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Line 1: + − + − + − − − <big>''' Abstract </big>''' − <div style="text-align:justify;"> − This chapter describes in sequence, the origin of ''madya'' (liquor) practice, the preferred formulation of the liquor, correct methods of consumption, and advantages of its consumption. Then, another aspect of the liquor consumption is described, starting from different stages of intoxication, disadvantages of liquor consumption, and various other forms of intoxication which should be understood by the treating physician. − − The chapter also highlights the preferred quality of liquor with preferred composition which shall be multi-ingredient based rather than the single ingredient. Comparison of the liquor with ''visha'', the poison has also been described. − − ''Ojas'' and its significance has been elaborated here with respect to the liquor effects on the human body; The ''ojas'' is the constant energy source of the body which may get affected by the liquor intoxication leading to perplexity which is commonly observed due to liquor and poison. The treatments prescribed in this chapter for intoxication are aimed to establish the consciousness and improve the energy which eventually will maintain the vigor. − − '''Keywords''': ''Madya, Madatyaya, Oja, Visha,'' liquor, intoxication, personified liquor. − </div> Line 32:
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Line 1,939: − ''Vata'' obstructed in ''strotas'' due to ''dosha'' vitiated by liquor causes intense pain in head, bones and joints. In such condition for dissolving ''dosha'', specific liquor should be administered since it has quality of quick absorption, sharpness and hot in spite of other remedial measure.+ − + − + − ''Vata'' dominant ''madatyaya'' is treated with administration of old salty liquor made up of flours, with added sours like ''beejapura, vrikshamla, kola, dadima'' and powders of ''yavani, hapusha, ajaji, shringabera'' preceded by intake of food with parched gram flour mixed with unctuous substances.+ − + − + − + − ''Vata'' predominant ''madatyaya'' usually gets controlled immediately by various delighting ragas, ''shadavas'', meat preparations, vegetables, flour preparations, barley, wheat, ''shali'' rice; massage, anointing, hot baths, thick swathe, thick ''agaru'' pastes, thick essence of ''agaru'', affectionate hug to women to the bosom with warmth of youthfulness, pleasant touch of their hips, thighs, breasts due to fondling, warm bedding and swaddling with warm comfortable home.[117-135]+ − + Line 2,294:
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Line 2,659: − + − ''Kaphaja madatyaya'' gets quickly pacified with use of heavy and even light weight garments, with ''samvahana'' (deep massage) created contraction (and relaxation) with warmth, pleasurable to the body by well trained female masseur. [164-188]+ Line 2,682:
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Line 2,909: − ''Basti'', consumption of ghee and milk with ghee, massage, bath suitable food and drink are ''vata'' pacifying. ''Dhwansaka'' and ''Vikshaya'' subside by this regimen. The drinking disorders will not occur in the person who drinks liquor properly.[199-205]+ Line 3,030:
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|title=Madatyaya Chikitsa
|title=Madatyaya Chikitsa
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|titlemode=append
|keywords=Madya, Madatyaya, Oja, Visha, liquor, intoxication, personified liquor
|keywords=Madya, Madatyaya, Oja, Visha, liquor, intoxication, personified liquor,Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.
|description=Chikitsa Sthana Chapter 24. Management of Madatyaya (Intoxication)
|description=Chikitsa Sthana Chapter 24. Management of Madatyaya (Intoxication)
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'''<big>[[Chikitsa Sthana]] Chapter 24. Management of Madatyaya (Intoxication)</big>'''
'''<big>[[Chikitsa Sthana]] Chapter 24. Management of Madatyaya (Intoxication)</big>'''
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Madatyaya Chikitsa
|title = Madatyaya Chikitsa
|label5 = Other Sections
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|label6 = Translator and commentator
|data6 = Wanjarkhedkar P.
|label7 = Reviewer
|data7 = [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y. S.]]
|label8 = Editors
|data8 = Ojha S.N., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]
|label9 = Year of publication
|data9 = 2020
|label10 = Publisher
|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label11 = DOI
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.025 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.025]
|header3 =
|header3 =
}}
}}
<big>''' Abstract </big>'''
<p style='text-align:justify;'>This chapter describes in sequence, the origin of ''madya'' (liquor) practice, the preferred formulation of the liquor, correct methods of consumption, and advantages of its consumption. Then, another aspect of the liquor consumption is described, starting from different stages of intoxication, disadvantages of liquor consumption, and various other forms of intoxication which should be understood by the treating physician.
<br/>
The chapter also highlights the preferred quality of liquor with preferred composition which shall be multi-ingredient based rather than the single ingredient. Comparison of the liquor with ''visha'', the poison has also been described.
<br/>
[[Ojas]] and its significance has been elaborated here with respect to the liquor effects on the human body; The [[ojas]] is the constant energy source of the body which may get affected by the liquor intoxication leading to perplexity which is commonly observed due to liquor and poison. The treatments prescribed in this chapter for intoxication are aimed to establish the consciousness and improve the energy which eventually will maintain the vigor. <br/>
'''Keywords''': Madya, Madatyaya, [[Oja]], Visha, liquor, intoxication, personified liquor.
</p>
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The state of ''Moha'', that is, perplexity and delusion till the loss of consciousness is common due to the effects of poison and also due to liquor. Therefore, the chapter for the treatment of ''madatyaya'' or drunkenness has been placed after the chapter on poison. Similarly, the ''moha'' occurs due to increased ''tama'', which is associated with the quality of ''kapha''. Therefore, the line of treatment for increased ''tama'' is equally essential in the ''visha chikitsa'' and ''madatyaya''.
The state of ''Moha'', that is, perplexity and delusion till the loss of consciousness is common due to the effects of poison and also due to liquor. Therefore, the chapter for the treatment of ''madatyaya'' or drunkenness has been placed after the chapter on poison. Similarly, the ''moha'' occurs due to increased ''tama'', which is associated with the quality of [[kapha]]. Therefore, the line of treatment for increased ''tama'' is equally essential in the ''visha chikitsa'' and ''madatyaya''.
Alcohol is classed under sedative hypnotic drugs, leading to depression of Central Nervous System (CNS). ''Madya'', by its etymology, means the intoxicating drink, gladdening, vinous, spirited drink, liquor, ale, wine or alcoholic beverage. Each of these words has specific meaning in particular context. Sometimes, only alcohol is the word used to represent the ''madya'', but it is the chemical name and therefore may not always reflect the drinks made up of various ingredients including alcohol. Alcoholic beverage is the term which is quite inclusive for almost all types of ''madya'', which are further differentiated as soft and hard or according to the concentration and type of the beverage. Generally, alcoholic beverage contains 3% to 40% alcohol in it. The alcoholic beverages which are usually distilled are called as spirit or liquor. In today's context, beer, wine, cider are not the distilled alcoholic beverages while the rest whisky, rum, brandy, vodka,tequila are all distilled alcoholic beverages.
Alcohol is classed under sedative hypnotic drugs, leading to depression of Central Nervous System (CNS). ''Madya'', by its etymology, means the intoxicating drink, gladdening, vinous, spirited drink, liquor, ale, wine or alcoholic beverage. Each of these words has specific meaning in particular context. Sometimes, only alcohol is the word used to represent the ''madya'', but it is the chemical name and therefore may not always reflect the drinks made up of various ingredients including alcohol. Alcoholic beverage is the term which is quite inclusive for almost all types of ''madya'', which are further differentiated as soft and hard or according to the concentration and type of the beverage. Generally, alcoholic beverage contains 3% to 40% alcohol in it. The alcoholic beverages which are usually distilled are called as spirit or liquor. In today's context, beer, wine, cider are not the distilled alcoholic beverages while the rest whisky, rum, brandy, vodka,tequila are all distilled alcoholic beverages.
Liquor, certainly has advantages but these advantages can be experienced with limited quantity consumption only. It is the source of food energy, mainly due to its carbohydrate content. Consumption of alcoholic beverage potentiates the insulin reaction to glucose in humans.[[Needs citation]] It prevents carbohydrate and fat oxidation by converting carbohydrates consumed by an individual to fats. Liquor has its role on digestion depending upon its use before or after meal consumption.
Liquor, certainly has advantages but these advantages can be experienced with limited quantity consumption only. It is the source of food energy, mainly due to its carbohydrate content. Consumption of alcoholic beverage potentiates the insulin reaction to glucose in humans.[[Needs citation]] It prevents carbohydrate and fat oxidation by converting carbohydrates consumed by an individual to fats. Liquor has its role on digestion depending upon its use before or after meal consumption.
This chapter emphasizes on quantity of liquor and type of liquor which is suitable for the ''prakriti'' (body type) of the individual. The properties of liquor vary with respect to the type of manufacturing process. At lower doses it acts as stimulant, causing euphoria and talkativeness; while with high doses it leads to drowsiness and ultimately unconsciousness. Upon consumption it gets absorbed rapidly by stomach and small intestine 20% and 80% respectively; to feel the effect within 5 to 10 minutes and peak effect by 90 minutes. The feeling of effect usually depends upon the quantity and the food taken before, during, and / or after consumption of the liquor. Presently, the effect is correlated to the Blood Alcohol Levels (BAC) of an individual. The BAC depends upon various factors which are: capacity of liver to metabolize the liquor, food interaction, concentration of the alcoholic beverage, duration of consumption, body type of the consumer-lean or obese, age, gender, ethnicity, and frequency of consumption. All these factors have been discussed methodically and at length in this chapter.
This chapter emphasizes on quantity of liquor and type of liquor which is suitable for the [[Prakriti]] (body type) of the individual. The properties of liquor vary with respect to the type of manufacturing process. At lower doses it acts as stimulant, causing euphoria and talkativeness; while with high doses it leads to drowsiness and ultimately unconsciousness. Upon consumption it gets absorbed rapidly by stomach and small intestine 20% and 80% respectively; to feel the effect within 5 to 10 minutes and peak effect by 90 minutes. The feeling of effect usually depends upon the quantity and the food taken before, during, and / or after consumption of the liquor. Presently, the effect is correlated to the Blood Alcohol Levels (BAC) of an individual. The BAC depends upon various factors which are: capacity of liver to metabolize the liquor, food interaction, concentration of the alcoholic beverage, duration of consumption, body type of the consumer-lean or obese, age, gender, ethnicity, and frequency of consumption. All these factors have been discussed methodically and at length in this chapter.
The health effects of liquor consumption are observed in two ways as they appear; short term effects or immediate effects and long term effects or late effects. The ''ojas'' (the vigor), reflects the short term as well as long term effects, if liquor is consumed beyond the prescribed limit. The ''ojas'' is quite dynamic phenomenon of human body, which is said to have similar properties like milk; which indicates the productive benefits to the body. The alcoholic beverages possess exact opposite properties to the ''ojas'', and excess drinking can also cause suppression of ''ojas'' leading to intoxication and death with complete obliteration of ''ojas''. The purpose of describing and discussing ''ojas'' here indicates the importance to conserve the ''ojas'' in the treatment of ''madatyaya'' (alcoholism). Most of the formulations prescribed here directly or indirectly lead to enhancement of ''ojas'' to achieve conscious state.
The health effects of liquor consumption are observed in two ways as they appear; short term effects or immediate effects and long term effects or late effects. The [[ojas]] (the vigor), reflects the short term as well as long term effects, if liquor is consumed beyond the prescribed limit. The [[ojas]] is quite dynamic phenomenon of human body, which is said to have similar properties like milk; which indicates the productive benefits to the body. The alcoholic beverages possess exact opposite properties to the [[ojas]], and excess drinking can also cause suppression of [[ojas]] leading to intoxication and death with complete obliteration of [[ojas]]. The purpose of describing and discussing [[ojas]] here indicates the importance to conserve the [[ojas]] in the treatment of ''madatyaya'' (alcoholism). Most of the formulations prescribed here directly or indirectly lead to enhancement of [[ojas]] to achieve conscious state.
== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation ==
== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation ==
One shall always prefer best liquor to drink along with a variety of apposite fruits, natural green vegetables, salted and veteran seasonal fruits, a variety of roasted meat of terrestrial, aquatic animals and flying birds and different edibles prepared by the group of chefs; after being worshiped by the Gods, with blessings and pouring the liquor mixed with water to be given to the willing persons on this earth.[11-20]
One shall always prefer best liquor to drink along with a variety of apposite fruits, natural green vegetables, salted and veteran seasonal fruits, a variety of roasted meat of terrestrial, aquatic animals and flying birds and different edibles prepared by the group of chefs; after being worshiped by the Gods, with blessings and pouring the liquor mixed with water to be given to the willing persons on this earth.[11-20]
=== Pre-procedures based on ''dosha'' dominant ''prakriti'' ===
=== Pre-procedures based on [[dosha]] dominant [[prakriti]] ===
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An individual of ''vata'' dominant ''prakriti'' shall imbibe ''madya'' after ''abhyanga'' (massage), ''utsadana'' (rubbing with herbs), bathing, dressed up, holy incense, ''anulepanam'' (unguent) and unctuous hot food.
An individual of [[vata]] dominant [[prakriti]] shall imbibe ''madya'' after ''abhyanga'' (massage), ''utsadana'' (rubbing with herbs), bathing, dressed up, holy incense, ''anulepanam'' (unguent) and unctuous hot food.
An individual of ''pitta'' dominant ''prakriti'' shall undergo various cooling regimens; sweet, unctuous and cooling food to not get affected by ''madya'', i.e., liquor.
An individual of [[pitta]] dominant [[prakriti]] shall undergo various cooling regimens; sweet, unctuous and cooling food to not get affected by ''madya'', i.e., liquor.
An individual of ''kapha'' dominant ''prakriti'' shall imbibe ''madya'' (the liquor) with warm regimens; drink ''yava'' (barley), wheat, meat of wild animals along with black pepper.
An individual of [[kapha]] dominant [[prakriti]] shall imbibe ''madya'' (the liquor) with warm regimens; drink ''yava'' (barley), wheat, meat of wild animals along with black pepper.
These standard methods are advised for the affluent or to be affluent, drinking natural ''madya'' in prescribed quantity as appropriate for the person.
These standard methods are advised for the affluent or to be affluent, drinking natural ''madya'' in prescribed quantity as appropriate for the person.
Appropriate ''madya'' for ''vatika'' person is that which is prepared predominantly by jaggery and flour. For ''kapha'' and ''pitta'' predominant person ''madya'' prepared by grapes and honey is appropriate (to drink) respectively. [21-25]
Appropriate ''madya'' for ''vatika'' person is that which is prepared predominantly by jaggery and flour. For [[kapha]] and [[pitta]] predominant person ''madya'' prepared by grapes and honey is appropriate (to drink) respectively. [21-25]
=== Pros and cons of drinking ''madya'' ===
=== Pros and cons of drinking ''madya'' ===
Liquor prepared by multiple ingredients carry multiple qualities and multiple actions, characterized by advantages and disadvantages. It is like ambrosia; for the one who drinks as per the standard guidelines, in optimum quantity, at suitable time, with advisable diet, as per the capacity and with exhilaration. On the contrary, it will be like poison for the one who indulges in excessive drinking any kind of liquor, and who have excess dryness in body and follows excess exertion. [26-28]
Liquor prepared by multiple ingredients carry multiple qualities and multiple actions, characterized by advantages and disadvantages. It is like ambrosia; for the one who drinks as per the standard guidelines, in optimum quantity, at suitable time, with advisable diet, as per the capacity and with exhilaration. On the contrary, it will be like poison for the one who indulges in excessive drinking any kind of liquor, and who have excess dryness in body and follows excess exertion. [26-28]
=== Properties and effects of ''madya'' on ''oja'' ===
=== Properties and effects of madya on [[oja]] ===
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The ''madya'' (liquor) affects heart by counteracting the ''ojas'' (the vital essence of body ) and its ten qualities with the ten qualities of (the liquor) itself.
The ''madya'' (liquor) affects heart by counteracting the [[ojas]] (the vital essence of body ) and its ten qualities with the ten qualities of (the liquor) itself.
''Laghu'' (agile), ''ushna'' (hot), ''teekshna'' (sharply acting), ''sukshma'' (tiny), ''amla'' (sour), ''vyavayi'' (pervading), ''ashu'' (fast acting), ''ruksha'' (arid), ''vikashi'' (expanding), ''vishada'' (non-slimy) are the ten qualities of the liquor.
''Laghu'' (agile), ''ushna'' (hot), ''teekshna'' (sharply acting), ''sukshma'' (tiny), ''amla'' (sour), ''vyavayi'' (pervading), ''ashu'' (fast acting), ''ruksha'' (arid), ''vikashi'' (expanding), ''vishada'' (non-slimy) are the ten qualities of the liquor.
Guru (heavy), ''sheeta'' (cool), ''mridu'' (soft), ''shlakshna'' (smooth), ''bahala'' (viscous), ''madhura'' (sweet), ''sthira'' (stable), ''prasanna'' (lucid), ''pichhila'' (slimy), ''snigdha'' (unctous) are the ten qualities of ''ojas''.
Guru (heavy), ''sheeta'' (cool), ''mridu'' (soft), ''shlakshna'' (smooth), ''bahala'' (viscous), ''madhura'' (sweet), ''sthira'' (stable), ''prasanna'' (lucid), ''pichhila'' (slimy), ''snigdha'' (unctous) are the ten qualities of [[ojas]].
Liquor counteracts the qualities of ''ojas'' by its own qualities- it counteracts heaviness with agility, coolness with heat, sweetness with sourness, softness with sharpness, lucidity with fast action, unctuousness with roughness , stability with the ability to pervade, smoothness by expanding, slimy by non-slimy, viscous by tiny qualities.
Liquor counteracts the qualities of [[ojas]] by its own qualities- it counteracts heaviness with agility, coolness with heat, sweetness with sourness, softness with sharpness, lucidity with fast action, unctuousness with roughness , stability with the ability to pervade, smoothness by expanding, slimy by non-slimy, viscous by tiny qualities.
This leads to agitation of mental strength that is dependent on ''oja'' and results in perplexity.
This leads to agitation of mental strength that is dependent on [[oja]] and results in perplexity.
The heart is the site for the channels of the ''rasa, vata'' and others, ''sattva'' (mental strength), ''buddhi'' (intellect), ''indriya'' (senses), ''aatman'' (self) and primary ''ojas'' (vital essence). The excess drinking of liquor and gradual impediment of ''ojas'' affects the heart and the ''dhatus'' located at the heart.[29-36]
The heart is the site for the channels of the [[rasa dhatu]], [[vata]] and others, ''sattva'' (mental strength), [[buddhi]] (intellect), ''indriya'' (senses), ''aatman'' (self) and primary [[ojas]] (vital essence). The excess drinking of liquor and gradual impediment of [[ojas]] affects the heart and the [[dhatu]] located at the heart.[29-36]
=== Stages of ''mada'' (intoxication) ===
=== Stages of ''mada'' (intoxication) ===
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The early stage of intoxication starts when it spreads up to the heart but ''ojas'' is not disturbed; in the middle stage ''ojas'' gets disturbed and in the later stage there is severe disturbance to the ''ojas''.
The early stage of intoxication starts when it spreads up to the heart but [[ojas]] is not disturbed; in the middle stage [[ojas]] gets disturbed and in the later stage there is severe disturbance to the [[ojas]].
Consumption of liquor prepared by the flour does not affect ''ojas'' severely due to lack of (harmful) qualities like expanding property, dryness/roughness, and non-sliminess.[37-38]
Consumption of liquor prepared by the flour does not affect [[ojas]] severely due to lack of (harmful) qualities like expanding property, dryness/roughness, and non-sliminess.[37-38]
=== Characteristic features of ''mada'' ===
=== Characteristic features of ''mada'' ===
The defects mentioned due to the liquor are definite and certain, when drunk in undesired manner, in excess quantity by ignoring the standard method of drinking.
The defects mentioned due to the liquor are definite and certain, when drunk in undesired manner, in excess quantity by ignoring the standard method of drinking.
But liquor by nature is similar to the food. It causes disorders when consumed improperly; while it is like ''amritam'' (elixir) when consumed properly. Food is like the vitality of life for the human beings; but the same may be fatal if ingested improperly. The poison is fatal, but it can be ''rasayana'' if used sensibly.[52-60]
But liquor by nature is similar to the food. It causes disorders when consumed improperly; while it is like ''amritam'' (elixir) when consumed properly. Food is like the vitality of life for the human beings; but the same may be fatal if ingested improperly. The poison is fatal, but it can be [[rasayana]] if used sensibly.[52-60]
=== Benefits of ''madya'' ===
=== Benefits of ''madya'' ===
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The liquor shall always be consumed with understanding of six triads of the food, drink, age, disease, strength, and time; as well as ''tridosha'' and three psyches (described in earlier chapters).
The liquor shall always be consumed with understanding of six triads of the food, drink, age, disease, strength, and time; as well as tri[[dosha]] and three psyches (described in earlier chapters).
Sensible planning of the eight triads is called as ''yukti'', for consumption of liquor without causing any disorders.
Sensible planning of the eight triads is called as ''yukti'', for consumption of liquor without causing any disorders.
</div></div>
</div></div>
Those companions are delightful in drinking who are of fair character, talk reasonably, good in appearance, well recognized, fhave some appreciation for arts, neat, adopting the subject matter, mutually submissive, friendly, enjoying merrily more than a festival upon meeting; with them one feel glad to drink.
Those companions are delightful in drinking who are of fair character, talk reasonably, good in appearance, well recognized, have some appreciation for arts, neat, adopting the subject matter, mutually submissive, friendly, enjoying merrily more than a festival upon meeting; with them one feel glad to drink.
Those are fortunate who drink with the delighted appearance, aroma, taste, touch and (musical) sound with good companions.
Those are fortunate who drink with the delighted appearance, aroma, taste, touch and (musical) sound with good companions.
Those with the stable psyche and body, consumed food in advance, lineage of drunkards and regular drunkard; do not get intoxicated suddenly.
Those with the stable psyche and body, consumed food in advance, lineage of drunkards and regular drunkard; do not get intoxicated suddenly.
The person who are suffering with hunger and thirst, weak, predominant with ''vata'' and ''pitta'', consuming arid, less and deficient food, harden stool, weak in psyche, wrong in getting angry, emaciated, exhausted, sore due to the intoxication, gets instantly affected by even smaller quantity of the liquor.[80-87]
The person who are suffering with hunger and thirst, weak, predominant with [[vata]] and [[pitta]], consuming arid, less and deficient food, harden stool, weak in psyche, wrong in getting angry, emaciated, exhausted, sore due to the intoxication, gets instantly affected by even smaller quantity of the liquor.[80-87]
=== Etiology and clinical features of ''vata'' dominant ''madatyaya'' ===
=== Etiology and clinical features of [[vata]] dominant ''madatyaya'' ===
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Agnivesha, (I am) consequently describing the etiology, distinct features and the treatment of ''madatyaya'' (the alcoholism).
Agnivesha, (I am) consequently describing the etiology, distinct features and the treatment of ''madatyaya'' (the alcoholism).
If a person is emaciated due to excess sexual intercourse, grief, fear, bearing heavy weight, traveling, consuming arid, less in quantity and deficient in quality food, drinks, arid and older liquor in excess quantity at night, disturbing sleep leads to vata dominant ''madatyaya''.
If a person is emaciated due to excess sexual intercourse, grief, fear, bearing heavy weight, traveling, consuming arid, less in quantity and deficient in quality food, drinks, arid and older liquor in excess quantity at night, disturbing sleep leads to [[vata]] dominant ''madatyaya''.
Hiccups, breathlessness, tremors in head, pain in flanks, sleeplessness, and frequent delirium are the symptoms of vata dominant ''madatyaya''.[88-90]
Hiccups, breathlessness, tremors in head, pain in flanks, sleeplessness, and frequent delirium are the symptoms of [[vata]] dominant ''madatyaya''.[88-90]
=== Etiology and clinical features of ''pitta'' dominant ''madatyaya'' ===
=== Etiology and clinical features of [[pitta]] dominant ''madatyaya'' ===
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One who consumes sharply acting, hot and sour liquor in larger quantity while consuming sour, hot and sharp food items in diet and angry in nature, has exposure to the fire and the sun; gets affected with the ''madatyaya'' predominant in ''pitta''. It either gets easily pacified or proves fatal in ''vata'' dominant ''prakriti'' persons.
One who consumes sharply acting, hot and sour liquor in larger quantity while consuming sour, hot and sharp food items in diet and angry in nature, has exposure to the fire and the sun; gets affected with the ''madatyaya'' predominant in [[pitta]]. It either gets easily pacified or proves fatal in [[vata]] dominant [[prakriti]] persons.
Thirst, burning sensation, fever, sweating, fainting, diarrhea, giddiness and greenish discoloration are the distinct features of pitta dominant type of ''madatyaya''. [92-93]
Thirst, burning sensation, fever, sweating, fainting, diarrhea, giddiness and greenish discoloration are the distinct features of pitta dominant type of ''madatyaya''. [92-93]
=== Etiology and clinical features of ''kapha'' dominant ''madatyaya'' ===
=== Etiology and clinical features of [[kapha]] dominant ''madatyaya'' ===
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One who consumes freshly (prepared), sweet liquor made up of jaggery or flour in excess quantity, with sweet, unctuous and heavy diet, indulging lack of exercise, day sleep, reclining on bed and sitting in comfort leads to ''kapha'' predominant ''madatyaya'' .
One who consumes freshly (prepared), sweet liquor made up of jaggery or flour in excess quantity, with sweet, unctuous and heavy diet, indulging lack of exercise, day sleep, reclining on bed and sitting in comfort leads to [[kapha]] predominant ''madatyaya'' .
Vomiting, anorexia, nausea, drowsiness, stiffness, heaviness, and sensing cold are the features of ''madatyaya'' predominant with ''kapha''.[95-97]
Vomiting, anorexia, nausea, drowsiness, stiffness, heaviness, and sensing cold are the features of ''madatyaya'' predominant with [[kapha]].[95-97]
=== Clinical features of ''sannipataja madatyaya'' ===
=== Clinical features of ''sannipataja madatyaya'' ===
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The properties vitiating ''tridosha'' as observed in poisons are also observed in the liquor, which are more potent in the former. Some poisons are fatal with immediate effect, while other causes certain diseases. The last stage of intoxication shall be considered as the poisonous state. Therefore, symptoms of ''tridosha'' (vitiation) are observed in all types of alcoholism, the difference among them is identity by their specific features.[98-100]
The properties vitiating tri[[dosha]] as observed in poisons are also observed in the liquor, which are more potent in the former. Some poisons are fatal with immediate effect, while other causes certain diseases. The last stage of intoxication shall be considered as the poisonous state. Therefore, symptoms of tri[[dosha]] (vitiation) are observed in all types of alcoholism, the difference among them is identity by their specific features.[98-100]
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Major physical distress, confusion, cardiac pain, anorexia, persistent thirst, fever, characterized by immense headache, pain in flanks, arthralgia, and joint pain along with yawning, throbbing, tremors , exhaustion, chest congestion, coughing, hiccups, breathlessness, sleeplessness, trembling, disorders of ear, eye, mouth; sacral stiffness, vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, with symptoms of ''vata, pitta, kapha'', giddiness, delirium, hallucinations; self covered by grass, ash, creeper, leaves, and dust; with perverted mind feels assaulted by birds, visualizing fear and inauspicious dreams; are the general symptoms of ''madatyaya''.[101-106]
Major physical distress, confusion, cardiac pain, anorexia, persistent thirst, fever, characterized by immense headache, pain in flanks, arthralgia, and joint pain along with yawning, throbbing, tremors , exhaustion, chest congestion, coughing, hiccups, breathlessness, sleeplessness, trembling, disorders of ear, eye, mouth; sacral stiffness, vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, with symptoms of [[vata]], [[pitta]], [[kapha]], giddiness, delirium, hallucinations; self covered by grass, ash, creeper, leaves, and dust; with perverted mind feels assaulted by birds, visualizing fear and inauspicious dreams; are the general symptoms of ''madatyaya''.[101-106]
=== Management of ''madatyaya'' ===
=== Management of ''madatyaya'' ===
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''Madatyaya'', of all types are ''tridoshaja''. Therefore, the ''dosha'' observed predominantly affected shall be treated initially.
''Madatyaya'', of all types are tri[[dosha]]ja. Therefore, the [[dosha]] observed predominantly affected shall be treated initially.
The treatment of ''madatyaya'' shall begin with the site of ''kapha'', as it is predominantly situated lined by ''pitta'' and ''vata''.
The treatment of ''madatyaya'' shall begin with the site of [[kapha]], as it is predominantly situated lined by [[pitta]] and [[vata]].
The diseases caused by the improper, excessive and deficient drinking of liquor are pacified by consumption of the same in appropriate quantity.
The diseases caused by the improper, excessive and deficient drinking of liquor are pacified by consumption of the same in appropriate quantity.
Liquor is sour with four contributory tastes, such as sweet, astringent, bitter and pungent. These added with the ten qualities described earlier summed to fourteen which exist in the liquor. Among all the sour substances the liquor is superior.[112-116]
Liquor is sour with four contributory tastes, such as sweet, astringent, bitter and pungent. These added with the ten qualities described earlier summed to fourteen which exist in the liquor. Among all the sour substances the liquor is superior.[112-116]
=== Management of ''vata'' dominant ''madatyaya'' ===
=== Management of [[vata]] dominant ''madatyaya'' ===
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[[Vata]] obstructed in ''strotas'' due to [[dosha]] vitiated by liquor causes intense pain in head, bones and joints. In such condition for dissolving [[dosha]], specific liquor should be administered since it has quality of quick absorption, sharpness and hot in spite of other remedial measure.
The liquor clears the obstruction in the ''strotas'', carminates the ''vata'', improves delight, stimulate the ''agni'' and gets habituated by regular drinking.
The liquor clears the obstruction in the ''strotas'', carminates the [[vata]], improves delight, stimulate the [[agni]] and gets habituated by regular drinking.
Once the ''strotas'' in chest get clear, carmination of ''vata'', the diseases due to ''madatyaya'' also disappear.
Once the ''strotas'' in chest get clear, carmination of [[vata]], the diseases due to ''madatyaya'' also disappear.
[[Vata]] dominant ''madatyaya'' is treated with administration of old salty liquor made up of flours, with added sours like ''beejapura, vrikshamla, kola, dadima'' and powders of ''yavani, hapusha, ajaji, shringabera'' preceded by intake of food with parched gram flour mixed with unctuous substances.
On observing the symptoms indicating the predominance of ''vata'', the patient shall be advised the unctuous and sour meat soup of common quail, partridge, chicken and peacock; ''shali'' rice along with seasoned meat soup of marshy birds, animals and fish as well as terrestrial beast or bird of prey; unctuous, hot, salty and sour, palatable ''veshavaara'', various wheat preparations along with ''Varuni'' froth; ''pupavarti'' quite fatty and filled with flesh and ginger and ''pupilika'' made of black gram.
On observing the symptoms indicating the predominance of [[vata]], the patient shall be advised the unctuous and sour meat soup of common quail, partridge, chicken and peacock; ''shali'' rice along with seasoned meat soup of marshy birds, animals and fish as well as terrestrial beast or bird of prey; unctuous, hot, salty and sour, palatable ''veshavaara'', various wheat preparations along with ''Varuni'' froth; ''pupavarti'' quite fatty and filled with flesh and ginger and ''pupilika'' made of black gram.
The meat of fatty animals advised for ''vataja'' alcoholics shall be not too unctuous, not sour, with black pepper and fresh ginger; or with pomegranate juice, ''trijataka'' individual and coriander seed, black pepper and fresh ginger shall be served as thick soup with warm pupa.
The meat of fatty animals advised for [[vata]]ja alcoholics shall be not too unctuous, not sour, with black pepper and fresh ginger; or with pomegranate juice, ''trijataka'' individual and coriander seed, black pepper and fresh ginger shall be served as thick soup with warm pupa.
Post meal if thirsty, ''varuni'' froth, pomegranate juice, boiled and cool water with ''panchamla, dhanyaka'' (coriander seed), ginger, froth of curd, froth of sour gruel, vinegar water shall be given to the person.
Post meal if thirsty, ''varuni'' froth, pomegranate juice, boiled and cool water with ''panchamla, dhanyaka'' (coriander seed), ginger, froth of curd, froth of sour gruel, vinegar water shall be given to the person.
Undergoing this regimen as per the ''dosha'' and time the disorders get pacified and strength and complexion get enhanced.
Undergoing this regimen as per the [[dosha]] and time the disorders get pacified and strength and complexion get enhanced.
[[Vata]] predominant ''madatyaya'' usually gets controlled immediately by various delighting ragas, ''shadavas'', meat preparations, vegetables, flour preparations, barley, wheat, ''shali'' rice; massage, anointing, hot baths, thick swathe, thick ''agaru'' pastes, thick essence of ''agaru'', affectionate hug to women to the bosom with warmth of youthfulness, pleasant touch of their hips, thighs, breasts due to fondling, warm bedding and swaddling with warm comfortable home.[117-135]
=== Management of ''pitta'' dominant ''madatyaya'' ===
=== Management of [[pitta]] dominant ''madatyaya'' ===
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In ''paitta'' dominant ''madatyaya'', cool, well suitable liquor prepared of ''sharkara, mridvika'' (dried grapes) added with sugar and juice of cassia fistula, dates, grapes, ''parushaka'' or pomegranate and mixed with parched grain flour shall be administered.
In [[pitta dosha]] dominant ''madatyaya'', cool, well suitable liquor prepared of ''sharkara, mridvika'' (dried grapes) added with sugar and juice of cassia fistula, dates, grapes, ''parushaka'' or pomegranate and mixed with parched grain flour shall be administered.
The diet to be consumed is the meat of rabbit, grey partridge, ''ena'' (black deer), common quail, ''asita puchhaka'' (a type of deer); sweetened and soured along with ''shali'' and ''shashtika'' rice. The goat meat shall be prepared with peas, green gram or ''dadima'' (Pomegranate) and ''amalaka'' (Indian Goose berry). Preparation of various saturating drinks, vegetable and meat soups with juice of grapes, Indian Gooseberry, dates and ''parushaka'' is advisable.
The diet to be consumed is the meat of rabbit, grey partridge, ''ena'' (black deer), common quail, ''asita puchhaka'' (a type of deer); sweetened and soured along with ''shali'' and ''shashtika'' rice. The goat meat shall be prepared with peas, green gram or ''dadima'' (Pomegranate) and ''amalaka'' (Indian Goose berry). Preparation of various saturating drinks, vegetable and meat soups with juice of grapes, Indian Gooseberry, dates and ''parushaka'' is advisable.
In ''paittika madatyaya'' if ''kapha'' and ''pitta'' situated in stomach are vitiated, then considering the state of excess aggravation leading to burning and thirst, the liquor or grapes juice or water or ''tarpana'' shall be advised to induce complete emesis. This will relieve the illness rapidly.
In ''paittika madatyaya'' if [[kapha]] and [[pitta]] situated in stomach are vitiated, then considering the state of excess aggravation leading to burning and thirst, the liquor or grapes juice or water or ''tarpana'' shall be advised to induce complete emesis. This will relieve the illness rapidly.
If yearning to drink again, ''tarpana'' shall be given in appropriate time, which leads digestion of remaining toxins by stimulating ''agni''.
If yearning to drink again, ''tarpana'' shall be given in appropriate time, which leads digestion of remaining toxins by stimulating [[agni]].
Cough with hemoptysis, pain in flanks and breasts, thirst, burning, vitiated ''dosha'' in heart and chest shall be treated with decoction of ''guduchi'' (Tinospora cordifolia), ''devdaru,'' Cyprus rotundus, or ''patola'' mixed with dry ginger followed by the partridge food.
Cough with hemoptysis, pain in flanks and breasts, thirst, burning, vitiated [[dosha]] in heart and chest shall be treated with decoction of ''guduchi'' (Tinospora cordifolia), ''devdaru,'' Cyprus rotundus, or ''patola'' mixed with dry ginger followed by the partridge food.
For intense thirst and aggravated ''vata pitta'' cold grape juice is advisable which helps for toxin elimination.
For intense thirst and aggravated [[vata]] [[pitta]] cold grape juice is advisable which helps for toxin elimination.
After observation of complete digestion the person shall be fed with sweet and sour goat meat soup along with the liquor to satiate the thirst. The quantity of liquor to satiate thirst shall be optimum enough and shall not affect the mind. If thirst persists, liquor diluted in plenty of water shall be given repeatedly to pacify it, yet not intoxicating.
After observation of complete digestion the person shall be fed with sweet and sour goat meat soup along with the liquor to satiate the thirst. The quantity of liquor to satiate thirst shall be optimum enough and shall not affect the mind. If thirst persists, liquor diluted in plenty of water shall be given repeatedly to pacify it, yet not intoxicating.
Cool water, is preferable for shower, bathing and drinking helps in pacifying thirst and burning sensation.
Cool water, is preferable for shower, bathing and drinking helps in pacifying thirst and burning sensation.
Learned physician implement these regimens with consideration of ''matra'' (optimum quantity) and ''kaala'' (appropriate time) to pacify ''pittaja madatyaya''.[136-163]
Learned physician implement these regimens with consideration of ''matra'' (optimum quantity) and ''kaala'' (appropriate time) to pacify [[pitta]]ja madatyaya.[136-163]
=== Management of ''kapha'' dominant ''madatyaya'' ===
=== Management of [[kapha]] dominant ''madatyaya'' ===
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Therapeutic emesis and fasting can successfully treat ''kaphaja'' alcoholism.
Therapeutic emesis and fasting can successfully treat [[kapha]]ja alcoholism.
Water boiled with ''hribera, bala, prishniparni, kantakari,'' or boiled and cooled water with these herbs with dry ginger shall be given in thirsty due to ''kaphaja madatyaya''.
Water boiled with ''hribera, bala, prishniparni, kantakari,'' or boiled and cooled water with these herbs with dry ginger shall be given in thirsty due to [[kapha]]ja madatyaya.
Water boiled with ''duralabha , musta'' or ''musta, parpata'' or only ''musta'' which metabolizes the toxins; shall only be used for drinking in all types of alcoholism. This is harmless and pacifies thirst and fever.
Water boiled with ''duralabha , musta'' or ''musta, parpata'' or only ''musta'' which metabolizes the toxins; shall only be used for drinking in all types of alcoholism. This is harmless and pacifies thirst and fever.
Sour soup of ''patola,'' soup of ''amalaka'' added with several pungent shall be given with barley food. In the same way, soured soup of ''trikatu'' or soup mixed with ''amlavetasa,'' arid meat, soup of goat or soured meat soup of ''jangala'' animals shall be given. Meat roasted in a plate or in an earthen plate without adding any liquid and added with pungent, sour, and salt shall be consumed along with ''madhu'' (a type of liquor).
Sour soup of ''patola,'' soup of ''amalaka'' added with several pungent shall be given with barley food. In the same way, soured soup of ''trikatu'' or soup mixed with ''amlavetasa,'' arid meat, soup of goat or soured meat soup of ''jangala'' animals shall be given. Meat roasted in a plate or in an earthen plate without adding any liquid and added with pungent, sour, and salt shall be consumed along with ''madhu'' (a type of liquor).
Meat roasted while adding ample of black pepper, ''matulunga'' juice, other pungents in ample quantity, ''yavani'' and dry ginger and souring with pomegranate shall be consumed with hot pupa and plenty of fresh ginger pieces according to the ''agni'' on proper time followed by drinking discoursed liquor in ''kaphaja madatyaya''.
Meat roasted while adding ample of black pepper, ''matulunga'' juice, other pungents in ample quantity, ''yavani'' and dry ginger and souring with pomegranate shall be consumed with hot pupa and plenty of fresh ginger pieces according to the [[agni]] on proper time followed by drinking discoursed liquor in [[kapha]]ja madatyaya.
''Sauvarchala, jeeraka, vrikshamla, amlavetasa'' each one part, ''twak, ela, maricha'' each half part and sugar one part; all together powdered to formulate ''ashtanga lavana'' is an excellent appetizer and cleanser for ''strotas''; shall be administered in ''kaphaja madatyaya''.
''Sauvarchala, jeeraka, vrikshamla, amlavetasa'' each one part, ''twak, ela, maricha'' each half part and sugar one part; all together powdered to formulate ''ashtanga lavana'' is an excellent appetizer and cleanser for ''strotas''; shall be administered in [[kapha]]ja madatyaya.
This formulation made into liquid by addition of sweet and sour juices in optimum quantity shall be advised as ''adjuvant'' to the preparation of wheat and barley as well as meat to make more palatable.
This formulation made into liquid by addition of sweet and sour juices in optimum quantity shall be advised as ''adjuvant'' to the preparation of wheat and barley as well as meat to make more palatable.
''Ragas'' can be prepared individually by the pulp of ''amalaka'' (Indian Gooseberry), adding ''dhanyaka'' (coriander seeds), ''sauvarchala, jeeraka, karavi'' and ''maricha'' (Black pepper) along with jaggery and ''madhu''(honey); so that it becomes clear, sour and sweet; which makes food palatable and easy to digest.
''Ragas'' can be prepared individually by the pulp of ''amalaka'' (Indian Gooseberry), adding ''dhanyaka'' (coriander seeds), ''sauvarchala, jeeraka, karavi'' and ''maricha'' (Black pepper) along with jaggery and ''madhu''(honey); so that it becomes clear, sour and sweet; which makes food palatable and easy to digest.
''Madatyaya'' predominant in ''kapha'' gets pacified early by the use of arid, hot food and drinks, hot water bath, physical exercise, agile things, awakening till late night, anointing, scrubbing of the body which improves ''prana'' (vitality) and complexion.
''Madatyaya'' predominant in [[kapha]] gets pacified early by the use of arid, hot food and drinks, hot water bath, physical exercise, agile things, awakening till late night, anointing, scrubbing of the body which improves ''prana'' (vitality) and complexion.
[[Kapha]]ja madatyaya gets quickly pacified with use of heavy and even light weight garments, with ''samvahana'' (deep massage) created contraction (and relaxation) with warmth, pleasurable to the body by well trained female masseur. [164-188]
=== Management of ''sannipata'' ===
=== Management of ''sannipata'' ===
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This regimen is described here according to individual ''dosha'' severity. The same with permutation and combinations can be applied by physician in ten types of ''sannipata''( mixed variety of ''dosha'' aggravation).
This regimen is described here according to individual [[dosha]] severity. The same with permutation and combinations can be applied by physician in ten types of ''sannipata''( mixed variety of [[dosha]] aggravation).
One who understands permutations and combinations of ''dosha'', medicines, and prognosis can differentiate between curable and non-curable diseases and treat. [189-190]
One who understands permutations and combinations of [[dosha]], medicines, and prognosis can differentiate between curable and non-curable diseases and treat. [189-190]
=== ''Harshana chikitsa'' (Exhileration treatment) ===
=== ''Harshana chikitsa'' (Exhileration treatment) ===
In case ''madatyaya'' does not get pacified with these explained regimens in methods of liquor consumption, milk shall be prescribed.
In case ''madatyaya'' does not get pacified with these explained regimens in methods of liquor consumption, milk shall be prescribed.
With withdrawal of liquor, when ''kapha'' is diminished and debility and agility occurs due to fasting, and purifying metabolism of toxins, alleviating measures and ''vata pitta'' get dominant in the person wreaked with liquor, the milk acts as a boon like the rains for the tree in intense summer.
With withdrawal of liquor, when [[kapha]] is diminished and debility and agility occurs due to fasting, and purifying metabolism of toxins, alleviating measures and [[vata]] [[pitta]] get dominant in the person wreaked with liquor, the milk acts as a boon like the rains for the tree in intense summer.
When the disease is removed by the use of milk and strength is regained the use of milk shall be discontinued and liquor consumption can be resumed in smaller quantities gradually.[195-198]
When the disease is removed by the use of milk and strength is regained the use of milk shall be discontinued and liquor consumption can be resumed in smaller quantities gradually.[195-198]
The management of these is similar to the management of ''vatika madatyaya''.
The management of these is similar to the management of ''vatika madatyaya''.
[[Basti]], consumption of ghee and milk with ghee, massage, bath suitable food and drink are [[vata]] pacifying. ''Dhwansaka'' and ''Vikshaya'' subside by this regimen. The drinking disorders will not occur in the person who drinks liquor properly.[199-205]
=== Prevention of diseases ===
=== Prevention of diseases ===
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
*The degree of effect and duration of intoxication due to liquor consumption will be extensive if the person consumes liquor similar to his constitution. The principle which has been described in the first chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]] emphasizes the use of opposite (''viruddha guna'') quality substances to pacify the agitated state of ''dosha''. Therefore, it is advised to drink liquor of opposite quality for respective (''prakriti'')constitution.
*The degree of effect and duration of intoxication due to liquor consumption will be extensive if the person consumes liquor similar to his constitution. The principle which has been described in the first chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]] emphasizes the use of opposite (''viruddha guna'') quality substances to pacify the agitated state of [[dosha]]. Therefore, it is advised to drink liquor of opposite quality for respective ([[Prakriti]])constitution.
*Liquor prepared by multiple ingredients carry multiple qualities and multiple actions, characterized by advantages and disadvantages.
*Liquor prepared by multiple ingredients carry multiple qualities and multiple actions, characterized by advantages and disadvantages.
*Liquor by nature is similar to food. It is like ambrosia for the one who drinks as per the guidelines, in optimum quantity, at suitable time, with advisable diet, as per the capacity and with exhilaration. On the contrary, it will be like poison for the one who indulges in excessive drinking any kind of liquor.
*Liquor by nature is similar to food. It is like ambrosia for the one who drinks as per the guidelines, in optimum quantity, at suitable time, with advisable diet, as per the capacity and with exhilaration. On the contrary, it will be like poison for the one who indulges in excessive drinking any kind of liquor.
*Appropriate ''madya'' for ''vatika'' person is that which is prepared predominantly by jaggery and flour. For ''kapha'' and ''pitta'' predominant person ''madya'' prepared by grapes and honey is appropriate (to drink) respectively.
*Appropriate ''madya'' for ''vatika'' person is that which is prepared predominantly by jaggery and flour. For [[kapha]] and [[pitta]] predominant person ''madya'' prepared by grapes and honey is appropriate (to drink) respectively.
*Liquor counteracts the qualities of ''ojas'' (vital essence of body).
*Liquor counteracts the qualities of [[ojas]] (vital essence of body).
*It affects the mental strength, intellect and senses.
*It affects the mental strength, intellect and senses.
*The liquor shall always be consumed with understanding of six triads of the food, drink, age, disease, strength, and time; as well as ''tridosha'' and three psyches (described in earlier chapters).
*The liquor shall always be consumed with understanding of six triads of the food, drink, age, disease, strength, and time; as well as tri[[dosha]] and three psyches (described in earlier chapters).
*While drinking, one should know the people following ''sattvika, rajasika'' and ''tamasika'' way of drinking and try to be at distance from such companions due to whom one may suffer by bad effects of liquor consumption.
*While drinking, one should know the people following ''sattvika, rajasika'' and ''tamasika'' way of drinking and try to be at distance from such companions due to whom one may suffer by bad effects of liquor consumption.
*Alcoholism, of all types is ''tridoshaja''. Therefore, the ''dosha'' observed to be affected predominantly shall be treated initially. The treatment of alcoholism shall begin with the site of ''kapha''.
*Alcoholism, of all types is tri[[dosha]]ja. Therefore, the [[dosha]] observed to be affected predominantly shall be treated initially. The treatment of alcoholism shall begin with the site of [[kapha]].
*''Vata'' obstructed in ''strotas'' due to ''dosha'' vitiated by liquor causes intense pain in head, bones and joints. In such condition for dissolving ''dosha'', specific liquor should be administered since it has quality of quick absorption, sharpness and hot in spite of other remedial measure.
*[[Vata]] obstructed in ''strotas'' due to [[dosha]] vitiated by liquor causes intense pain in head, bones and joints. In such condition for dissolving [[dosha]], specific liquor should be administered since it has quality of quick absorption, sharpness and hot in spite of other remedial measure.
*The liquor clears the obstruction in the ''strotas'', carminates the ''vata'', improves delight, stimulates the ''agni'' and gets habituated by regular drinking.
*The liquor clears the obstruction in the ''strotas'', carminates the [[vata]], improves delight, stimulates the [[agni]] and gets habituated by regular drinking.
*Once the ''strotas'' in chest get clear, carmination of ''vata'', the diseases due to alcoholism also disappear.
*Once the ''strotas'' in chest get clear, carmination of [[vata]], the diseases due to alcoholism also disappear.
*Directives for drinking:
*Directives for drinking:
*An individual of ''vatika prakriti'' shall imbibe ''madya'' after ''abhyanga'' (massage), ''utsadana'' (rubbing with herbs), bathing, dressed up, holy incense, anulepanam (unguent) and unctuous hot food.
*An individual of vatika [[Prakriti]] shall imbibe ''madya'' after ''abhyanga'' (massage), ''utsadana'' (rubbing with herbs), bathing, dressed up, holy incense, anulepanam (unguent) and unctuous hot food.
*An individual of ''paittika prakriti'' shall undergo various cooling regimens; sweet, unctuous & cooling food to not get affected by ''madya'', the liquor.
*An individual of paittika [[Prakriti]] shall undergo various cooling regimens; sweet, unctuous & cooling food to not get affected by ''madya'', the liquor.
*An individual of ''kaphaja prakriti'' shall imbibe ''madya'' (the liquor) with warm regimens; drink ''yava'' (barley), wheat, meat of wild animals along with black pepper.
*An individual of [[kapha]]ja [[Prakriti]] shall imbibe ''madya'' (the liquor) with warm regimens; drink ''yava'' (barley), wheat, meat of wild animals along with black pepper.
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==
=== Qualities of good liquor ===
=== Qualities of good liquor ===
The liquor consumption must be in optimal amount suitable to individual’s body constitution and should not cause vitiation of ''dosha''.
The liquor consumption must be in optimal amount suitable to individual’s body constitution and should not cause vitiation of [[dosha]].
Good liquor is prepared from multiple ingredients of varied qualities which have diverse actions to help regulate the three ''doshas'' and prevent their vitiation, which may occur in case of use of single ingredient. Sushruta mentioned that the increase or decrease of the ''dosha'' is mainly influenced by the ingredients (''dravya'') of liquor. Therefore, manufacturing liquor with multi-component of varied quality substances will help to maintain state of homeostasis.
Good liquor is prepared from multiple ingredients of varied qualities which have diverse actions to help regulate the three [[dosha]] and prevent their vitiation, which may occur in case of use of single ingredient. Sushruta mentioned that the increase or decrease of the [[dosha]] is mainly influenced by the ingredients (''dravya'') of liquor. Therefore, manufacturing liquor with multi-component of varied quality substances will help to maintain state of homeostasis.
=== Features of intoxication ===
=== Features of intoxication ===
The higher the dietary fat content, the more time this emptying will require and the longer the process of absorption will take.
The higher the dietary fat content, the more time this emptying will require and the longer the process of absorption will take.
One study found that subjects who drank alcohol after a meal that included fat, protein, and carbohydrates, absorbed the alcohol about three times more slowly than when they consumed alcohol on an empty stomach. [[Need citation]]
One study found that subjects who drank alcohol after a meal that included fat, protein, and carbohydrates, absorbed the alcohol about three times more slowly than when they consumed alcohol on an empty stomach. <sup>[[citation needed]]</sup>
=== Role of fructose and carbohydrates in alcohol absorption ===
=== Role of fructose and carbohydrates in alcohol absorption ===
The qualities of “Oja” are mentioned in this same chapter where the elaboration of ''madya'' has been done. The reasoning behind this if tried to understand with [[Tantrayukti]] suggests that since the ''Oja'' & ''Madya'' are opposite in qualities; the treatment of ''Madatyaya'' should be done on the guidelines of ''Ojo-vardhana''.
The qualities of “Oja” are mentioned in this same chapter where the elaboration of ''madya'' has been done. The reasoning behind this if tried to understand with [[Tantrayukti]] suggests that since the ''Oja'' & ''Madya'' are opposite in qualities; the treatment of ''Madatyaya'' should be done on the guidelines of ''Ojo-vardhana''.
The ''Madhura rasa'' among the six tastes has been identified as the one which enhances the Oja and maintains it, as described in Chapter 26th of [[Sutra sthana]] (Cha. Su. 26/42(1)). Charaka further in consecutive chapter 27th, mentioned all 12 classes of Dietary components where Madhura rasa dravyas of each class has been mentioned including the plant derived as well as animal derived products.
The ''Madhura rasa'' among the six tastes has been identified as the one which enhances the Oja and maintains it, as described in [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/42 ]. Charaka further in consecutive chapter 27th, mentioned all 12 classes of Dietary components where Madhura rasa dravyas of each class has been mentioned including the plant derived as well as animal derived products.
The medicinal plants of pharmacological importance with madhura rasa & vipaka shall be preferred for treatment of Madatyaya, as per the principle, where the treatment with Viruddha Guna has been advised.
The medicinal plants of pharmacological importance with madhura rasa & vipaka shall be preferred for treatment of Madatyaya, as per the principle, where the treatment with Viruddha Guna has been advised.
=== Concept of Santarpana & Alcohol related Malnutrition ===
=== Concept of Santarpana & Alcohol related Malnutrition ===
Alcohol, if consumed in excess, can cause malnutrition which can lead to nutritional disorders as well as organ damage. The initial phase nutritional imbalances particularly depletion can be very well controlled with the concept of Santarpana, as described by Charaka (Cha.Su. 23/31-38). Various pharmacological, dietary products have been discussed here along with use of liquor prepared from Grain for Santarpana. This principle later used in this chapter 24th, where in some cases treatment of Madatyayaya with Madya itself has been described.
Alcohol, if consumed in excess, can cause malnutrition which can lead to nutritional disorders as well as organ damage. The initial phase nutritional imbalances particularly depletion can be very well controlled with the concept of Santarpana, as described by Charaka [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 23/31-38]. Various pharmacological, dietary products have been discussed here along with use of liquor prepared from Grain for Santarpana. This principle later used in this chapter 24th, where in some cases treatment of Madatyayaya with Madya itself has been described.
=== Recent Researches ===
=== Recent Researches ===
* In a study on 38 patients suffering from madatyaya,it is observed that Ashtanga lavana is effective followed by vamana (therapeutic emesis).<ref> Sadalagi Sheetal et.al.Effect of Vamana and Ashtanga Lavana in the management of Madatyaya. AYU;30(4)2009,pp. 463-468. available online from http://www.ayujournal.org/article.asp?issn=0974-8520;year=2009;volume=30;issue=4;spage=463;epage=468;aulast=Sadalagi;type=0 accessed on July 29,2019</ref>
* In a study on 38 patients suffering from madatyaya,it is observed that Ashtanga lavana is effective followed by vamana (therapeutic emesis).<ref> Sadalagi Sheetal et.al.Effect of Vamana and Ashtanga Lavana in the management of Madatyaya. AYU;30(4)2009,pp. 463-468. available online from http://www.ayujournal.org/article.asp?issn=0974-8520;year=2009;volume=30;issue=4;spage=463;epage=468;aulast=Sadalagi;type=0 accessed on July 29,2019</ref>
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== References ==
== References ==