Manson JE, Wing RR. Epidemiologic data on the relationships of caloric intake, energy balance, and weight gain over the life span with longevity and morbidity. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2001;56(Sp1):7–19. </ref><ref name="ref105">Stromsnes K, Correas AG, Lehmann J, Gambini J, Olaso-Gonzalez G. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Diet: Role in Healthy Aging. Biomedicines. 2021;9(8):922.</ref> Nitya sevaniya food can be correlated with the concept of “Epigenetic diet” in modern science. Most of them possess anti-inflammatory potential which can facilitate to alleviate the inflammatory processes derived from diseases and unhealthy diets, and thereby promote healthy aging.

+

== Research updates ==

<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Experimental study of selected Nitya Sevaniya and Asevaniya food items:<ref name="ref106">Saylee Deshmukh, Mahesh Vyas, Mukesh Kumar B. Nariya. An experimental study to evaluate the effect of Nitya Sevaniya (daily consumable) and Nitya Asevaniya (daily non-consumable) food items on albino rats. Ayu. 2019;40(4):247-255.</ref></li>

Methodoogy: The study was conducted for in vivo safety evaluation of selected Nitya Sevaniya and Nitya Asevaniya food items. Thirty rats were randomly divided into five groups-each containing six Charle's Foster strain albino rats. Group 1 served as standard diet group, groups 2 and 3 served as test drug received groups namely NS50 and NS100, in which 50% and 100% mixture of Nitya Sevaniya food was administered, respectively. Group 4 and 5 as test drug received groups Nitya Asevaniya 50 (NAS50) and Nitya Asevaniya 100 (NAS100), in which 50% and 100% Nitya Asevaniya food mixtures was administered, respectively. The test diet was administered orally in the form of freshly prepared pellet twice a day ad libitum for 90 days. Parameters studied were gross behavior, body and organ weight, food and water intake, fecal and urine output, hematological and biochemical parameters, electrocardiogram and histology of various organs. Results: In the NAS100 group, a significant change was observed in 20 of 47 parameters in view of pathological aspect. Among them, three parameters, i.e., platelet count, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and indirect bilirubin were above normal limits, while other parameters were within the normal limits. No significant change was observed in any of the parameters in the NS50 and NS100 group after 90 days of administration as compared with the control group. Considering findings of this study, it is concluded that selected NS food items are safe while consumption of only selected Nitya Asevaniya food items (when administered in 100% dose) for 90 days have the potential of inflammatory changes in the liver, spleen; fat deposition in kidney and impairment of cardiac and renal functions.

Line 548: Line 549:

== Limitations and future scope of research ==

In both of the studies, effect of the food items has been studied on gross level i.e. biochemical parameters, behavioural changes and histopathological changes and with combination of more than two food items. These can be studied individually and on molecular level using multi-omics studies. Moreover, other food items from the list of daily consumable and non-consumable food items can be studied.

+

== Related chapters ==

+

[[Ama]], [[Ahara vidhi(dietary guidelines)]], [[Dinacharya (daily regimen for health)]], [[Ritucharya (seasonal regimen for health)]], [[Viruddha Ahara (incompatible food)]],[[Matrashiteeya Adhyaya]], [[Annapanavidhi Adhyaya]]

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