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'''<big>Chikitsa Sthana Chapter 24. Management of ''Madatyaya'' (Intoxication)</big>'''

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{{#seo:

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|title=Madatyaya Chikitsa

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|keywords=Madya, Madatyaya, Oja, Visha, liquor, intoxication, personified liquor,Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.

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|description=Chikitsa Sthana Chapter 24. Management of Madatyaya (Intoxication)

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'''<big>[[Chikitsa Sthana]] Chapter 24. Management of Madatyaya (Intoxication)</big>'''

{{Infobox

|title = Madatyaya Chikitsa

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|label5 = Other Sections

|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

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|label6 = Translator and commentator

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|data6 = Wanjarkhedkar P.

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|label7 = Reviewer

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|data7 = [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y. S.]]

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|label8 = Editors

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|data8 = Ojha S.N., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]

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|label9 = Year of publication

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|data9 = 2020

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|label10 = Publisher

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|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

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|label11 = DOI

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|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.025 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s06.025]

|header3 =

}}

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<big>''' Abstract </big>'''

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=~~== Abstract ===~~

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<p style='text-align:justify;'>This chapter describes in sequence, the origin of ''madya'' (liquor) practice, the preferred formulation of the liquor, correct methods of consumption, and advantages of its consumption. Then, another aspect of the liquor consumption is described, starting from different stages of intoxication, disadvantages of liquor consumption, and various other forms of intoxication which should be understood by the treating physician.

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<br/>

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This chapter describes in sequence, the origin of ''madya'' (liquor) practice, the preferred formulation of the liquor, correct methods of consumption, and advantages of its consumption. Then, another aspect of the liquor consumption is described, starting from different stages of intoxication, disadvantages of liquor consumption, and various other forms of intoxication which should be understood by the treating physician.

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The chapter also highlights the preferred quality of liquor with preferred composition which shall be multi-ingredient based rather than the single ingredient. Comparison of the liquor with ''visha'', the poison has also been described.

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<br/>

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[[Ojas]] and its significance has been elaborated here with respect to the liquor effects on the human body; The [[ojas]] is the constant energy source of the body which may get affected by the liquor intoxication leading to perplexity which is commonly observed due to liquor and poison. The treatments prescribed in this chapter for intoxication are aimed to establish the consciousness and improve the energy which eventually will maintain the vigor. <br/>

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''Ojas'' and its significance has been elaborated here with respect to the liquor effects on the human body; The ''ojas'' is the constant energy source of the body which may get affected by the liquor intoxication leading to perplexity which is commonly observed due to liquor and poison. The treatments prescribed in this chapter for intoxication are aimed to establish the consciousness and improve the energy which eventually will maintain the vigor.

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'''Keywords''': Madya, Madatyaya, [[Oja]], Visha, liquor, intoxication, personified liquor.

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</p>

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'''Keywords''': ''Madya, Madatyaya, Oja, Visha,'' liquor, intoxication, personified liquor.

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~~=== Introduction ===~~

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The state of ''Moha'', that is, perplexity and delusion till the loss of consciousness is common due to the effects of poison and also due to liquor. Therefore, the chapter for the treatment of ''madatyaya'' or drunkenness has been placed after the chapter on poison. Similarly, the ''moha'' occurs due to increased ''tama'', which is associated with the quality of ''kapha''. Therefore, the line of treatment for increased ''tama'' is equally essential in the ''visha chikitsa'' and ''madatyaya''.

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== Introduction ==

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The state of ''Moha'', that is, perplexity and delusion till the loss of consciousness is common due to the effects of poison and also due to liquor. Therefore, the chapter for the treatment of ''madatyaya'' or drunkenness has been placed after the chapter on poison. Similarly, the ''moha'' occurs due to increased ''tama'', which is associated with the quality of [[kapha]]. Therefore, the line of treatment for increased ''tama'' is equally essential in the ''visha chikitsa'' and ''madatyaya''.

Alcohol is classed under sedative hypnotic drugs, leading to depression of Central Nervous System (CNS). ''Madya'', by its etymology, means the intoxicating drink, gladdening, vinous, spirited drink, liquor, ale, wine or alcoholic beverage. Each of these words has specific meaning in particular context. Sometimes, only alcohol is the word used to represent the ''madya'', but it is the chemical name and therefore may not always reflect the drinks made up of various ingredients including alcohol. Alcoholic beverage is the term which is quite inclusive for almost all types of ''madya'', which are further differentiated as soft and hard or according to the concentration and type of the beverage. Generally, alcoholic beverage contains 3% to 40% alcohol in it. The alcoholic beverages which are usually distilled are called as spirit or liquor. In today's context, beer, wine, cider are not the distilled alcoholic beverages while the rest whisky, rum, brandy, vodka,tequila are all distilled alcoholic beverages.

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Liquor, certainly has advantages but these advantages can be experienced with limited quantity consumption only. It is the source of food energy, mainly due to its carbohydrate content. Consumption of alcoholic beverage potentiates the insulin reaction to glucose in humans.[[Needs citation]] It prevents carbohydrate and fat oxidation by converting carbohydrates consumed by an individual to fats. Liquor has its role on digestion depending upon its use before or after meal consumption.

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This chapter emphasizes on quantity of liquor and type of liquor which is suitable for the ~~''prakriti''~~ (body type) of the individual. The properties of liquor vary with respect to the type of manufacturing process. At lower doses it acts as stimulant, causing euphoria and talkativeness; while with high doses it leads to drowsiness and ultimately unconsciousness. Upon consumption it gets absorbed rapidly by stomach and small intestine 20% and 80% respectively; to feel the effect within 5 to 10 minutes and peak effect by 90 minutes. The feeling of effect usually depends upon the quantity and the food taken before, during, and / or after consumption of the liquor. Presently, the effect is correlated to the Blood Alcohol Levels (BAC) of an individual. The BAC depends upon various factors which are: capacity of liver to metabolize the liquor, food interaction, concentration of the alcoholic beverage, duration of consumption, body type of the consumer-lean or obese, age, gender, ethnicity, and frequency of consumption. All these factors have been discussed methodically and at length in this chapter.

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This chapter emphasizes on quantity of liquor and type of liquor which is suitable for the [[Prakriti]] (body type) of the individual. The properties of liquor vary with respect to the type of manufacturing process. At lower doses it acts as stimulant, causing euphoria and talkativeness; while with high doses it leads to drowsiness and ultimately unconsciousness. Upon consumption it gets absorbed rapidly by stomach and small intestine 20% and 80% respectively; to feel the effect within 5 to 10 minutes and peak effect by 90 minutes. The feeling of effect usually depends upon the quantity and the food taken before, during, and / or after consumption of the liquor. Presently, the effect is correlated to the Blood Alcohol Levels (BAC) of an individual. The BAC depends upon various factors which are: capacity of liver to metabolize the liquor, food interaction, concentration of the alcoholic beverage, duration of consumption, body type of the consumer-lean or obese, age, gender, ethnicity, and frequency of consumption. All these factors have been discussed methodically and at length in this chapter.

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The health effects of liquor consumption are observed in two ways as they appear; short term effects or immediate effects and long term effects or late effects. The ''ojas'' (the vigor), reflects the short term as well as long term effects, if liquor is consumed beyond the prescribed limit. The ''ojas'' is quite dynamic phenomenon of human body, which is said to have similar properties like milk; which indicates the productive benefits to the body. The alcoholic beverages possess exact opposite properties to the ''ojas'', and excess drinking can also cause suppression of ''ojas'' leading to intoxication and death with complete obliteration of ''ojas''. The purpose of describing and discussing ''ojas'' here indicates the importance to conserve the ''ojas'' in the treatment of ''madatyaya'' (alcoholism). Most of the formulations prescribed here directly or indirectly lead to enhancement of ''ojas'' to achieve conscious state.

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The health effects of liquor consumption are observed in two ways as they appear; short term effects or immediate effects and long term effects or late effects. The [[ojas]] (the vigor), reflects the short term as well as long term effects, if liquor is consumed beyond the prescribed limit. The [[ojas]] is quite dynamic phenomenon of human body, which is said to have similar properties like milk; which indicates the productive benefits to the body. The alcoholic beverages possess exact opposite properties to the [[ojas]], and excess drinking can also cause suppression of [[ojas]] leading to intoxication and death with complete obliteration of [[ojas]]. The purpose of describing and discussing [[ojas]] here indicates the importance to conserve the [[ojas]] in the treatment of ''madatyaya'' (alcoholism). Most of the formulations prescribed here directly or indirectly lead to enhancement of [[ojas]] to achieve conscious state.

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=== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation ===

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== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation ==

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अथातो मदात्ययचिकित्सितं व्याख्यास्यामः ||१||

इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः ||२||

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athātō madātyayacikitsitaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||

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iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH ||2||

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</div></div>

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Now we shall expound the chapter "Madatyaya chikitsa" (Management of intoxication). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

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~~Now we shall expound the chapter on~~ management of ~~state~~ of intoxication (due to excess consumption of liquor~~). Thus said Lord Atreya~~. ~~[1-2]~~

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Note: The management of states of intoxication due to excess consumption of liquor are described in this chapter.

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==== Origin of ''sura'' ====

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=== Origin of ''sura'' ===

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सुरैः सुरेशसहितैर्या पुरा [१] परिपूजिता |

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दृश्या स्पृश्या प्रकल्पया च यज्ञीया यज्ञसिद्धये ||५||

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suraiḥ surēśasahitairyā purā [1] paripūjitā|

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dRushyA spRushyA prakalpayA ca yaj~jIyA yaj~jasiddhaye ||5||

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</div></div>

''Sura'', which is admired by the Gods and the kings since ancient era and offered as an oblation in ''Sautramani yagna'' (A special type of ''yagna'' where ''sura'' is indicated as ''havi'' means substance for sacrificing) by Yagnauhi (sages performing sacrifice). By the use of which the depressed Indra after drained energy due to excessive consumption of ''soma'', recovered from the condition; which is a visible, touchable, and applicable instrument of sacrifice conducive to the successful completion as enjoyed by the great sages performing sacrifices as per the prescribed methods in the ''vedas''. [3-5]

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योनिसंस्कारनामाद्यैर्विशेषैर्बहुधा च या |

भूत्वा भवत्येकविधा सामान्यान्मदलक्षणात् ||६||

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yōnisaṁskāranāmādyairviśēṣairbahudhā ca yā|

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bhUtvA bhavatyekavidhA sAmAnyAnmadalakShaNAt ||6||

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</div></div>

It has several varieties depending upon its specific source material, ''sanskara'' (method of preparation), nomenclature, etc; which is at the same time unitary in character on account of the common features of intoxication.[6]

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==== Various forms of ''sura'' ====

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=== Various forms of ''sura'' ===

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या देवानमृतं भूत्वा स्वधा भूत्वा पित्तॄंश्च या |

सोमो भूत्वा द्विजातीन् या युङ्क्ते श्रेयोभिरुत्तमैः ||७||

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yā dēvānamr̥taṁ bhūtvā svadhā bhūtvā pittr̥̄ṁśca yā|

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somo bhUtvA dvijAtIn yA yu~gkte shreyobhiruttamaiH ||7||

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</div></div>

It bestows auspicious par excellence by providing nourishment to the Gods in the form of ambrosia, to the ancestors in the form of ''svadha'' (the term used for offering oblatory to the ancestors), to ''dvijas'' (considered as the twice born) in the form of ''soma''. [7]

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==== Importance of ''sura'' ====

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=== Importance of ''sura'' ===

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आश्विनं या महत्तेजो बलं सारस्वतं च या |

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रतिः सुरेत्यभिहिता तां सुरां विधिना पिबेत् ||१०||

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āśvinaṁ yā mahattējō balaṁ sārasvataṁ ca yā|

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ratiH suretyabhihitA tAM surAM vidhinA pibet ||10||

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</div></div>

Which represents the great luster of the Ashwins, the prowess of ''mantras'', and the supremacy of Indra, who perfected ''soma'' in the ''sautramani'' sacrifice; which eradicates grief, depression, fear and bewilderment; which itself represents the invincible strength, love, voice, nourishment and peace; and which is called ''sura'' by the Gods, ''gandharvas'' (celestial musicians), ''yaksha, rakshasa'' (devils) and human beings should take appropriately (as per the prescription of the ''shashtras'').[8-10]

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==== Procedure of drinking ''madya'' ====

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=== Procedure of drinking ''madya'' ===

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शरीरकृतसंस्कारः शुचिरुत्तमगन्धवान् |

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प्रदाय सजलं मद्यमर्थिभ्यो वसुधातले ||२०||

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śarīrakr̥tasaṁskāraḥ śuciruttamagandhavān|

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pradAya sajalaM madyamarthibhyo vasudhAtale ||20||

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</div></div>

(Describing the standard directives for drinking) One who after cleansing of the body, purification (of the mind), with fragrance, hygienic apparels and scented as per ''ritu'' (the season), put on garlands, trinkets and ornaments worshiping God and ''brahmanas''; touching the propitious things shall be seated or reclined on well spread cushion as per the own comfort of body; with endowment of the seasonal flowers adored by the friends and filled with the fragrance of incense and shall drink in the vessels made of gold, silver, precious stones or other clean and well maintained vessels served by the beloved females who are proud of their beauty and youthfulness, particularly trained, adorned with the dress, ornaments and garlands according to the season and endowed with sincerity and affection.

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One shall always prefer best liquor to drink along with a variety of apposite fruits, natural green vegetables, salted and veteran seasonal fruits, a variety of roasted meat of terrestrial, aquatic animals and flying birds and different edibles prepared by the group of chefs; after being worshiped by the Gods, with blessings and pouring the liquor mixed with water to be given to the willing persons on this earth.[11-20]

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==== Pre-procedures based on ''dosha'' dominant ''prakriti'' ====

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=== Pre-procedures based on [[dosha]] dominant [[prakriti]] ===

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अभ्यङ्गोत्सादनस्नानवासोधूपानुलेपनैः |

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कफपित्ताधिकेभ्यस्तु मार्द्वीकं माधवं च यत् ||२५||

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abhyaṅgōtsādanasnānavāsōdhūpānulēpanaiḥ|

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kaphapittAdhikebhyastu mArdvIkaM mAdhavaM ca yat ||25||

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</div></div>

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An individual of ''vata'' dominant ''prakriti'' shall imbibe ''madya'' after ''abhyanga'' (massage), ''utsadana'' (rubbing with herbs), bathing, dressed up, holy incense, ''anulepanam'' (unguent) and unctuous hot food.

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An individual of [[vata]] dominant [[prakriti]] shall imbibe ''madya'' after ''abhyanga'' (massage), ''utsadana'' (rubbing with herbs), bathing, dressed up, holy incense, ''anulepanam'' (unguent) and unctuous hot food.

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An individual of ''pitta'' dominant ''prakriti'' shall undergo various cooling regimens; sweet, unctuous and cooling food to not get affected by ''madya'', i.e., liquor.

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An individual of [[pitta]] dominant [[prakriti]] shall undergo various cooling regimens; sweet, unctuous and cooling food to not get affected by ''madya'', i.e., liquor.

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An individual of ''kapha'' dominant ''prakriti'' shall imbibe ''madya'' (the liquor) with warm regimens; drink ''yava'' (barley), wheat, meat of wild animals along with black pepper.

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An individual of [[kapha]] dominant [[prakriti]] shall imbibe ''madya'' (the liquor) with warm regimens; drink ''yava'' (barley), wheat, meat of wild animals along with black pepper.

These standard methods are advised for the affluent or to be affluent, drinking natural ''madya'' in prescribed quantity as appropriate for the person.

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Appropriate ''madya'' for ''vatika'' person is that which is prepared predominantly by jaggery and flour. For ''kapha'' and ''pitta'' predominant person ''madya'' prepared by grapes and honey is appropriate (to drink) respectively. [21-25]

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Appropriate ''madya'' for ''vatika'' person is that which is prepared predominantly by jaggery and flour. For [[kapha]] and [[pitta]] predominant person ''madya'' prepared by grapes and honey is appropriate (to drink) respectively. [21-25]

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==== Pros and cons of drinking ''madya'' ====

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=== Pros and cons of drinking ''madya'' ===

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बहुद्रव्यं बहुगुणं बहुकर्म मदात्मकम् |

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रूक्षव्यायामनित्येन विषवद्याति तस्य तत् ||२८||

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bahudravyaṁ bahuguṇaṁ bahukarma madātmakam|

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rUkShavyAyAmanityena viShavadyAti tasya tat ||28||

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</div></div>

Liquor prepared by multiple ingredients carry multiple qualities and multiple actions, characterized by advantages and disadvantages. It is like ambrosia; for the one who drinks as per the standard guidelines, in optimum quantity, at suitable time, with advisable diet, as per the capacity and with exhilaration. On the contrary, it will be like poison for the one who indulges in excessive drinking any kind of liquor, and who have excess dryness in body and follows excess exertion. [26-28]

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==== Properties and effects of ''madya'' on ''oja'' ====

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=== Properties and effects of madya on [[oja]] ===

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मद्यं हृदयमाविश्य स्वगुणैरोजसो गुणान् |

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हृदयं याति विकृतिं तत्रस्था ये च धातवः ||३६||

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madyaṁ hr̥dayamāviśya svaguṇairōjasō guṇān|

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hRudayaM yAti vikRutiM tatrasthA ye ca dhAtavaH ||36||

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</div></div>

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The ''madya'' (liquor) affects heart by counteracting the ''ojas'' (the vital essence of body ) and its ten qualities with the ten qualities of (the liquor) itself.

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The ''madya'' (liquor) affects heart by counteracting the [[ojas]] (the vital essence of body ) and its ten qualities with the ten qualities of (the liquor) itself.

''Laghu'' (agile), ''ushna'' (hot), ''teekshna'' (sharply acting), ''sukshma'' (tiny), ''amla'' (sour), ''vyavayi'' (pervading), ''ashu'' (fast acting), ''ruksha'' (arid), ''vikashi'' (expanding), ''vishada'' (non-slimy) are the ten qualities of the liquor.

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Guru (heavy), ''sheeta'' (cool), ''mridu'' (soft), ''shlakshna'' (smooth), ''bahala'' (viscous), ''madhura'' (sweet), ''sthira'' (stable), ''prasanna'' (lucid), ''pichhila'' (slimy), ''snigdha'' (unctous) are the ten qualities of ''ojas''.

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Guru (heavy), ''sheeta'' (cool), ''mridu'' (soft), ''shlakshna'' (smooth), ''bahala'' (viscous), ''madhura'' (sweet), ''sthira'' (stable), ''prasanna'' (lucid), ''pichhila'' (slimy), ''snigdha'' (unctous) are the ten qualities of [[ojas]].

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Liquor counteracts the qualities of ''ojas'' by its own qualities- it counteracts heaviness with agility, coolness with heat, sweetness with sourness, softness with sharpness, lucidity with fast action, unctuousness with roughness , stability with the ability to pervade, smoothness by expanding, slimy by non-slimy, viscous by tiny qualities.

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Liquor counteracts the qualities of [[ojas]] by its own qualities- it counteracts heaviness with agility, coolness with heat, sweetness with sourness, softness with sharpness, lucidity with fast action, unctuousness with roughness , stability with the ability to pervade, smoothness by expanding, slimy by non-slimy, viscous by tiny qualities.

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This leads to agitation of mental strength that is dependent on ''oja'' and results in perplexity.

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This leads to agitation of mental strength that is dependent on [[oja]] and results in perplexity.

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The heart is the site for the channels of the ''rasa, vata'' and others, ''sattva'' (mental strength), ''buddhi'' (intellect), ''indriya'' (senses), ''aatman'' (self) and primary ''ojas'' (vital essence). The excess drinking of liquor and gradual impediment of ''ojas'' affects the heart and the ~~''dhatus''~~ located at the heart.[29-36]

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The heart is the site for the channels of the [[rasa dhatu]], [[vata]] and others, ''sattva'' (mental strength), [[buddhi]] (intellect), ''indriya'' (senses), ''aatman'' (self) and primary [[ojas]] (vital essence). The excess drinking of liquor and gradual impediment of [[ojas]] affects the heart and the [[dhatu]] located at the heart.[29-36]

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==== Stages of ''mada'' (intoxication) ====

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=== Stages of ''mada'' (intoxication) ===

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ओजस्यविहते पूर्वो हृदि च प्रतिबोधिते |

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विकाशिरूक्षविशदा गुणास्तत्र हि नोल्बणाः ||३८||

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ōjasyavihatē pūrvō hr̥di ca pratibōdhitē|

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vikAshirUkShavishadA guNAstatra hi nolbaNAH ||38||

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</div></div>

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The early stage of intoxication starts when it spreads up to the heart but ''ojas'' is not disturbed; in the middle stage ''ojas'' gets disturbed and in the later stage there is severe disturbance to the ''ojas''.

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The early stage of intoxication starts when it spreads up to the heart but [[ojas]] is not disturbed; in the middle stage [[ojas]] gets disturbed and in the later stage there is severe disturbance to the [[ojas]].

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Consumption of liquor prepared by the flour does not affect ''ojas'' severely due to lack of (harmful) qualities like expanding property, dryness/roughness, and non-sliminess.[37-38]

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Consumption of liquor prepared by the flour does not affect [[ojas]] severely due to lack of (harmful) qualities like expanding property, dryness/roughness, and non-sliminess.[37-38]

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==== Characteristic features of ''mada'' ====

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=== Characteristic features of ''mada'' ===

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हृदि मद्यगुणाविष्टे हर्षस्तर्षो रतिः सुखम् |

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स मद्यविभ्रमो नाम्ना ‘मद’ इत्यभिधीयते ||४०||

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hridi madyaguṇāviṣṭē harṣastarṣō ratiḥ sukham|

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sa madyavibhramo nAmnA ‘mada’ ityabhidhIyate ||40||

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</div></div>

The heart overwhelmed with the qualities of liquor exhilaration, delight, thirst, sexual pleasure and other ''rajas, tamas'' disorders leads to the state of infatuation and sleep due to over-drinking. This derailment due to liquor is called as ''mada'' (intoxication). [39-40]

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==== Features of different stages of ''mada'' ====

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=== Features of different stages of ''mada'' ===

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पीयमानस्य मद्यस्य विज्ञातव्यास्त्रयो मदाः |

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व्यसनित्वादुदर्के च स दुःखं व्याधिमश्नुते ||५१||

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pīyamānasya madyasya vijñātavyāstrayō madāḥ|

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vyasanitvAdudarke ca sa duHkhaM vyAdhimashnute ||51||

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</div></div>

There are three stages of intoxication after consumption of liquor known as first, middle and late stages as described with following symptoms:

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He will become hated and non acceptable among the people, and because of addiction will consequently attain a stage of painful diseases afterwards.[41-51]

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==== Overall effects of ''madya'' ====

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=== Overall effects of ''madya'' ===

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प्रेत्य चेह च यच्छ्रेयः श्रेयो मोक्षे च यत् परम् |

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विषं प्राणहरं तच्च युक्तियुक्तं रसायनम् ||६०||

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prētya cēha ca yacchrēyaḥ śrēyō mōkṣē ca yat param|

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viShaM prANaharaM tacca yuktiyuktaM rasAyanam ||60||

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</div></div>

The credit, in this life and in life after death and utmost credit in salvation depends upon the meditation state of mind of all human beings.

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The defects mentioned due to the liquor are definite and certain, when drunk in undesired manner, in excess quantity by ignoring the standard method of drinking.

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But liquor by nature is similar to the food. It causes disorders when consumed improperly; while it is like ''amritam'' (elixir) when consumed properly. Food is like the vitality of life for the human beings; but the same may be fatal if ingested improperly. The poison is fatal, but it can be ''rasayana'' if used sensibly.[52-60]

+

But liquor by nature is similar to the food. It causes disorders when consumed improperly; while it is like ''amritam'' (elixir) when consumed properly. Food is like the vitality of life for the human beings; but the same may be fatal if ingested improperly. The poison is fatal, but it can be [[rasayana]] if used sensibly.[52-60]

−

==== Benefits of ''madya'' ====

+

=== Benefits of ''madya'' ===

+

हर्षमूर्जं मुदं पुष्टिमारोग्यं पौरुषं परम् [१] |

Line 877: Line 939:

विश्रामो जीवलोकस्य मद्यं युक्त्या निषेवितम् ||६७||

+

harṣamūrjaṁ mudaṁ puṣṭimārōgyaṁ pauruṣaṁ param [1] |

Line 933: Line 996:

vishrAmo jIvalokasya madyaM yuktyA niShevitam ||67||

+

</div></div>

The liquor when consumed sensibly, instantaneously leads to the best of cheerfulness, energy, joy, nourishment, strength. The liquor gives happiness and excitement.

Line 946: Line 1,010:

The liquor use astutely for the relaxation by the people will help those who are inflicted with intense pain and deep sorrow.[61-67]

+

अन्नपानवयोव्याधिबलकालत्रिकाणि षट् |

Line 970: Line 1,035:

यथाऽग्निरेवं सत्त्वानां मद्यं प्रकृतिदर्शकम् ||७३||

+

annapānavayōvyādhibalakālatrikāṇi ṣaṭ|

Line 1,018: Line 1,084:

yathA~agnirevaM sattvAnAM madyaM prakRutidarshakam ||73||

+

</div></div>

−

The liquor shall always be consumed with understanding of six triads of the food, drink, age, disease, strength, and time; as well as ~~''tridosha''~~ and three psyches (described in earlier chapters).

+

The liquor shall always be consumed with understanding of six triads of the food, drink, age, disease, strength, and time; as well as tri[[dosha]] and three psyches (described in earlier chapters).

Sensible planning of the eight triads is called as ''yukti'', for consumption of liquor without causing any disorders.

Line 1,029: Line 1,096:

The rain stimulates growth of the crops and fire exposes the nature of the gold. The liquor in humans performs both the functions. Superior, average and inferior is the types of human character, similar to the fire; the liquor expresses the nature of psyche of the human.[68-73]

−

==== Behavior of persons of different psyche after consumption of ''madya'' ====

+

=== Behavior of persons of different psyche after consumption of ''madya'' ===

+

सुगन्धिमाल्यगन्धर्वं सुप्रणीतममाकुलम् |

Line 1,054: Line 1,122:

जह्यात्सहायान् यैः पीत्वा मद्यदोषानुपाश्नुते ||७९||

+

sugandhimālyagandharvaṁ supraṇītamamākulam|

Line 1,102: Line 1,171:

jahyAtsahAyAn yaiH pItvA madyadoShAnupAshnute ||79||

+

</div></div>

Aromatic flowers, garlands, music, good company, with delicious food and drink, clean and engaged in favorite conversation, with relaxed drinking, joyful, delighted, and contribution to desired intoxication, promoting exhilaration, pleasure, and not indulging third stage of the intoxication is known as ''sattvika'' drinking.

Line 1,112: Line 1,182:

While drinking, one should know the people following ''sattvika, rajasika'' and ''tamasika'' way of drinking and try to be at distance from such companions due to whom one may suffer by bad effects of liquor consumption.[74-79]

+

सुखशीलाः सुसम्भाषाः सुमुखाः सम्मताः सताम् |

Line 1,144: Line 1,215:

स्वल्पेनापि मदं शीघ्रं यान्ति मद्येन मानवाः ||८७||

+

sukhaśīlāḥ susambhāṣāḥ sumukhāḥ sammatāḥ satām|

Line 1,208: Line 1,280:

svalpenApi madaM shIghraM yAnti madyena mAnavAH ||87||

+

</div></div>

−

Those companions are delightful in drinking who are of fair character, talk reasonably, good in appearance, well recognized, ~~fhave~~ some appreciation for arts, neat, adopting the subject matter, mutually submissive, friendly, enjoying merrily more than a festival upon meeting; with them one feel glad to drink.

+

Those companions are delightful in drinking who are of fair character, talk reasonably, good in appearance, well recognized, have some appreciation for arts, neat, adopting the subject matter, mutually submissive, friendly, enjoying merrily more than a festival upon meeting; with them one feel glad to drink.

Those are fortunate who drink with the delighted appearance, aroma, taste, touch and (musical) sound with good companions.

Line 1,216: Line 1,289:

Those with the stable psyche and body, consumed food in advance, lineage of drunkards and regular drunkard; do not get intoxicated suddenly.

−

The person who are suffering with hunger and thirst, weak, predominant with ''vata'' and ''pitta'', consuming arid, less and deficient food, harden stool, weak in psyche, wrong in getting angry, emaciated, exhausted, sore due to the intoxication, gets instantly affected by even smaller quantity of the liquor.[80-87]

+

The person who are suffering with hunger and thirst, weak, predominant with [[vata]] and [[pitta]], consuming arid, less and deficient food, harden stool, weak in psyche, wrong in getting angry, emaciated, exhausted, sore due to the intoxication, gets instantly affected by even smaller quantity of the liquor.[80-87]

−

==== Etiology and clinical features of ''vata'' dominant ''madatyaya'' ====

+

=== Etiology and clinical features of [[vata]] dominant ''madatyaya'' ===

+

ऊर्ध्वं मदात्ययस्यातः सम्भवं स्वस्वलक्षणम् |

Line 1,235: Line 1,309:

विद्याद्बहुप्रलापस्य वातप्रायं मदात्ययम् ||९१||

+

ūrdhvaṁ madātyayasyātaḥ sambhavaṁ svasvalakṣaṇam|

Line 1,267: Line 1,342:

vidyAdbahupralApasya vAtaprAyaM madAtyayam ||91||

+

</div></div>

Agnivesha, (I am) consequently describing the etiology, distinct features and the treatment of ''madatyaya'' (the alcoholism).

−

If a person is emaciated due to excess sexual intercourse, grief, fear, bearing heavy weight, traveling, consuming arid, less in quantity and deficient in quality food, drinks, arid and older liquor in excess quantity at night, disturbing sleep leads to vata dominant ''madatyaya''.

+

If a person is emaciated due to excess sexual intercourse, grief, fear, bearing heavy weight, traveling, consuming arid, less in quantity and deficient in quality food, drinks, arid and older liquor in excess quantity at night, disturbing sleep leads to [[vata]] dominant ''madatyaya''.

−

Hiccups, breathlessness, tremors in head, pain in flanks, sleeplessness, and frequent delirium are the symptoms of vata dominant ''madatyaya''.[88-90]

+

Hiccups, breathlessness, tremors in head, pain in flanks, sleeplessness, and frequent delirium are the symptoms of [[vata]] dominant ''madatyaya''.[88-90]

−

==== Etiology and clinical features of ''pitta'' dominant ''madatyaya'' ====

+

=== Etiology and clinical features of [[pitta]] dominant ''madatyaya'' ===

+

तीक्ष्णोष्णं मद्यमम्लं च योऽतिमात्रं निषेवते |

Line 1,287: Line 1,364:

विद्याद्धरितवर्णस्य पित्तप्रायं मदात्ययम् ||९४||

+

tīkṣṇōṣṇaṁ madyamamlaṁ ca yō'timātraṁ niṣēvatē|

Line 1,311: Line 1,389:

vidyAddharitavarNasya pittaprAyaM madAtyayam ||94||

+

</div></div>

−

One who consumes sharply acting, hot and sour liquor in larger quantity while consuming sour, hot and sharp food items in diet and angry in nature, has exposure to the fire and the sun; gets affected with the ''madatyaya'' predominant in ''pitta''. It either gets easily pacified or proves fatal in ''vata'' dominant ''prakriti'' persons.

+

One who consumes sharply acting, hot and sour liquor in larger quantity while consuming sour, hot and sharp food items in diet and angry in nature, has exposure to the fire and the sun; gets affected with the ''madatyaya'' predominant in [[pitta]]. It either gets easily pacified or proves fatal in [[vata]] dominant [[prakriti]] persons.

Thirst, burning sensation, fever, sweating, fainting, diarrhea, giddiness and greenish discoloration are the distinct features of pitta dominant type of ''madatyaya''. [92-93]

−

==== Etiology and clinical features of ''kapha'' dominant ''madatyaya'' ====

+

=== Etiology and clinical features of [[kapha]] dominant ''madatyaya'' ===

+

तरुणं मधुरप्रायं गौडं पैष्टिकमेव वा |

Line 1,329: Line 1,409:

विद्याच्छीतपरीतस्य कफप्रायं मदात्ययम् ||९७||

+

taruṇaṁ madhuraprāyaṁ gauḍaṁ paiṣṭikamēva vā|

Line 1,353: Line 1,434:

vidyAcchItaparItasya kaphaprAyaM madAtyayam ||97||

+

</div></div>

−

One who consumes freshly (prepared), sweet liquor made up of jaggery or flour in excess quantity, with sweet, unctuous and heavy diet, indulging lack of exercise, day sleep, reclining on bed and sitting in comfort leads to ''kapha'' predominant ''madatyaya'' .

+

One who consumes freshly (prepared), sweet liquor made up of jaggery or flour in excess quantity, with sweet, unctuous and heavy diet, indulging lack of exercise, day sleep, reclining on bed and sitting in comfort leads to [[kapha]] predominant ''madatyaya'' .

−

Vomiting, anorexia, nausea, drowsiness, stiffness, heaviness, and sensing cold are the features of ''madatyaya'' predominant with ''kapha''.[95-97]

+

Vomiting, anorexia, nausea, drowsiness, stiffness, heaviness, and sensing cold are the features of ''madatyaya'' predominant with [[kapha]].[95-97]

−

==== Clinical features of ''sannipataja madatyaya'' ====

+

=== Clinical features of ''sannipataja madatyaya'' ===

+

विषस्य ये गुणा दृष्टाः सन्निपातप्रकोपणाः |

Line 1,371: Line 1,454:

दृश्यते रूपवैशेष्यात् पृथक्त्वं चास्य [१] लक्ष्यते ||१००||

+

viṣasya yē guṇā dr̥ṣṭāḥ sannipātaprakōpaṇāḥ|

Line 1,395: Line 1,479:

dRushyate rUpavaisheShyAt pRuthaktvaM cAsya [1] lakShyate ||100||

+

</div></div>

−

The properties vitiating ~~''tridosha''~~ as observed in poisons are also observed in the liquor, which are more potent in the former. Some poisons are fatal with immediate effect, while other causes certain diseases. The last stage of intoxication shall be considered as the poisonous state. Therefore, symptoms of ~~''tridosha''~~ (vitiation) are observed in all types of alcoholism, the difference among them is identity by their specific features.[98-100]

+

The properties vitiating tri[[dosha]] as observed in poisons are also observed in the liquor, which are more potent in the former. Some poisons are fatal with immediate effect, while other causes certain diseases. The last stage of intoxication shall be considered as the poisonous state. Therefore, symptoms of tri[[dosha]] (vitiation) are observed in all types of alcoholism, the difference among them is identity by their specific features.[98-100]

+

शरीरदुःखं बलवत् सम्मोहो [१] हृदयव्यथा |

Line 1,421: Line 1,507:

मदात्ययस्य रूपाणि सर्वाण्येतानि लक्षयेत् ||१०६||

+

śarīraduḥkhaṁ balavat sammōhō [1] hr̥dayavyathā|

Line 1,469: Line 1,556:

madAtyayasya rUpANi sarvANyetAni lakShayet ||106||

+

</div></div>

−

Major physical distress, confusion, cardiac pain, anorexia, persistent thirst, fever, characterized by immense headache, pain in flanks, arthralgia, and joint pain along with yawning, throbbing, tremors , exhaustion, chest congestion, coughing, hiccups, breathlessness, sleeplessness, trembling, disorders of ear, eye, mouth; sacral stiffness, vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, with symptoms of ''vata, pitta, kapha'', giddiness, delirium, hallucinations; self covered by grass, ash, creeper, leaves, and dust; with perverted mind feels assaulted by birds, visualizing fear and inauspicious dreams; are the general symptoms of ''madatyaya''.[101-106]

+

Major physical distress, confusion, cardiac pain, anorexia, persistent thirst, fever, characterized by immense headache, pain in flanks, arthralgia, and joint pain along with yawning, throbbing, tremors , exhaustion, chest congestion, coughing, hiccups, breathlessness, sleeplessness, trembling, disorders of ear, eye, mouth; sacral stiffness, vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, with symptoms of [[vata]], [[pitta]], [[kapha]], giddiness, delirium, hallucinations; self covered by grass, ash, creeper, leaves, and dust; with perverted mind feels assaulted by birds, visualizing fear and inauspicious dreams; are the general symptoms of ''madatyaya''.[101-106]

−

==== Management of ''madatyaya'' ====

+

=== Management of ''madatyaya'' ===

+

सर्वं मदात्ययं विद्यात् त्रिदोषमधिकं तु यम् |

Line 1,493: Line 1,582:

मातुलुङ्गार्द्रकोपेतं जलयुक्तं प्रमाणवित् [१] ||१११||

+

sarvaṁ madātyayaṁ vidyāt tridōṣamadhikaṁ tu yam|

Line 1,533: Line 1,623:

mAtulu~ggArdrakopetaM jalayuktaM pramANavit [1] ||111||

+

</div></div>

−

''Madatyaya'', of all types are ~~''tridoshaja''~~. Therefore, the ''dosha'' observed predominantly affected shall be treated initially.

+

''Madatyaya'', of all types are tri[[dosha]]ja. Therefore, the [[dosha]] observed predominantly affected shall be treated initially.

−

The treatment of ''madatyaya'' shall begin with the site of ''kapha'', as it is predominantly situated lined by ''pitta'' and ''vata''.

+

The treatment of ''madatyaya'' shall begin with the site of [[kapha]], as it is predominantly situated lined by [[pitta]] and [[vata]].

The diseases caused by the improper, excessive and deficient drinking of liquor are pacified by consumption of the same in appropriate quantity.

Line 1,544: Line 1,635:

It shall be cool, with ''sauvarchala, bida,'' and rock salt along with ''matulunga'', fresh ginger, mixed with water and in appropriate quantity. [107-111]

−

==== Treatment of acute ''madatyaya'' ====

+

=== Treatment of acute ''madatyaya'' ===

+

तीक्षोष्णेनातिमात्रेण पीतेनाम्लविदाहिना |

Line 1,565: Line 1,657:

सर्वेषां मद्यमम्लानामुपर्युपरि तिष्ठति ||११६||

+

tīkṣōṣṇēnātimātrēṇa pītēnāmlavidāhinā|

Line 1,605: Line 1,698:

sarveShAM madyamamlAnAmuparyupari tiShThati ||116||

+

</div></div>

When sharply acting, hot, sour and liquor that cause burning sensation is consumed in excess quantity, the excited chyle is burnt and becomes alkaline in nature. It leads to the internal burning sensation, fever, thirst, confusions, giddiness and narcosis. To pacify these symptoms, intake of liquor is only advisable.

Line 1,612: Line 1,706:

Liquor is sour with four contributory tastes, such as sweet, astringent, bitter and pungent. These added with the ten qualities described earlier summed to fourteen which exist in the liquor. Among all the sour substances the liquor is superior.[112-116]

−

==== Management of ''vata'' dominant ''madatyaya'' ====

+

=== Management of [[vata]] dominant ''madatyaya'' ===

+

मद्योत्क्लिष्टेन दोषेण रुद्धः [१] स्रोतःसु मारुतः |

Line 1,689: Line 1,784:

मारुतप्रबलः शीघ्रं प्रशाम्यति मदात्ययः ||१३५||

+

madyōtkliṣṭēna dōṣēṇa ruddhaḥ [1] srōtaḥsu mārutaḥ|

Line 1,841: Line 1,937:

mArutaprabalaH shIghraM prashAmyati madAtyayaH ||135||

+

</div></div>

−

''Vata'' obstructed in ''strotas'' due to ''dosha'' vitiated by liquor causes intense pain in head, bones and joints. In such condition for dissolving ''dosha'', specific liquor should be administered since it has quality of quick absorption, sharpness and hot in spite of other remedial measure.

+

[[Vata]] obstructed in ''strotas'' due to [[dosha]] vitiated by liquor causes intense pain in head, bones and joints. In such condition for dissolving [[dosha]], specific liquor should be administered since it has quality of quick absorption, sharpness and hot in spite of other remedial measure.

−

The liquor clears the obstruction in the ''strotas'', carminates the ''vata'', improves delight, stimulate the ''agni'' and gets habituated by regular drinking.

+

The liquor clears the obstruction in the ''strotas'', carminates the [[vata]], improves delight, stimulate the [[agni]] and gets habituated by regular drinking.

−

Once the ''strotas'' in chest get clear, carmination of ''vata'', the diseases due to ''madatyaya'' also disappear.

+

Once the ''strotas'' in chest get clear, carmination of [[vata]], the diseases due to ''madatyaya'' also disappear.

−

''Vata'' dominant ''madatyaya'' is treated with administration of old salty liquor made up of flours, with added sours like ''beejapura, vrikshamla, kola, dadima'' and powders of ''yavani, hapusha, ajaji, shringabera'' preceded by intake of food with parched gram flour mixed with unctuous substances.

+

[[Vata]] dominant ''madatyaya'' is treated with administration of old salty liquor made up of flours, with added sours like ''beejapura, vrikshamla, kola, dadima'' and powders of ''yavani, hapusha, ajaji, shringabera'' preceded by intake of food with parched gram flour mixed with unctuous substances.

−

On observing the symptoms indicating the predominance of ''vata'', the patient shall be advised the unctuous and sour meat soup of common quail, partridge, chicken and peacock; ''shali'' rice along with seasoned meat soup of marshy birds, animals and fish as well as terrestrial beast or bird of prey; unctuous, hot, salty and sour, palatable ''veshavaara'', various wheat preparations along with ''Varuni'' froth; ''pupavarti'' quite fatty and filled with flesh and ginger and ''pupilika'' made of black gram.

+

On observing the symptoms indicating the predominance of [[vata]], the patient shall be advised the unctuous and sour meat soup of common quail, partridge, chicken and peacock; ''shali'' rice along with seasoned meat soup of marshy birds, animals and fish as well as terrestrial beast or bird of prey; unctuous, hot, salty and sour, palatable ''veshavaara'', various wheat preparations along with ''Varuni'' froth; ''pupavarti'' quite fatty and filled with flesh and ginger and ''pupilika'' made of black gram.

−

The meat of fatty animals advised for ~~''vataja''~~ alcoholics shall be not too unctuous, not sour, with black pepper and fresh ginger; or with pomegranate juice, ''trijataka'' individual and coriander seed, black pepper and fresh ginger shall be served as thick soup with warm pupa.

+

The meat of fatty animals advised for [[vata]]ja alcoholics shall be not too unctuous, not sour, with black pepper and fresh ginger; or with pomegranate juice, ''trijataka'' individual and coriander seed, black pepper and fresh ginger shall be served as thick soup with warm pupa.

Post meal if thirsty, ''varuni'' froth, pomegranate juice, boiled and cool water with ''panchamla, dhanyaka'' (coriander seed), ginger, froth of curd, froth of sour gruel, vinegar water shall be given to the person.

−

Undergoing this regimen as per the ''dosha'' and time the disorders get pacified and strength and complexion get enhanced.

+

Undergoing this regimen as per the [[dosha]] and time the disorders get pacified and strength and complexion get enhanced.

−

''Vata'' predominant ''madatyaya'' usually gets controlled immediately by various delighting ragas, ''shadavas'', meat preparations, vegetables, flour preparations, barley, wheat, ''shali'' rice; massage, anointing, hot baths, thick swathe, thick ''agaru'' pastes, thick essence of ''agaru'', affectionate hug to women to the bosom with warmth of youthfulness, pleasant touch of their hips, thighs, breasts due to fondling, warm bedding and swaddling with warm comfortable home.[117-135]

+

[[Vata]] predominant ''madatyaya'' usually gets controlled immediately by various delighting ragas, ''shadavas'', meat preparations, vegetables, flour preparations, barley, wheat, ''shali'' rice; massage, anointing, hot baths, thick swathe, thick ''agaru'' pastes, thick essence of ''agaru'', affectionate hug to women to the bosom with warmth of youthfulness, pleasant touch of their hips, thighs, breasts due to fondling, warm bedding and swaddling with warm comfortable home.[117-135]

−

==== Management of ''pitta'' dominant ''madatyaya'' ====

+

=== Management of [[pitta]] dominant ''madatyaya'' ===

+

भव्यखर्जूरमृद्वीकापरूषकरसैर्युतम् [१] |

Line 1,975: Line 2,073:

धीमतो वैद्यवश्यस्य शीघ्रं पित्तमदात्ययः |१६४|

+

bhavyakharjūramr̥dvīkāparūṣakarasairyutam [1] |

Line 2,203: Line 2,302:

dhImato vaidyavashyasya shIghraM pittamadAtyayaH |164|

+

</div></div>

−

In ~~''paitta''~~ dominant ''madatyaya'', cool, well suitable liquor prepared of ''sharkara, mridvika'' (dried grapes) added with sugar and juice of cassia fistula, dates, grapes, ''parushaka'' or pomegranate and mixed with parched grain flour shall be administered.

+

In [[pitta dosha]] dominant ''madatyaya'', cool, well suitable liquor prepared of ''sharkara, mridvika'' (dried grapes) added with sugar and juice of cassia fistula, dates, grapes, ''parushaka'' or pomegranate and mixed with parched grain flour shall be administered.

The diet to be consumed is the meat of rabbit, grey partridge, ''ena'' (black deer), common quail, ''asita puchhaka'' (a type of deer); sweetened and soured along with ''shali'' and ''shashtika'' rice. The goat meat shall be prepared with peas, green gram or ''dadima'' (Pomegranate) and ''amalaka'' (Indian Goose berry). Preparation of various saturating drinks, vegetable and meat soups with juice of grapes, Indian Gooseberry, dates and ''parushaka'' is advisable.

−

In ''paittika madatyaya'' if ''kapha'' and ''pitta'' situated in stomach are vitiated, then considering the state of excess aggravation leading to burning and thirst, the liquor or grapes juice or water or ''tarpana'' shall be advised to induce complete emesis. This will relieve the illness rapidly.

+

In ''paittika madatyaya'' if [[kapha]] and [[pitta]] situated in stomach are vitiated, then considering the state of excess aggravation leading to burning and thirst, the liquor or grapes juice or water or ''tarpana'' shall be advised to induce complete emesis. This will relieve the illness rapidly.

−

If yearning to drink again, ''tarpana'' shall be given in appropriate time, which leads digestion of remaining toxins by stimulating ''agni''.

+

If yearning to drink again, ''tarpana'' shall be given in appropriate time, which leads digestion of remaining toxins by stimulating [[agni]].

−

Cough with hemoptysis, pain in flanks and breasts, thirst, burning, vitiated ''dosha'' in heart and chest shall be treated with decoction of ''guduchi'' (Tinospora cordifolia), ''devdaru,'' Cyprus rotundus, or ''patola'' mixed with dry ginger followed by the partridge food.

+

Cough with hemoptysis, pain in flanks and breasts, thirst, burning, vitiated [[dosha]] in heart and chest shall be treated with decoction of ''guduchi'' (Tinospora cordifolia), ''devdaru,'' Cyprus rotundus, or ''patola'' mixed with dry ginger followed by the partridge food.

−

For intense thirst and aggravated ''vata pitta'' cold grape juice is advisable which helps for toxin elimination.

+

For intense thirst and aggravated [[vata]] [[pitta]] cold grape juice is advisable which helps for toxin elimination.

After observation of complete digestion the person shall be fed with sweet and sour goat meat soup along with the liquor to satiate the thirst. The quantity of liquor to satiate thirst shall be optimum enough and shall not affect the mind. If thirst persists, liquor diluted in plenty of water shall be given repeatedly to pacify it, yet not intoxicating.

Line 2,234: Line 2,334:

Cool water, is preferable for shower, bathing and drinking helps in pacifying thirst and burning sensation.

−

Learned physician implement these regimens with consideration of ''matra'' (optimum quantity) and ''kaala'' (appropriate time) to pacify ~~''pittaja~~ madatyaya''.[136-163]

+

Learned physician implement these regimens with consideration of ''matra'' (optimum quantity) and ''kaala'' (appropriate time) to pacify [[pitta]]ja madatyaya.[136-163]

−

==== Management of ''kapha'' dominant ''madatyaya'' ====

+

=== Management of [[kapha]] dominant ''madatyaya'' ===

+

उल्लेखनोपवासाभ्यां जयेत् कफमदात्ययम् ||१६४||

Line 2,335: Line 2,436:

मदात्ययः कफप्रायः शीघ्रमेवोपशाम्यति ||१८८||

+

ullēkhanōpavāsābhyāṁ jayēt kaphamadātyayam||164||

Line 2,531: Line 2,633:

madAtyayaH kaphaprAyaH shIghramevopashAmyati ||188||

+

</div></div>

−

Therapeutic emesis and fasting can successfully treat ~~''kaphaja''~~ alcoholism.

+

Therapeutic emesis and fasting can successfully treat [[kapha]]ja alcoholism.

−

Water boiled with ''hribera, bala, prishniparni, kantakari,'' or boiled and cooled water with these herbs with dry ginger shall be given in thirsty due to ~~''kaphaja~~ madatyaya''.

+

Water boiled with ''hribera, bala, prishniparni, kantakari,'' or boiled and cooled water with these herbs with dry ginger shall be given in thirsty due to [[kapha]]ja madatyaya.

Water boiled with ''duralabha , musta'' or ''musta, parpata'' or only ''musta'' which metabolizes the toxins; shall only be used for drinking in all types of alcoholism. This is harmless and pacifies thirst and fever.

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Sour soup of ''patola,'' soup of ''amalaka'' added with several pungent shall be given with barley food. In the same way, soured soup of ''trikatu'' or soup mixed with ''amlavetasa,'' arid meat, soup of goat or soured meat soup of ''jangala'' animals shall be given. Meat roasted in a plate or in an earthen plate without adding any liquid and added with pungent, sour, and salt shall be consumed along with ''madhu'' (a type of liquor).

−

Meat roasted while adding ample of black pepper, ''matulunga'' juice, other pungents in ample quantity, ''yavani'' and dry ginger and souring with pomegranate shall be consumed with hot pupa and plenty of fresh ginger pieces according to the ''agni'' on proper time followed by drinking discoursed liquor in ~~''kaphaja~~ madatyaya''.

+

Meat roasted while adding ample of black pepper, ''matulunga'' juice, other pungents in ample quantity, ''yavani'' and dry ginger and souring with pomegranate shall be consumed with hot pupa and plenty of fresh ginger pieces according to the [[agni]] on proper time followed by drinking discoursed liquor in [[kapha]]ja madatyaya.

−

''Sauvarchala, jeeraka, vrikshamla, amlavetasa'' each one part, ''twak, ela, maricha'' each half part and sugar one part; all together powdered to formulate ''ashtanga lavana'' is an excellent appetizer and cleanser for ''strotas''; shall be administered in ~~''kaphaja~~ madatyaya''.

+

''Sauvarchala, jeeraka, vrikshamla, amlavetasa'' each one part, ''twak, ela, maricha'' each half part and sugar one part; all together powdered to formulate ''ashtanga lavana'' is an excellent appetizer and cleanser for ''strotas''; shall be administered in [[kapha]]ja madatyaya.

This formulation made into liquid by addition of sweet and sour juices in optimum quantity shall be advised as ''adjuvant'' to the preparation of wheat and barley as well as meat to make more palatable.

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''Ragas'' can be prepared individually by the pulp of ''amalaka'' (Indian Gooseberry), adding ''dhanyaka'' (coriander seeds), ''sauvarchala, jeeraka, karavi'' and ''maricha'' (Black pepper) along with jaggery and ''madhu''(honey); so that it becomes clear, sour and sweet; which makes food palatable and easy to digest.

−

''Madatyaya'' predominant in ''kapha'' gets pacified early by the use of arid, hot food and drinks, hot water bath, physical exercise, agile things, awakening till late night, anointing, scrubbing of the body which improves ''prana'' (vitality) and complexion.

+

''Madatyaya'' predominant in [[kapha]] gets pacified early by the use of arid, hot food and drinks, hot water bath, physical exercise, agile things, awakening till late night, anointing, scrubbing of the body which improves ''prana'' (vitality) and complexion.

−

~~''Kaphaja~~ madatyaya'' gets quickly pacified with use of heavy and even light weight garments, with ''samvahana'' (deep massage) created contraction (and relaxation) with warmth, pleasurable to the body by well trained female masseur. [164-188]

+

[[Kapha]]ja madatyaya gets quickly pacified with use of heavy and even light weight garments, with ''samvahana'' (deep massage) created contraction (and relaxation) with warmth, pleasurable to the body by well trained female masseur. [164-188]

−

==== Management of ''sannipata'' ====

+

=== Management of ''sannipata'' ===

+

यदिदं कर्म निर्दिष्टं पृथग्दोषबलं प्रति |

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स साध्यान्साधयेद्व्याधीन् साध्यासाध्यविभागवित् ||१९०||

+

yadidaṁ karma nirdiṣṭaṁ pr̥thagdōṣabalaṁ prati|

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sa sAdhyAnsAdhayedvyAdhIn sAdhyAsAdhyavibhAgavit ||190||

+

</div></div>

−

This regimen is described here according to individual ''dosha'' severity. The same with permutation and combinations can be applied by physician in ten types of ''sannipata''( mixed variety of ''dosha'' aggravation).

+

This regimen is described here according to individual [[dosha]] severity. The same with permutation and combinations can be applied by physician in ten types of ''sannipata''( mixed variety of [[dosha]] aggravation).

−

One who understands permutations and combinations of ''dosha'', medicines, and prognosis can differentiate between curable and non-curable diseases and treat. [189-190]

+

One who understands permutations and combinations of [[dosha]], medicines, and prognosis can differentiate between curable and non-curable diseases and treat. [189-190]

−

==== ''Harshana chikitsa'' (Exhileration treatment) ====

+

=== ''Harshana chikitsa'' (Exhileration treatment) ===

+

वनानि रमणीयानि सपद्माः सलिलाशयाः |

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कुर्यान्मदात्ययं तस्मादेष्टव्या हर्षणी क्रिया ||१९४||

+

vanāni ramaṇīyāni sapadmāḥ salilāśayāḥ|

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kuryAnmadAtyayaM tasmAdeShTavyA harShaNI kriyA ||194||

+

</div></div>

Beautiful gardens, ponds with lotus flowers, good food and drinks, pleasing companion, garlands, perfumes, clean clothing, melodious music, amusing gathering, liberal anecdotes, laughter, singing and beloved submissive women pacify ''madatyaya''.

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Liquor cannot lead to intoxication without distressing mind and affecting the body, therefore exhilaration treatment (by above measures) shall be observed (to stabilize mind and body).[191-194]

−

==== Treatment of ''madatyaya'' with milk ====

+

=== Treatment of ''madatyaya'' with milk ===

+

आभिः क्रियाभिः सिद्धाभिः शमं याति मदात्ययः |

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क्षीरप्रयोगं मद्यं च क्रमेणाल्पाल्पमाचरेत् ||१९८||

+

ābhiḥ kriyābhiḥ siddhābhiḥ śamaṁ yāti madātyayaḥ|

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kShIraprayogaM madyaM ca krameNAlpAlpamAcaret ||198||

+

</div></div>

In case ''madatyaya'' does not get pacified with these explained regimens in methods of liquor consumption, milk shall be prescribed.

−

With withdrawal of liquor, when ''kapha'' is diminished and debility and agility occurs due to fasting, and purifying metabolism of toxins, alleviating measures and ''vata pitta'' get dominant in the person wreaked with liquor, the milk acts as a boon like the rains for the tree in intense summer.

+

With withdrawal of liquor, when [[kapha]] is diminished and debility and agility occurs due to fasting, and purifying metabolism of toxins, alleviating measures and [[vata]] [[pitta]] get dominant in the person wreaked with liquor, the milk acts as a boon like the rains for the tree in intense summer.

When the disease is removed by the use of milk and strength is regained the use of milk shall be discontinued and liquor consumption can be resumed in smaller quantities gradually.[195-198]

−

==== ''Dwansaka'' and ''Vikshaya'' diseases due to ''madatyaya'' ====

+

=== ''Dwansaka'' and ''Vikshaya'' diseases due to ''madatyaya'' ===

+

विच्छिन्नमद्यः सहसा योऽतिमद्यं निषेवते |

Line 2,729: Line 2,842:

युक्तमद्यस्य मद्योत्थो न व्याधिरुपजायते ||२०५||

+

vicchinnamadyaḥ sahasā yō'timadyaṁ niṣēvatē|

Line 2,785: Line 2,899:

yuktamadyasya madyottho na vyAdhirupajAyate ||205||

+

</div></div>

The one who starts consumption of the liquor in excess quantity after stopping, suffers from the diseases called as ''dhwansaka'' and ''vikshaya''. These can be treated with difficulty in debilitated person. Now its symptoms and the treatment will be described.

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The management of these is similar to the management of ''vatika madatyaya''.

−

''Basti'', consumption of ghee and milk with ghee, massage, bath suitable food and drink are ''vata'' pacifying. ''Dhwansaka'' and ''Vikshaya'' subside by this regimen. The drinking disorders will not occur in the person who drinks liquor properly.[199-205]

+

[[Basti]], consumption of ghee and milk with ghee, massage, bath suitable food and drink are [[vata]] pacifying. ''Dhwansaka'' and ''Vikshaya'' subside by this regimen. The drinking disorders will not occur in the person who drinks liquor properly.[199-205]

−

==== Prevention of diseases ====

+

=== Prevention of diseases ===

+

निवृत्तः सर्वमद्येभ्यो नरो यश्च जितेन्द्रियः |

शारीरमानसैर्धीमान् विकारैर्न स युज्यते ||२०६||

+

nivr̥ttaḥ sarvamadyēbhyō narō yaśca jitēndriyaḥ|

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shArIramAnasairdhImAn vikArairna sa yujyate ||206||

+

</div></div>

Diseases of body and mind do not occur in the person who wisely stays away from all liquors, who has controlled all his senses. [206]

−

==== Summary ====

+

=== Summary ===

+

तत्र श्लोकाः-

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सर्वं तदुक्तमखिलं मदात्ययचिकित्सिते ||२११||

+

tatra ślōkāḥ-

Line 2,879: Line 2,999:

sarvaM taduktamakhilaM madAtyayacikitsite ||211||

+

</div></div>

In this chapter on the diagnosis and treatment of alcoholism, the following topics are expounded at length:

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#The type of liquor and the manner in which the liquor cures the intoxication

#Line of treatments for drunkenness and intoxication at various levels. [207-211]

+

इत्यग्निवेशकृते तन्त्रे चरकप्रतिसंस्कृते चिकित्सास्थाने

मदात्ययचिकित्सितं नाम चतुर्विंशोऽध्यायः ||२४||

+

ityagnivēśakr̥tē tantrē carakapratisaṁskr̥tē cikitsāsthānē

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madAtyayacikitsitaM nAma caturviMsho~adhyAyaH ||24||

+

</div></div>

This concludes the 24th chapter named as ''madatyaya'', written by Agnivesha and commented by Charak.[24]

−

==~~= ''~~Tattva Vimarsha~~'' /~~ Fundamental Principles===

+

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

−

*The degree of effect and duration of intoxication due to liquor consumption will be extensive if the person consumes liquor similar to his constitution. The principle which has been described in the first chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]] emphasizes the use of opposite (''viruddha guna'') quality substances to pacify the agitated state of ''dosha''. Therefore, it is advised to drink liquor of opposite quality for respective (~~''prakriti''~~)constitution.

+

*The degree of effect and duration of intoxication due to liquor consumption will be extensive if the person consumes liquor similar to his constitution. The principle which has been described in the first chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]] emphasizes the use of opposite (''viruddha guna'') quality substances to pacify the agitated state of [[dosha]]. Therefore, it is advised to drink liquor of opposite quality for respective ([[Prakriti]])constitution.

*Liquor prepared by multiple ingredients carry multiple qualities and multiple actions, characterized by advantages and disadvantages.

*Liquor by nature is similar to food. It is like ambrosia for the one who drinks as per the guidelines, in optimum quantity, at suitable time, with advisable diet, as per the capacity and with exhilaration. On the contrary, it will be like poison for the one who indulges in excessive drinking any kind of liquor.

−

*Appropriate ''madya'' for ''vatika'' person is that which is prepared predominantly by jaggery and flour. For ''kapha'' and ''pitta'' predominant person ''madya'' prepared by grapes and honey is appropriate (to drink) respectively.

+

*Appropriate ''madya'' for ''vatika'' person is that which is prepared predominantly by jaggery and flour. For [[kapha]] and [[pitta]] predominant person ''madya'' prepared by grapes and honey is appropriate (to drink) respectively.

−

*Liquor counteracts the qualities of ''ojas'' (vital essence of body).

+

*Liquor counteracts the qualities of [[ojas]] (vital essence of body).

*It affects the mental strength, intellect and senses.

−

*The liquor shall always be consumed with understanding of six triads of the food, drink, age, disease, strength, and time; as well as ~~''tridosha''~~ and three psyches (described in earlier chapters).

+

*The liquor shall always be consumed with understanding of six triads of the food, drink, age, disease, strength, and time; as well as tri[[dosha]] and three psyches (described in earlier chapters).

*While drinking, one should know the people following ''sattvika, rajasika'' and ''tamasika'' way of drinking and try to be at distance from such companions due to whom one may suffer by bad effects of liquor consumption.

−

*Alcoholism, of all types is ~~''tridoshaja''~~. Therefore, the ''dosha'' observed to be affected predominantly shall be treated initially. The treatment of alcoholism shall begin with the site of ''kapha''.

+

*Alcoholism, of all types is tri[[dosha]]ja. Therefore, the [[dosha]] observed to be affected predominantly shall be treated initially. The treatment of alcoholism shall begin with the site of [[kapha]].

−

*''Vata'' obstructed in ''strotas'' due to ''dosha'' vitiated by liquor causes intense pain in head, bones and joints. In such condition for dissolving ''dosha'', specific liquor should be administered since it has quality of quick absorption, sharpness and hot in spite of other remedial measure.

+

*[[Vata]] obstructed in ''strotas'' due to [[dosha]] vitiated by liquor causes intense pain in head, bones and joints. In such condition for dissolving [[dosha]], specific liquor should be administered since it has quality of quick absorption, sharpness and hot in spite of other remedial measure.

−

*The liquor clears the obstruction in the ''strotas'', carminates the ''vata'', improves delight, stimulates the ''agni'' and gets habituated by regular drinking.

+

*The liquor clears the obstruction in the ''strotas'', carminates the [[vata]], improves delight, stimulates the [[agni]] and gets habituated by regular drinking.

−

*Once the ''strotas'' in chest get clear, carmination of ''vata'', the diseases due to alcoholism also disappear.

+

*Once the ''strotas'' in chest get clear, carmination of [[vata]], the diseases due to alcoholism also disappear.

*Directives for drinking:

−

*An individual of ''vatika ~~prakriti''~~ shall imbibe ''madya'' after ''abhyanga'' (massage), ''utsadana'' (rubbing with herbs), bathing, dressed up, holy incense, anulepanam (unguent) and unctuous hot food.

+

*An individual of vatika [[Prakriti]] shall imbibe ''madya'' after ''abhyanga'' (massage), ''utsadana'' (rubbing with herbs), bathing, dressed up, holy incense, anulepanam (unguent) and unctuous hot food.

−

*An individual of ''paittika ~~prakriti''~~ shall undergo various cooling regimens; sweet, unctuous & cooling food to not get affected by ''madya'', the liquor.

+

*An individual of paittika [[Prakriti]] shall undergo various cooling regimens; sweet, unctuous & cooling food to not get affected by ''madya'', the liquor.

−

*An individual of ~~''kaphaja prakriti''~~ shall imbibe ''madya'' (the liquor) with warm regimens; drink ''yava'' (barley), wheat, meat of wild animals along with black pepper.

+

*An individual of [[kapha]]ja [[Prakriti]] shall imbibe ''madya'' (the liquor) with warm regimens; drink ''yava'' (barley), wheat, meat of wild animals along with black pepper.

−

==~~= ''~~Vidhi Vimarsha~~'' /~~ Applied Inferences===

+

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==

−

==== ''Sura'' and its varieties in present era ====

+

=== ''Sura'' and its varieties in present era ===

''Sura'', is the liquor prepared with ''shalidhanya'' which is nutritionally superior type of rice grain. ''Sura'', if consumed as per the standard directives of limited consumption, leads to pleasure; otherwise it leads to the undesirable conditions like hangover, intoxication and the state of unconsciousness.

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The advice to use utensils made up of gold and silver for serving liquor is due to their property of being highly non-reactive. In present era metals have been replaced by glass, which is also an inert substance to serve liquor. The principle is to serve liquor in utensils made up of inert substances.

−

==== Qualities of good liquor ====

+

=== Qualities of good liquor ===

−

The liquor consumption must be in optimal amount suitable to individual’s body constitution and should not cause vitiation of ''dosha''.

+

The liquor consumption must be in optimal amount suitable to individual’s body constitution and should not cause vitiation of [[dosha]].

−

Good liquor is prepared from multiple ingredients of varied qualities which have diverse actions to help regulate the three ~~''doshas''~~ and prevent their vitiation, which may occur in case of use of single ingredient. Sushruta mentioned that the increase or decrease of the ''dosha'' is mainly influenced by the ingredients (''dravya'') of liquor. Therefore, manufacturing liquor with multi-component of varied quality substances will help to maintain state of homeostasis.

+

Good liquor is prepared from multiple ingredients of varied qualities which have diverse actions to help regulate the three [[dosha]] and prevent their vitiation, which may occur in case of use of single ingredient. Sushruta mentioned that the increase or decrease of the [[dosha]] is mainly influenced by the ingredients (''dravya'') of liquor. Therefore, manufacturing liquor with multi-component of varied quality substances will help to maintain state of homeostasis.

−

==== Features of intoxication ====

+

=== Features of intoxication ===

Hangovers are a frequent, though unpleasant, experience among people who drink to intoxication. Multiple possible factors to cause hangover state by liquor have been investigated, and evidence suggests that hangover symptoms depend upon its effects on urine production, the state of gastrointestinal tract, blood sugar concentrations, sleep patterns, and biological rhythms. In addition, researchers postulate that effects related to alcohol withdrawal depend upon, alcohol metabolism, biologically active non alcohol compounds in beverages; the use of other drugs; certain personality traits; and a family history of alcoholism may contribute to the hangover condition as shown in table 2 below.

−

===== Table 1: Symptoms of hangover =====

+

==== Table 1: Symptoms of hangover ====

{|class= "wikitable"

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|}

−

===== Table 2: Possible Contributing Factors to Hangover<ref>Alcohol Health and Research World; Mechanisms and Mediators; Robert swift, Dena Davidson; page 54-60</ref> =====

+

==== Table 2: Possible Contributing Factors to Hangover<ref>Alcohol Health and Research World; Mechanisms and Mediators; Robert swift, Dena Davidson; page 54-60</ref> ====

#Direct effects of alcohol

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##Family history for alcoholism

−

===== Table 3: Dubowski’s stages of Alcoholic influence =====

+

==== Table 3: Dubowski’s stages of Alcoholic influence ====

{|class = "wikitable"

Line 3,040: Line 3,164:

|}

−

==== Role of olfaction in intoxication ====

+

=== Role of olfaction in intoxication ===

Alcoholic beverages provoke massive orthonasal and retronasal stimulations (Bragulat et al., 2008) which constitute strong appetitive cues (Bienkowski et al., 2004) and might be involved in causing alcohol-dependence as they rapidly lead to conditioned alcohol-seeking behaviors (Pautassi et al., 2009). Olfactory stimulations elicit strong drinking desires (Schneider et al., 2001), this olfactory craving being even stronger than those provoked by visual–auditory cues, particularly during withdrawal (Kareken et al., 2004; Little et al., 2005) and thus being potentially involved in relapse.

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The BACs showed in the following tables are the maximum attainable concentrations for a specific amount of alcohol consumed.

−

===== Table 4: Factors determining maximum BAC =====

+

==== Table 4: Factors determining maximum BAC ====

The calculations are based on Widmark’s Formula:

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Alcoholism jointly leads to olfactory and memory source impairment and these two categories of deficits are associated. These results strongly support the proposition that olfactory and confabulation measures both index orbitofrontal functioning, and suggests that olfaction could become a reliable cognitive marker in psychiatric disorders<ref>Journal of Plosone; August 2011, Vol.6, Issue 8; Olfactory Impairment Is Correlated with Confabulation in Alcoholism: Towards a Multimodal Testing of Orbito-frontal Cortex Pierre Maurage et al </ref>.

−

===== Table 5: ICD classification (ICD 11 – Alcohol) =====

+

==== Table 5: ICD classification (ICD 11 – Alcohol) ====

{|class = "wikitable"

|-

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|}

−

==== Effects of alcohol ====

+

=== Effects of alcohol ===

Alcohol consumption can interfere with the function of all parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Acute alcohol ingestion induces changes in the motility of the esophagus and stomach that favor gastro-esophageal reflux and, probably, the development of reflux esophagitis.

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Alcohol abuse may lead to damage of the gastric mucosa, including hemorrhagic lesions. Beverages with low alcohol content stimulate gastric acid secretion, whereas beverages with high alcohol content do not. In the small intestine, alcohol inhibits the absorption of numerous nutrients. The importance of these absorption disorders for the development of nutritional disturbances in alcoholics, however, is unclear. In alcoholics with other digestive disorders (e.g., advanced liver disease or impaired pancreatic function), impaired digestion likely is more significant. Acute alcohol consumption also damages the mucosa in the upper region of the small intestine and may even lead to the destruction of the tips of the villi.

−

==== Qualities of different types of liquors and uses ====

+

=== Qualities of different types of liquors and uses ===

The Ashtang Hridaya has elaborated peculiarities of liquor prepared by various sources. The superiority though has been mentioned; the liquor prepared by respective components have specific qualities, which can be considered therapeutically important.

−

==== Table 6: Types of liquors ====

+

=== Table 6: Types of liquors ===

{| class = "wikitable"

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|}

−

==== Time needed to absorb and metabolize different amounts of alcohol ====

+

=== Time needed to absorb and metabolize different amounts of alcohol ===

Factors such as food intake and its constituent profile, gender and age have been reported to influence the kinetics of alcohol absorption and metabolism.

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The higher the dietary fat content, the more time this emptying will require and the longer the process of absorption will take.

−

One study found that subjects who drank alcohol after a meal that included fat, protein, and carbohydrates, absorbed the alcohol about three times more slowly than when they consumed alcohol on an empty stomach. [[~~Need~~ citation]]

+

One study found that subjects who drank alcohol after a meal that included fat, protein, and carbohydrates, absorbed the alcohol about three times more slowly than when they consumed alcohol on an empty stomach. <sup>[[citation needed]]</sup>

−

==== Role of fructose and carbohydrates in alcohol absorption ====

+

=== Role of fructose and carbohydrates in alcohol absorption ===

Rogers et al, showed that carbohydrates significantly increased the rate of alcohol metabolism in fasting humans while protein and fat failed to show the same effect. In this context it is interesting to mention that for a long time (prior to controlled scientific interventions) a common nonscientific experience existed claiming that consumption of honey may shorten the period of alcohol intoxication (honey is an excellent rich source of nutritional fructose). The honey significantly increased blood alcohol disappearance and elimination rates by 32.4 and 28.6 percent, respectively, and reduced the intoxication time (that is, the time taken to attain zero blood alcohol level) and its degree (the peak blood alcohol level) by 30 and 4.4 percent.

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With regards to the possible mechanism by which fructose accelerates ethanol metabolism, a literature review indicates a possible shift in the metabolism of fructose in the presence of alcohol. This shift has been linked to the production in the liver of NAD+ which facilitates alcohol oxidation. Therefore, in the presence of alcohol, the metabolism of fructose in the liver is diverted from NAD+ to NADH requiring pathways, which in turn generates the NAD+ needed for alcohol oxidation<ref>Agro Food Industry hi tech Sep-Oct2009, Vol. 20 No.5; Fructose and its effect on alcohol elimination from blood following alcohol consumption; Fernando Schved</ref>.

−

==== Guidelines for treatment of Alcohol-use disorder ====

+

=== Guidelines for treatment of Alcohol-use disorder ===

An alcohol use disorder is a highly prevalent and disabling condition. It is associated with high rates of medical and psychiatric comorbidity as well as early mortality. The psychiatric diagnoses, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence has been labelled as alcohol use disorder, in DSM-5.

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Criteria for at-risk drinking may be modified by comorbidities, especially in the older population. Increased mortality risk has been demonstrated for older patients who are at-risk drinkers, as defined by the CARET (Comorbidity-Alcohol Risk Evaluation Tool). Any drinking can be considered “at-risk” for pregnant women, for those who take medications that interact with alcohol, or for those with a health condition that can be caused or exacerbated by alcohol (eg, hepatitis C)[15].

−

==== Principles of non-pharmacological treatment in Madatyayaya & Satvavajaya ====

+

=== Principles of non-pharmacological treatment in Madatyayaya & Satvavajaya ===

In madatyayaya the effects of Madya usually have been observed at physical as well as psychological levels. To treat the ill-effects of alcohol physician has to address Psychological aspects on personal. Familial & social level by various settings of counseling with the patient. As per the concept of mind in [[Ayurveda]], Rajas & Tamas are the Dosha, the pathologies related to the mind or psyche and the imbalances in these two doshas lead to simple psychological disorders to complex psychiatric diseases. Satva, on the other hand is the quality of mind, which if dominated, can control the two Raja & Tama. Therefore, Satvavajaya is one of the treatments for Madatyayaya; where controlling of Dharaneeya vega (Urges to be controlled) is recommended to achieve balance in Raja & Tamo guna; which eventually can achieve the balance of mind in Alcohol withdrawal phase.

−

==== Conventional aspects of non-pharmacological treatments ====

+

=== Conventional aspects of non-pharmacological treatments ===

Short-term goals of treatment include:

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Research studies suggest that a small but significant proportion of patients may be able to resume normal or controlled drinking. Controlled drinking is probably more likely for people with a mild disorder (or at-risk drinking) and not for a more severe disorder. Advocates for a “harm reduction” approach as an alternative to abstinence may acknowledge that abstinence is the best outcome, but that not every individual achieves this end, and that controlled drinking for some individuals is an achievable aim which reduces risk to patients.

−

==== Principles of pharmacological management in Madatyaya ====

+

=== Principles of pharmacological management in Madatyaya ===

The qualities of “Oja” are mentioned in this same chapter where the elaboration of ''madya'' has been done. The reasoning behind this if tried to understand with [[Tantrayukti]] suggests that since the ''Oja'' & ''Madya'' are opposite in qualities; the treatment of ''Madatyaya'' should be done on the guidelines of ''Ojo-vardhana''.

−

The ''Madhura rasa'' among the six tastes has been identified as the one which enhances the Oja and maintains it, as described in ~~Chapter 26th of~~ [[Sutra ~~sthana~~]] ~~(Cha. Su.~~ 26/42~~(1))~~. Charaka further in consecutive chapter 27th, mentioned all 12 classes of Dietary components where Madhura rasa dravyas of each class has been mentioned including the plant derived as well as animal derived products.

+

The ''Madhura rasa'' among the six tastes has been identified as the one which enhances the Oja and maintains it, as described in [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/42 ]. Charaka further in consecutive chapter 27th, mentioned all 12 classes of Dietary components where Madhura rasa dravyas of each class has been mentioned including the plant derived as well as animal derived products.

The medicinal plants of pharmacological importance with madhura rasa & vipaka shall be preferred for treatment of Madatyaya, as per the principle, where the treatment with Viruddha Guna has been advised.

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==== Concept of Santarpana & Alcohol related Malnutrition ====

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=== Concept of Santarpana & Alcohol related Malnutrition ===

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Alcohol, if consumed in excess, can cause malnutrition which can lead to nutritional disorders as well as organ damage. The initial phase nutritional imbalances particularly depletion can be very well controlled with the concept of Santarpana, as described by Charaka (Cha.Su. 23/31-38). Various pharmacological, dietary products have been discussed here along with use of liquor prepared from Grain for Santarpana. This principle later used in this chapter 24th, where in some cases treatment of Madatyayaya with Madya itself has been described.

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Alcohol, if consumed in excess, can cause malnutrition which can lead to nutritional disorders as well as organ damage. The initial phase nutritional imbalances particularly depletion can be very well controlled with the concept of Santarpana, as described by Charaka [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 23/31-38]. Various pharmacological, dietary products have been discussed here along with use of liquor prepared from Grain for Santarpana. This principle later used in this chapter 24th, where in some cases treatment of Madatyayaya with Madya itself has been described.

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==== Recent Researches ====

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=== Recent Researches ===

* In a study on 38 patients suffering from madatyaya,it is observed that Ashtanga lavana is effective followed by vamana (therapeutic emesis).<ref> Sadalagi Sheetal et.al.Effect of Vamana and Ashtanga Lavana in the management of Madatyaya. AYU;30(4)2009,pp. 463-468. available online from http://www.ayujournal.org/article.asp?issn=0974-8520;year=2009;volume=30;issue=4;spage=463;epage=468;aulast=Sadalagi;type=0 accessed on July 29,2019</ref>

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=== References ===

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== References ==

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