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Mind and body are the sites of manifestation of exogenous and endogenous diseases. Psychological disorders are considered to be exogenous in nature. An important point to note here (though this has been addressed in an earlier chapter) is that even if some of the ''vataja'' types of diseases are caused by other ''doshas'' besides ''vata'', it is the ''vata'' which is actually responsible for the transmission of vitiated ''doshas'' to a specific organ of the body. ''Kapha, pitta'' and the ''dhatus'', left to themselves, are immobile in nature. Wherever, they are carried by the ''vata'', they cause diseases, just as the wind causes rain in a particular area. Phases in the natural history, clinical course of a disease, and  successive stages of prevention are described under Kriyakala.

Mind and body are the sites of manifestation of exogenous and endogenous diseases. Psychological disorders are considered to be exogenous in nature. An important point to note here (though this has been addressed in an earlier chapter) is that even if some of the ''vataja'' types of diseases are caused by other ''doshas'' besides ''vata'', it is the ''vata'' which is actually responsible for the transmission of vitiated ''doshas'' to a specific organ of the body. ''Kapha, pitta'' and the ''dhatus'', left to themselves, are immobile in nature. Wherever, they are carried by the ''vata'', they cause diseases, just as the wind causes rain in a particular area. Phases in the natural history, clinical course of a disease, and  successive stages of prevention are described under Kriyakala.

===Sanskrit text, transliteration and english translation===

=== Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation ===

अथातो महारोगाध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||  

अथातो महारोगाध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||  

इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||  

इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||  

athātō mahārōgādhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||  

athātō mahārōgādhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||  

iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||

iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||

athAto mahArogAdhyAyaM vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1||  

athAto mahArogAdhyAyaM vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1||  

iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||

iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||

Now we shall expound this main chapter on the “Enumeration of major diseases”, thus said Lord Atreya (1-2).

 

Classification of diseases:

Now we shall expound this main chapter on the “Enumeration of major diseases”. Thus said Lord Atreya [1-2]

चत्वारो रोगा भवन्ति- आगन्तुवातपित्तश्लेष्मनिमित्ताः; तेषां चतुर्णामपि रोगाणां रोगत्वमेकविधं भवति, रुक्सामान्यात्;द्विविधा पुनः  प्रकृतिरेषाम्, आगन्तुनिजविभागात्; द्विविधं चैषामधिष्ठानं, मनःशरीरविशेषात् ; विकाराःपुनरपरिसङ्ख्येयाः, प्रकृत्यधिष्ठानलिङ्गायतनविकल्पविशेषापरिसङ्ख्येयत्वात्  ||३||

 

catvārō rōgā bhavanti- āgantuvātapittaślēṣmanimittāḥ; tēṣāṁ caturṇāmapi rōgāṇāṁ rōgatvamēkavidhaṁbhavati, ruksāmānyāt; dvividhā punaḥ prakr̥tirēṣām, āgantunijavibhāgāt; dvividhaṁ caiṣāmadhiṣṭhānaṁ,manaḥśarīraviśēṣāt ; vikārāḥ punaraparisaṅkhyēyāḥ,prakr̥tyadhiṣṭhānaliṅgāyatanavikalpaviśēṣāparisaṅkhyēyatvāt  ||3||

==== Classification of diseases ====

catvAro rogA bhavanti- AgantuvAtapittashleShmanimittAH; teShAM caturNAmapi rogANAMrogatvamekavidhaM bhavati, ruksAmAnyAt; dvividhA punaH prakRutireShAm, AgantunijavibhAgAt;dvividhaM caiShAmadhiShThAnaM, manaHsharIravisheShAt ; vikArAH punaraparisa~gkhyeyAH,prakRutyadhiShThAnali~ggAyatanavikalpavisheShAparisa~gkhyeyatvAt  ||3||  

 

There are four types of diseases viz. aagantuja (exogenous), vataja, pittaja and shleshmaja/kapha. All varieties of diseases may be grouped under one classification because pain is common to all. They are again of two types depending on their nature- exogenous and endogenous. They are again of two types somatic and psychic-depending on the sites of their manifestation i.e. body and mind. Diseases are in fact innumerable (dhatus affected, signs and symptoms), distant causes (like improper diet and regimen), and permutation and combination of various fractions of doshas are innumerable. (3)

चत्वारो रोगा भवन्ति- आगन्तुवातपित्तश्लेष्मनिमित्ताः; तेषां चतुर्णामपि रोगाणां रोगत्वमेकविधं भवति, रुक्सामान्यात्;द्विविधा पुनः  प्रकृतिरेषाम्, आगन्तुनिजविभागात्; द्विविधं चैषामधिष्ठानं, मनःशरीरविशेषात्; विकाराःपुनरपरिसङ्ख्येयाः, प्रकृत्यधिष्ठानलिङ्गायतनविकल्पविशेषापरिसङ्ख्येयत्वात्  ||३||

Etiological factors of diseases:

 

catvārō rōgā bhavanti- āgantuvātapittaślēṣmanimittāḥ; tēṣāṁ caturṇāmapi rōgāṇāṁ rōgatvamēkavidhaṁbhavati, ruksāmānyāt; dvividhā punaḥ prakr̥tirēṣām, āgantunijavibhāgāt; dvividhaṁ caiṣāmadhiṣṭhānaṁ,manaḥśarīraviśēṣāt; vikārāḥ punaraparisaṅkhyēyāḥ,prakr̥tyadhiṣṭhānaliṅgāyatanavikalpaviśēṣāparisaṅkhyēyatvāt  ||3||

 

catvAro rogA bhavanti- AgantuvAtapittashleShmanimittAH; teShAM caturNAmapi rogANAMrogatvamekavidhaM bhavati, ruksAmAnyAt; dvividhA punaH prakRutireShAm, AgantunijavibhAgAt;dvividhaM caiShAmadhiShThAnaM, manaHsharIravisheShAt; vikArAH punaraparisa~gkhyeyAH,prakRutyadhiShThAnali~ggAyatanavikalpavisheShAparisa~gkhyeyatvAt  ||3||  

 

There are four types of diseases viz. ''agantuja'' (exogenous), ''vataja, pittaja'' and ''shleshmaja/kapha''. All varieties of diseases may be grouped under one classification because pain is common to all. They are again of two types depending on their nature- exogenous and endogenous. They are again of two types - somatic and psychic-depending on the sites of their manifestation i.e. body and mind. Diseases are in fact innumerable (dhatus affected, signs and symptoms), distant causes (like improper diet and regimen), and permutation and combination of various fractions of ''doshas'' are innumerable. [3]

 

==== Etiological factors of diseases ====

 

मुखानि तु खल्वागन्तोर्नखदशनपतनाभिचाराभिशापाभिषङ्गाभिघातव्यध-बन्धनवेष्टनपीडनरज्जुदहनशस्त्राशनिभूतोपसर्गादीनि, निजस्य तु मुखं वातपित्तश्लेष्मणां वैषम्यम्||४||  

मुखानि तु खल्वागन्तोर्नखदशनपतनाभिचाराभिशापाभिषङ्गाभिघातव्यध-बन्धनवेष्टनपीडनरज्जुदहनशस्त्राशनिभूतोपसर्गादीनि, निजस्य तु मुखं वातपित्तश्लेष्मणां वैषम्यम्||४||  

mukhāni tu khalvāgantōrnakhadaśanapatanābhicārābhiśāpābhiṣaṅgābhighātavyadha-bandhanavēṣṭanapīḍanarajjudahanaśastrāśanibhūtōpasargādīni, nijasya tu mukhaṁ vātapittaślēṣmaṇāṁvaiṣamyam||4||  

mukhāni tu khalvāgantōrnakhadaśanapatanābhicārābhiśāpābhiṣaṅgābhighātavyadha-bandhanavēṣṭanapīḍanarajjudahanaśastrāśanibhūtōpasargādīni, nijasya tu mukhaṁ vātapittaślēṣmaṇāṁvaiṣamyam||4||  

mukhAni tu khalvAgantornakhadashanapatanAbhicArAbhishApAbhiSha~ggAbhighAtavyadha-bandhanaveShTanapIDanarajjudahanashastrAshanibhUtopasargAdIni, nijasya tu mukhaMvAtapittashleShmaNAM vaiShamyam||4||

mukhAni tu khalvAgantornakhadashanapatanAbhicArAbhishApAbhiSha~ggAbhighAtavyadha-bandhanaveShTanapIDanarajjudahanashastrAshanibhUtopasargAdIni, nijasya tu mukhaMvAtapittashleShmaNAM vaiShamyam||4||

While exogenous diseases are caused by nails, teeth bites (of wild animals), fall, malevolent spells, curse, psychic afflictions including assault, piercing, bondage, raping, application of pressure, binding by rope, fire, weapon, thunderbolt, demoniac seizure, and natural calamities. Endogenous diseases are caused by the disturbance in the equilibrium of vata, pitta and kapha dosha.(4)

 

Three major causes of diseases:

While exogenous diseases are caused by nails, teeth bites (of wild animals), fall, malevolent spells, curse, psychic afflictions including assault, piercing, bondage, raping, application of pressure, binding by rope, fire, weapon, thunderbolt, demoniac seizure, and natural calamities. Endogenous diseases are caused by the disturbance in the equilibrium of ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha dosha''.[4]

 

==== Three major causes of diseases ====

द्वयोस्तु खल्वागन्तुनिजयोः प्रेरणमसात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः, प्रज्ञापराधः, परिणामश्चेति||५||  

द्वयोस्तु खल्वागन्तुनिजयोः प्रेरणमसात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः, प्रज्ञापराधः, परिणामश्चेति||५||  

dvayōstu khalvāgantunijayōḥ prēraṇamasātmyēndriyārthasaṁyōgaḥ, prajñāparādhaḥ, pariṇāmaścēti||5||  

dvayōstu khalvāgantunijayōḥ prēraṇamasātmyēndriyārthasaṁyōgaḥ, prajñāparādhaḥ, pariṇāmaścēti||5||  

dvayostu khalvAgantunijayoH preraNamasAtmyendriyArthasaMyogaH, praj~jAparAdhaH,pariNAmashceti||5||

dvayostu khalvAgantunijayoH preraNamasAtmyendriyArthasaMyogaH, praj~jAparAdhaH,pariNAmashceti||5||

Unwholesome contact between sense organs and their objects, intellectual defects and effects of time constitute the common causative factors for both the exogenous and endogenous types of diseases.(5)

Unwholesome contact between sense organs and their objects, intellectual defects and effects of time constitute the common causative factors for both the exogenous and endogenous types of diseases.(5)

सर्वेऽपि तु खल्वेतेऽभिप्रवृद्धाश्चत्वारो रोगाः परस्परमनुबध्नन्ति, न चान्योन्येन सह सन्देहमापद्यन्ते  ||६||  

सर्वेऽपि तु खल्वेतेऽभिप्रवृद्धाश्चत्वारो रोगाः परस्परमनुबध्नन्ति, न चान्योन्येन सह सन्देहमापद्यन्ते  ||६||