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Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya (view source)

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{{#seo:

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|title=Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya

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|titlemode=append

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|keywords=Ayurvedic therapeutics, Santarpana(nourishing), Apatarpana(reducing), Langhana (fasting/reducing), Brimhana(nourishing), Snehana(oleation), Swedana(sudation), Stambhana(astringent/styptic), Rukshana(drying),Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.

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|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 22. Reduction and nourishing therapies

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|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.32.1/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

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|image_alt=carak samhita

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|type=article

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}}

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<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 22. Reduction and nourishing therapies'''</big>

{{Infobox

|title = Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya

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|label5 = Other Sections

|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

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|label6 = Translator and commentator

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|data6 = Murthy K.N., Deole Y. S.

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|label7 = Reviewer

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|data7 = Byadgi P.S.

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|label8 = Editors

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|data8 = Dwivedi R.B., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.

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|label9 = Year of publication

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|data9 = 2020

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|label10 = Publisher

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|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

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|label11 = DOI

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|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.024 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.024]

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}}

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<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

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}}

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<div style="text-align:justify;">In continuation with the earlier chapter, the main course of treatments for the morbidly obese and the extremely thin/skinny/emaciated persons are described in this chapter. Ayurvedic therapeutics are categorized broadly under two categories like reducing (Apatarpana) or nourishing (Santarpana); It is further classified into six types: Langhana (Fasting, reducing), Brimhana (nourishing), Rukshana (drying), Stambhana (astringent/styptic), Snehana (oleation), and Swedana (sudation). Besides providing insights into these therapeutic measures, this chapter also describes specific advantages of these therapeutic procedures, pharmacological actions of properties and their indications in detail. The features of optimally administered techniques while understanding the consequences of their over and under-application are also included. </div>

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~~==[[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 22, Chapter on reduction and nourishing therapies ==~~

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~~=== Abstract ===~~

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~~The courses~~ of ~~treatment~~ for the ~~''sthula'' (~~obese) and the ~~''krisha'' (too~~ thin/skinny/emaciated~~), and of various other diseases form the basis of Ayurvedic therapeutics and is the theme of the present~~ chapter. Ayurvedic therapeutics are reducing (''Apatarpana'') or nourishing (''Santarpana'')~~, and are of~~ six types: ''Langhana'' (~~reduction~~), ''Brimhana'' (nourishing), ''Rukshana'' (drying), ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic), ''Snehana'' (oleation), and ''Swedana'' (sudation). Besides providing insights into these therapeutic measures, this chapter also describes specific ~~qualities~~ of these therapeutic procedures and their indications in detail. ~~Finally, the reader would also expect to learn about~~ features of optimally administered techniques while understanding the consequences of their over and under-application.

'''Keywords''': Ayurvedic therapeutics, ''Santarpana''(nourishing), ''Apatarpana''(reducing), ''Langhana'' (fasting/reducing), ''Brimhana''(nourishing), ''Snehana''(oleation), ''Swedana''(sudation), ''Stambhana''(astringent/styptic), ''Rukshana''(drying).

</div>

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=== Introduction ===

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== Introduction ==

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In the earlier chapter on eight undesirable ~~bodily~~ features, the focus of the study was on two of the most undesirable kinds - ''sthula'' (obesity) and ''krisha'' (too thin/skinny/emaciated). The present chapter deals with types of treatments suitable for both ~~body types~~ as well as other similar pathologies. There are four types of pathologies described in Ayurveda: ''atipravritti'' (excessive elimination), ''sanga'' (obstruction), ''sira granthi'' (tumor/varicosity), and ''vimarga gamana'' (improperly directed circulation). A disease could be of any of these four pathology types, but its affliction could manifest in different forms depending upon the unique body constitution of the patient and combination of ''doshas, dhatus, mala,'' etc., explained in prior chapters. To tackle such afflictions, Ayurveda describes six types of therapeutic measures: ''Langhana'' (reduction), ''Brimhana'' (nourishing), ''Rukshana'' (drying), ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic), ''Snehana'' (oleation), and ''Swedana'' (sudation). In the case of excessive discharge of anything from the body, ''Stambhana'' (a procedure that slows or stops the discharge) is advised. While in the case of obstructions, ''Langhana, Swedana,'' or ''Rukshana'' are advised. In cases of excessively vitiated ''dosha, Langhana'' (reducing therapy) is indicated to bring the elevated ''dosha'' to a state of equilibrium, whereas in a case of degeneration, ''Brimhana'' (nourishing therapy) and ''Snehana'' (oleation) are prescribed. The ''Snehana'' and ''Swedana'' therapies are described in detail in thirteenth and fourteenth chapters of this section respectively. This chapter describes remaining four therapies , i.e.,''Langhana, Brimhana, Stambhana,'' and ''Rukshana.''

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In the earlier chapter on eight undesirable body features, the focus of the study was on two of the most undesirable kinds - ''sthula'' (obesity) and ''krisha'' (too thin/skinny/emaciated). The present chapter deals with types of treatments suitable for both conditions as well as other similar pathologies. There are four types of pathologies described in [[Ayurveda]]: ''atipravritti'' (excessive elimination), ''sanga'' (obstruction), ''sira granthi'' (tumor/varicosity), and ''vimarga gamana'' (improperly directed circulation). A disease could be of any of these four pathology types, but its affliction could manifest in different forms depending upon the unique body constitution of the patient and combination of ''doshas, dhatus, mala,'' etc., explained in prior chapters. To tackle such afflictions, [[Ayurveda]] describes six types of therapeutic measures: ''Langhana'' (reduction), ''Brimhana'' (nourishing), ''Rukshana'' (drying), ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic), ''Snehana'' (oleation), and ''Swedana'' (sudation). In the case of excessive discharge of anything from the body, ''Stambhana'' (a procedure that slows or stops the discharge) is advised. While in the case of obstructions, ''Langhana, Swedana,'' or ''Rukshana'' are advised. In cases of excessively vitiated ''dosha, Langhana'' (reducing therapy) is indicated to bring the elevated ''dosha'' to a state of equilibrium, whereas in a case of degeneration, ''Brimhana'' (nourishing therapy) and ''Snehana'' (oleation) are prescribed. The ''Snehana'' and ''Swedana'' therapies are described in detail in thirteenth and fourteenth chapters of this section respectively. This chapter describes remaining four therapies , i.e.,''Langhana, Brimhana, Stambhana,'' and ''Rukshana.''

</div>

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===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===

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==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==

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अथातो लङ्घनबृंहणीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः ||१||

इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||

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athātō laṅghanabr̥ṁhaṇīyamadhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ ||1||

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iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||

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</div></div>

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Now we ~~will~~ expound the ~~“Reducing~~ and nourishing ~~therapies” chapter,~~ said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

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Now we shall expound the chapter “Langhanabrimhaniya" (Reducing and nourishing therapies). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

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==== Six types of therapies ====

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=== Six types of therapies ===

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तपःस्वाध्यायनिरतानात्रेयः शिष्यसत्तमान्|

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कृताकृतातिवृत्तानां लक्षणं वक्तुमर्हसि||८||

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tapaḥsvādhyāyaniratānātrēyaḥ śiṣyasattamān|

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kRutAkRutAtivRuttAnAM lakShaNaM vaktumarhasi||8||

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</div></div>

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To initiate a discussion, Lord Atreya addressed to his six disciples, who are dedicated to a life of penance and learning and who are led by Agnivesha, “He indeed is the true physician who knows the timely use of therapies to produce strength, dryness, unctuous, sweating and astringent effects.” Once Lord Atreya had spoken, Agnivesha asked the following questions, “O Thou, our worshipful preceptor, Sir, what are the therapies that are ''Langhana'' (reducing), ''Brimhana'' (nourishing), ''Rukshana'' (dryness-causing), ''Snehana'' (oleation) and, ''Swedana'' (sudation), and ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic)? Who are ﬁt for this, O beloved teacher? You may kindly tell us all about them, and you may also tell brieﬂy about the symptoms of proper application, improper application, and over-application of these six therapies.” [3-8]

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To initiate a discussion, Lord Atreya addressed to his six disciples, who are dedicated to a life of penance and learning and who are led by Agnivesha, “He indeed is the true physician who knows the timely use of therapies to produce lightness, strength, dryness, unctuous, sweating and astringent effects.” Once Lord Atreya had spoken, Agnivesha asked the following questions, “O Thou, our worshipful preceptor, Sir, what are the therapies that are ''Langhana'' (reducing), ''Brimhana'' (nourishing), ''Rukshana'' (dryness-causing), ''Snehana'' (oleation) and, ''Swedana'' (sudation), and ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic)? Who are ﬁt for this, O beloved teacher? You may kindly tell us all about them, and you may also tell brieﬂy about the symptoms of proper application, improper application, and over-application of these six therapies.” [3-8]

</div>

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==== Definitions ====

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=== Definitions ===

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तदग्निवेशस्य वचो निशम्य गुरुरब्रवीत्|

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स्तम्भनं स्तम्भयति यद्गतिमन्तं चलं ध्रुवम्|

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tadagnivēśasya vacō niśamya gururabravīt|

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stambhanaM stambhayati yadgatimantaM calaM dhruvam|

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</div></div>

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Hearing these words of Agnivesha, the mentor (Atreya) explained the therapies thus.

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</div>

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==== Pharmaco-therapeutic properties behind these effects ====

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=== Pharmaco-therapeutic properties behind these effects ===

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लघूष्णतीक्ष्णविशदं रूक्षं सूक्ष्मं खरं सरम्||१२||

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यद्द्रव्यं लघु चोद्दिष्टं प्रायस्तत् स्तम्भनं स्मृतम्||१७||

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laghūṣṇatīkṣṇaviśadaṁ rūkṣaṁ sūkṣmaṁ kharaṁ saram||12||

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yaddravyaM laghu coddiShTaM prAyastat stambhanaM smRutam||17||

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</div></div>

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*The drug or substance that possesses dry, light, rough, sharply acting, hot, stable, non-slimy and primarily hard qualities is used for ''Rukshana'' (drying) therapy.

*''Snehana'' (oleation) therapy requires the drug or substance that possess liquid, minute (subtle), flowing (unstable), unctuous, slimy, heavy, cold, sluggish and soft qualities.

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*The drug or substance that is used for ''Swedana'' (sudation) therapy possesses hot, acute, flowing (unstable), unctuous, dry, minute (subtle), liquid, stable and heavy qualities.

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The drug or substance that is used for ''Swedana'' (sudation) therapy possesses hot, acute, flowing (unstable), unctuous, dry, minute (subtle), liquid, stable and heavy qualities. Finally,''Stambhana'' requires the drugs to possess cold, sluggish, soft, smooth, dry, minute (subtle), liquid, stable and light qualities. [12-17]

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*Finally,''Stambhana'' requires the drugs to possess cold, sluggish, soft, smooth, dry, minute (subtle), liquid, stable and light qualities. [12-17]

</div>

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===Langhana (reducing or lightening) therapy ===

==== Methods of ''langhana'' (reducing/lightening) therapy ====

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चतुष्प्रकारा संशुद्धिः पिपासा मारुतातपौ|

पाचनान्युपवासश्च व्यायामश्चेति लङ्घनम्||१८||

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catuṣprakārā saṁśuddhiḥ pipāsā mārutātapau|

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pAcanAnyupavAsashca vyAyAmashceti la~gghanam||18||

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</div></div>

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==== Indications of ''langhana'' ====

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प्रभूतश्लेष्मपित्तास्रमलाः संसृष्टमारुताः|

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त्वग्दोषिणां प्रमीढानां स्निग्धाभिष्यन्दिबृंहिणाम्|

शिशिरे लङ्घनं शस्तमपि वातविकारिणाम्||२४||

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prabhūtaślēṣmapittāsramalāḥ saṁsr̥ṣṭamārutāḥ|

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tvagdoShiNAM pramIDhAnAM snigdhAbhiShyandibRuMhiNAm|

shishire la~gghanaM shastamapi vAtavikAriNAm||24||

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</div></div>

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Those who are suffering from excessive vitiation of ''kapha, pitta,'' blood and waste products, are afflicted with obstructed ''vata'' and who have bulky and strong bodies should be treated using ''shodhana'' (purificatory) procedures of ''Langhana''.

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</div>

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==== ''Brimhana'' (nourishing) therapy ====

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=== ''Brimhana'' (nourishing) therapy ===

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अदिग्धविद्धमक्लिष्टं वयस्थं सात्म्यचारिणाम्|

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शर्कराक्षीरसर्पींषि सर्वेषां विद्धि बृंहणम्||२८||

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adigdhaviddhamakliṣṭaṁ vayasthaṁ sātmyacāriṇām|

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sharkarAkShIrasarpIMShi sarveShAM viddhi bRuMhaNam||28||

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</div></div>

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</div>

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==== ''Rukshana'' (drying) therapy ====

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=== [[Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya#Contemporary researches|''Rukshana'' (drying) therapy]] ===

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कटुतिक्तकषायाणां सेवनं स्त्रीष्वसंयमः|

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स्नेहाध्याये मयोक्तास्ते स्वेदाख्ये च सविस्तरम्||३१||

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kaṭutiktakaṣāyāṇāṁ sēvanaṁ strīṣvasaṁyamaḥ|

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snehAdhyAye mayoktAste svedAkhye ca savistaram||31||

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</div></div>

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</div>

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==== ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic) therapy ====

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=== ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic) therapy ===

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द्रवं तन्वसरं यावच्छीतीकरणमौषधम्|

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विषस्वेदातियोगार्ताः स्तम्भनीया निदर्शिताः||३३||

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dravaṁ tanvasaraṁ yāvacchītīkaraṇamauṣadham|

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viShasvedAtiyogArtAH stambhanIyA nidarshitAH||33||

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</div></div>

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</div>

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==== Signs of adequate and excess ''langhana'' ====

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=== Signs of adequate and excess ''langhana'' ===

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वातमूत्रपुरीषाणां विसर्गे गात्रलाघवे|

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देहाग्निबलनाशश्च लङ्घनेऽतिकृते भवेत्||३७||

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vātamūtrapurīṣāṇāṁ visargē gātralāghavē|

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dehAgnibalanAshashca la~gghane~atikRute bhavet||37||

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</div></div>

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</div>

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==== Signs of adequate and excess ''brimhana'' (nourishing) therapy ====

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=== Signs of adequate and excess ''brimhana'' (nourishing) therapy ===

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बलं पुष्ट्युपलम्भश्च कार्श्यदोषविवर्जनम्|

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कृतातिकृतलिङ्गं यल्लङ्घिते तद्धि रूक्षिते |३९|

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balaṁ puṣṭyupalambhaśca kārśyadōṣavivarjanam|

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kRutAtikRutali~ggaM yalla~gghite taddhi rUkShite |39|

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</div></div>

Through the proper administration of ''Brimhana'', one gets strength, robustness, and freedom from the diseases of emaciation. On excessive application of ''Brimhana'', one suffers from corpulence (obesity). The symptoms of proper and excessive administration of ''Rukshana'' are the same as those of ''Langhana''. [38-38½]

</div>

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Signs of adequate and excess ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic) therapy:

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=== Signs of adequate and excess ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic) therapy ===

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स्तम्भितः स्याद्बले लब्धे यथोक्तैश्चामयैर्जितैः||३९||

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हृद्वर्चोनिग्रहश्च स्यादतिस्तम्भितलक्षणम्||४०||

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stambhitaḥ syādbalē labdhē yathōktaiścāmayairjitaiḥ||39||

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hRudvarconigrahashca syAdatistambhitalakShaNam||40||

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</div></div>

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Properly administered ''stambhana'' helps the patient to regain his strength and get rid of afflicted diseases as told earlier.

Excessive administration of ''stambhana'' causes blackish discoloration, stiffness in body parts, uneasiness, the stiffness of jaw, feeling of constriction in cardiac region, and constipation. [39-40]

</div>

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लक्षणं चाकृतानां स्यात् षण्णामेषां समासतः|

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साध्यानां साधने सिद्धा मात्राकालानुरोधिनः||४२||

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lakṣaṇaṁ cākr̥tānāṁ syāt ṣaṇṇāmēṣāṁ samāsataḥ|

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sAdhyAnAM sAdhane siddhA mAtrAkAlAnurodhinaH||42||

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</div></div>

The signs and symptoms of all these six therapies, if inadequately administered, leave the ''doshas'' unpaciﬁed. Rather, they get aggravated.

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Thus, these six most useful therapies, if administrated properly in all diseases which have been described, with due consideration of time and dosage, are sure to accomplish the cure of all curable disorders. [41-42]

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==== Summary ====

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=== Summary ===

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भवति चात्र-

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षट्त्वं तु नातिवर्तन्ते त्रित्वं वातादयो यथा||४३||

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bhavati cātra-

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ShaTtvaM tu nAtivartante tritvaM vAtAdayo yathA||43||

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</div></div>

As there are many combinations of ''dosha'', these therapies also have multiple variations. However, the number of these therapies do not exceed than six, just like ''doshas'' are three in number. [43]

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तत्र श्लोकाः-

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यथाप्रश्नं भगवता चिकित्सा यैः प्रवर्तते||४४||

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tatra ślōkāḥ-

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yathAprashnaM bhagavatA cikitsA yaiH pravartate||44||

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</div></div>

Now the (re-capitulatory) verse –

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Thus in the chapter titled “Reducing and nourishing therapies," the six therapies which comprise the entire field of therapeutics have been expounded by the Lord Atreya (teacher) as per the inquiries of the disciples. [44]

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==~~= ''~~Tattva Vimarsha~~'' =~~==

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== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

*''Langhana'' (reducing) therapy is indicated in obese persons and those diseases with obstructive pathology due to excessively vitiated ''doshas''.

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*The group of six treatments (''shadupakramas'') includes ''Langhana, Rukshana, Swedana, Brimhana, Snehana,'' and ''Stambhana''. The first three of these are reducing in nature, while the latter three are nourishing.

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==~~= ''~~Vidhi Vimarsha~~'' =~~==

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== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

Above described six therapies are grouped into ''Apatarpana'' (''Langhana'', or reducing) and ''Santarpana'' (''Brimhana'', or nourishing). In ''Apatarpana'' – lightening, dryness, and sudation therapies, and in ''Santarpana'' – nourishing, unctuousness, and astringent therapies have been mentioned. (3-8)

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''5''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Vishada''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''~~Pichchala~~''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Pichchila''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Vishada''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''~~Pichchala~~''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Pichchila''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''--------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''----------''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''10''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Khara''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''~~Slakshna~~''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Shlakshna''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Khara''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''---------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''-------------''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''~~Slakshna~~''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Shlakshna''

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''11''

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The three categories of ''Langhana'' according to the intensity of disease and ''dosha'' aggravation are described in detail in the third chapter of [[Vimana Sthana]].

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==== Contemporary researches ====

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A case study by Kambale et.al. showed that [[Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya#Rukshana (drying) therapy|rukshana upakrama]] therapy in the form of Takra Siddha Yavagu [[Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya#Description of various medicated yavagu (gruels)|(Gruel for adverse effects due to improper administration of ghee)]]and Udvartana helped in normalizing lipid profile, reduction of weight; BMI, body circumference and skin fold thickness in case of dyslipidemia.<ref>Patel B, Kamble SB, Vyas HA, Vyas MK, Chinthala R. Hypolipidemic effect of Rukshana Upakrama in the management of dyslipidemia – A case study. AYU [serial online] 2018 [cited 2019 Feb 19];39:72-5. Available from: http://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2018/39/2/72/250781</ref>

</div>

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=== ~~Glossary~~ ===

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== References ==

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~~{| class="wikitable"~~

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~~! colspan="3"| Sanskrit term in~~

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~~! rowspan="2" |''English meaning''~~

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|-

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~~! Diacritical !! Phonetic !! Sanskrit~~

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|-

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~~|laṅghanaṁ || la~gghanaM || लंघनम् || Lightening, bulk reducing measures, fasting catabolisers;~~

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|-

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~~|br̥ṁhaṇaṁ || bRuMhaNaM || बृंहणं || Roborant; bulk enhancer; bulk promoting; anabolizers~~

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~~| rūkṣaṇaṁ || rUkShaNaM || रूक्षणं || Dryness; Therapeutic measure inducing dryness~~

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~~| snēhanaṁ || snehanaM || स्नेहनं || unctuousness; Therapeutic oleation measure~~

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~~| stambhanaṁ || stambhanaM || स्तम्भनं || Astringent effect; Astringent action, Styptic therapy~~

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~~| swēdanaṁ || svedanaM || स्वेदनं|| Sudation therapy;~~

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~~| Upakrama || Upakrama || उपक्रम || Therapeutic measures~~

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