Changes

   

   

=== Abstract ===

=== Abstract ===

 

The courses of treatment for the ''sthula'' (obese) and the ''krisha'' (too thin/skinny/emaciated), and of various other diseases form the basis of Ayurvedic therapeutics and is the theme of the present chapter. Ayurvedic therapeutics are reducing (''Apatarpana'') or nourishing (''Santarpana''), and are of six types:  ''Langhana'' (reduction), ''Brimhana'' (nourishing), ''Rukshana'' (drying), ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic), ''Snehana'' (oleation), and ''Swedana'' (sudation). Besides providing insights into these therapeutic measures, this chapter also describes specific qualities of these therapeutic procedures and their indications in detail. Finally, the reader would also expect to learn about features of optimally administered techniques while understanding the consequences of their over and under-application.  

The courses of treatment for the ''sthula'' (obese) and the ''krisha'' (too thin/skinny/emaciated), and of various other diseases form the basis of Ayurvedic therapeutics and is the theme of the present chapter. Ayurvedic therapeutics are reducing (''Apatarpana'') or nourishing (''Santarpana''), and are of six types:  ''Langhana'' (reduction), ''Brimhana'' (nourishing), ''Rukshana'' (drying), ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic), ''Snehana'' (oleation), and ''Swedana'' (sudation). Besides providing insights into these therapeutic measures, this chapter also describes specific qualities of these therapeutic procedures and their indications in detail. Finally, the reader would also expect to learn about features of optimally administered techniques while understanding the consequences of their over and under-application.  

'''Keywords''': Ayurvedic therapeutics, ''Santarpana''(nourishing), ''Apatarpana''(reducing), ''Langhana'' (fasting/reducing), ''Brimhana''(nourishing), ''Snehana''(oleation), ''Swedana''(sudation), ''Stambhana''(astringent/styptic), ''Rukshana''(drying).

'''Keywords''': Ayurvedic therapeutics, ''Santarpana''(nourishing), ''Apatarpana''(reducing), ''Langhana'' (fasting/reducing), ''Brimhana''(nourishing), ''Snehana''(oleation), ''Swedana''(sudation), ''Stambhana''(astringent/styptic), ''Rukshana''(drying).

 

=== Introduction ===

=== Introduction ===

 

In the earlier chapter on eight undesirable bodily features, the focus of the study was on two of the most undesirable kinds - ''sthula'' (obesity) and ''krisha'' (too thin/skinny/emaciated). The present chapter deals with types of treatments suitable for both body types as well as other similar pathologies. There are four types of pathologies described in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda]: ''atipravritti'' (excessive elimination), ''sanga'' (obstruction), ''sira granthi'' (tumor/varicosity), and ''vimarga gamana'' (improperly directed circulation). A disease could be of any of these four pathology types, but its affliction could manifest in different forms depending upon the unique body constitution of the patient and combination of ''doshas, dhatus, mala,'' etc., explained in prior chapters. To tackle such afflictions, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] describes six types of therapeutic measures: ''Langhana'' (reduction), ''Brimhana'' (nourishing), ''Rukshana'' (drying), ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic), ''Snehana'' (oleation), and ''Swedana'' (sudation). In the case of excessive discharge of anything from the body, ''Stambhana'' (a procedure that slows or stops the discharge) is advised. While in the case of obstructions, ''Langhana, Swedana,'' or ''Rukshana'' are advised. In cases of excessively vitiated ''dosha, Langhana'' (reducing therapy) is indicated to bring the elevated ''dosha'' to a state of equilibrium, whereas in a case of degeneration, ''Brimhana'' (nourishing therapy) and ''Snehana'' (oleation) are prescribed. The ''Snehana'' and ''Swedana'' therapies are described in detail in thirteenth and fourteenth chapters of this section respectively. This chapter describes remaining four therapies , i.e.,''Langhana, Brimhana, Stambhana,'' and ''Rukshana.''

In the earlier chapter on eight undesirable bodily features, the focus of the study was on two of the most undesirable kinds - ''sthula'' (obesity) and ''krisha'' (too thin/skinny/emaciated). The present chapter deals with types of treatments suitable for both body types as well as other similar pathologies. There are four types of pathologies described in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda]: ''atipravritti'' (excessive elimination), ''sanga'' (obstruction), ''sira granthi'' (tumor/varicosity), and ''vimarga gamana'' (improperly directed circulation). A disease could be of any of these four pathology types, but its affliction could manifest in different forms depending upon the unique body constitution of the patient and combination of ''doshas, dhatus, mala,'' etc., explained in prior chapters. To tackle such afflictions, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] describes six types of therapeutic measures: ''Langhana'' (reduction), ''Brimhana'' (nourishing), ''Rukshana'' (drying), ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic), ''Snehana'' (oleation), and ''Swedana'' (sudation). In the case of excessive discharge of anything from the body, ''Stambhana'' (a procedure that slows or stops the discharge) is advised. While in the case of obstructions, ''Langhana, Swedana,'' or ''Rukshana'' are advised. In cases of excessively vitiated ''dosha, Langhana'' (reducing therapy) is indicated to bring the elevated ''dosha'' to a state of equilibrium, whereas in a case of degeneration, ''Brimhana'' (nourishing therapy) and ''Snehana'' (oleation) are prescribed. The ''Snehana'' and ''Swedana'' therapies are described in detail in thirteenth and fourteenth chapters of this section respectively. This chapter describes remaining four therapies , i.e.,''Langhana, Brimhana, Stambhana,'' and ''Rukshana.''

 

===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===

===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===

la~gghanaprabhRutInAM ca ShaNNAmeShAM samAsataH|  

la~gghanaprabhRutInAM ca ShaNNAmeShAM samAsataH|  

kRutAkRutAtivRuttAnAM  lakShaNaM vaktumarhasi||8||  

kRutAkRutAtivRuttAnAM  lakShaNaM vaktumarhasi||8||  

 

To initiate a discussion, Lord Atreya addressed to his six disciples, who are dedicated to a life of penance and learning and who are led by Agnivesha, “He indeed is the true physician who knows the timely use of therapies to produce strength, dryness, unctuous, sweating and astringent effects.” Once Lord Atreya had spoken, Agnivesha asked the following questions, “O Thou, our worshipful preceptor, Sir, what are the therapies that are ''Langhana'' (reducing), ''Brimhana'' (nourishing), ''Rukshana'' (dryness-causing), ''Snehana'' (oleation) and, ''Swedana'' (sudation), and ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic)? Who are fit for this, O beloved teacher? You may kindly tell us all about them, and you may also tell briefly about the symptoms of proper application, improper application, and over-application of these six therapies.” [3-8]

To initiate a discussion, Lord Atreya addressed to his six disciples, who are dedicated to a life of penance and learning and who are led by Agnivesha, “He indeed is the true physician who knows the timely use of therapies to produce strength, dryness, unctuous, sweating and astringent effects.” Once Lord Atreya had spoken, Agnivesha asked the following questions, “O Thou, our worshipful preceptor, Sir, what are the therapies that are ''Langhana'' (reducing), ''Brimhana'' (nourishing), ''Rukshana'' (dryness-causing), ''Snehana'' (oleation) and, ''Swedana'' (sudation), and ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic)? Who are fit for this, O beloved teacher? You may kindly tell us all about them, and you may also tell briefly about the symptoms of proper application, improper application, and over-application of these six therapies.” [3-8]

 

==== Definitions ====

==== Definitions ====

stambhanaM stambhayati yadgatimantaM calaM dhruvam|  

stambhanaM stambhayati yadgatimantaM calaM dhruvam|  

 

Hearing these words of Agnivesha, the mentor (Atreya) explained the therapies thus.  

Hearing these words of Agnivesha, the mentor (Atreya) explained the therapies thus.  

*Whatever produces lightness or reduction in the body is known as ''Langhana'' (reducing/lightening) therapy.  

*Whatever produces lightness or reduction in the body is known as ''Langhana'' (reducing/lightening) therapy.  

   

   

The therapy which results in inhibition of mobility and flow of bodily substances and stabilizes is called ''Stambhana'' (astringent or styptic therapy). [9-11]

The therapy which results in inhibition of mobility and flow of bodily substances and stabilizes is called ''Stambhana'' (astringent or styptic therapy). [9-11]

 

==== Pharmaco-therapeutic properties behind these effects ====

==== Pharmaco-therapeutic properties behind these effects ====

shItaM mandaM mRudu shlakShNaM rUkShaM sUkShmaM dravaM sthiram|  

shItaM mandaM mRudu shlakShNaM rUkShaM sUkShmaM dravaM sthiram|  

yaddravyaM laghu coddiShTaM prAyastat stambhanaM smRutam||17||  

yaddravyaM laghu coddiShTaM prAyastat stambhanaM smRutam||17||  

 

*The drug or substance that possesses light, hot, sharply acting, clearing, dry, minute (subtle), rough, flowing (unstable) and hard qualities are used for ''Langhana''.  

*The drug or substance that possesses light, hot, sharply acting, clearing, dry, minute (subtle), rough, flowing (unstable) and hard qualities are used for ''Langhana''.  

*The drug or substance that is used for ''Brimhana'' (nourishing) therapy possesses heavy, cold, soft, unctuous, thick, gross, slimy, sluggish, stable and smooth qualities.  

*The drug or substance that is used for ''Brimhana'' (nourishing) therapy possesses heavy, cold, soft, unctuous, thick, gross, slimy, sluggish, stable and smooth qualities.  

The drug or substance that is used for ''Swedana'' (sudation) therapy possesses hot, acute, flowing (unstable), unctuous, dry, minute (subtle), liquid, stable and heavy qualities. Finally,''Stambhana'' requires the drugs to possess cold, sluggish, soft, smooth, dry, minute (subtle), liquid, stable and light qualities. [12-17]

The drug or substance that is used for ''Swedana'' (sudation) therapy possesses hot, acute, flowing (unstable), unctuous, dry, minute (subtle), liquid, stable and heavy qualities. Finally,''Stambhana'' requires the drugs to possess cold, sluggish, soft, smooth, dry, minute (subtle), liquid, stable and light qualities. [12-17]

 

==== Methods of ''langhana'' (reducing/lightening) therapy ====

==== Methods of ''langhana'' (reducing/lightening) therapy ====

catuShprakArA saMshuddhiH pipAsA mArutAtapau|  

catuShprakArA saMshuddhiH pipAsA mArutAtapau|  

pAcanAnyupavAsashca vyAyAmashceti la~gghanam||18||  

pAcanAnyupavAsashca vyAyAmashceti la~gghanam||18||  

 

The four purification therapies viz. ''Vamana'' (emesis), ''Virechana'' (purgation), ''Niruha'' (non-unctuous enema) and ''Nasya'' (nasal drug administration). Six other procedures viz. ''Pipasa'' (control of thirst), ''Maruta'' (exposure to wind/breathing exercises), ''Aatapa'' (exposure to sunlight), ''Pachana'' (applications of digestive measures), ''Upawasa'' (fasting) and ''Vyayama'' (exercise) are the ten methods of ''Langhana'' (reducing) therapy. [18]

The four purification therapies viz. ''Vamana'' (emesis), ''Virechana'' (purgation), ''Niruha'' (non-unctuous enema) and ''Nasya'' (nasal drug administration). Six other procedures viz. ''Pipasa'' (control of thirst), ''Maruta'' (exposure to wind/breathing exercises), ''Aatapa'' (exposure to sunlight), ''Pachana'' (applications of digestive measures), ''Upawasa'' (fasting) and ''Vyayama'' (exercise) are the ten methods of ''Langhana'' (reducing) therapy. [18]

 

==== Indications of ''Langhana'' ====

==== Indications of ''Langhana'' ====

tvagdoShiNAM pramIDhAnAM  snigdhAbhiShyandibRuMhiNAm|  

tvagdoShiNAM pramIDhAnAM  snigdhAbhiShyandibRuMhiNAm|  

shishire la~gghanaM shastamapi vAtavikAriNAm||24||

shishire la~gghanaM shastamapi vAtavikAriNAm||24||

 

Those who are suffering from excessive vitiation of ''kapha, pitta,'' blood and waste products, are afflicted with obstructed ''vata'' and who have bulky and strong bodies should be treated using ''shodhana'' (purificatory) procedures of ''Langhana''.  

Those who are suffering from excessive vitiation of ''kapha, pitta,'' blood and waste products, are afflicted with obstructed ''vata'' and who have bulky and strong bodies should be treated using ''shodhana'' (purificatory) procedures of ''Langhana''.  

Those who are suffering from skin disorders, urinary disorders, those consuming excess of unctuous food, with excess discharges in the body and undergone excess nourishing therapy should be treated with ''Langhana'' therapy. In a season of ''shishira'' (winter), ''Langhana'' is suitable for patients with ''vata''-dominant disorders also (in addition to above). [19-24]

Those who are suffering from skin disorders, urinary disorders, those consuming excess of unctuous food, with excess discharges in the body and undergone excess nourishing therapy should be treated with ''Langhana'' therapy. In a season of ''shishira'' (winter), ''Langhana'' is suitable for patients with ''vata''-dominant disorders also (in addition to above). [19-24]

 

==== ''Brimhana'' (nourishing) therapy ====

==== ''Brimhana'' (nourishing) therapy ====

snAnamutsAdanaM svapno madhurAH snehabastayaH|  

snAnamutsAdanaM svapno madhurAH snehabastayaH|  

sharkarAkShIrasarpIMShi sarveShAM viddhi bRuMhaNam||28||  

sharkarAkShIrasarpIMShi sarveShAM viddhi bRuMhaNam||28||  

 

The meat of adult (mature) animals, fish, and birds which are found roaming in their suitable natural surroundings, which are healthy (or disease-free) and have not been killed by poisonous weapons and is unspoiled, is considered to be ideal for ''Brimhana'' (nourishing therapy).  

The meat of adult (mature) animals, fish, and birds which are found roaming in their suitable natural surroundings, which are healthy (or disease-free) and have not been killed by poisonous weapons and is unspoiled, is considered to be ideal for ''Brimhana'' (nourishing therapy).  

The persons requiring such therapy are those suffering from wasting of the body, wounded, consumptive, emaciated, old, weak, weary of long journeys, and excessively indulged in sexual intercourse, alcohol addiction, and for all persons in the summer season.   

The persons requiring such therapy are those suffering from wasting of the body, wounded, consumptive, emaciated, old, weak, weary of long journeys, and excessively indulged in sexual intercourse, alcohol addiction, and for all persons in the summer season.   

Bath, unction, sleep, medicated enema with sweet drugs, unctuous enema, sugar mixed milk, and ghee are considered ideal for ''Brimhana'' (nourishing). [25-28]

Bath, unction, sleep, medicated enema with sweet drugs, unctuous enema, sugar mixed milk, and ghee are considered ideal for ''Brimhana'' (nourishing). [25-28]

 

==== ''Rukshana'' (drying) therapy ====

==== ''Rukshana'' (drying) therapy ====

snehAH snehayitavyAshca svedAH svedyAshca ye narAH|  

snehAH snehayitavyAshca svedAH svedyAshca ye narAH|  

snehAdhyAye mayoktAste svedAkhye ca savistaram||31||  

snehAdhyAye mayoktAste svedAkhye ca savistaram||31||  

 

Regular use of substances having pungent, bitter and astringent tastes, indulgence in women, use of oil-cakes of mustard and ''tila''(sesame), buttermilk, honey and similar things tend to induce dryness.

Regular use of substances having pungent, bitter and astringent tastes, indulgence in women, use of oil-cakes of mustard and ''tila''(sesame), buttermilk, honey and similar things tend to induce dryness.

''Rukshana'' is indicated in diseases caused by blocking of bodily channels by excess discharges or in cases of greater morbidity of ''doshas'' diseases of vital organs, in stiffening of thighs (''urustambha''), and in similar conditions. Unctuousness, persons suitable for oleation therapy, and suitable for sudation therapy have been described in detail in earlier chapters concerned. [29-31]

''Rukshana'' is indicated in diseases caused by blocking of bodily channels by excess discharges or in cases of greater morbidity of ''doshas'' diseases of vital organs, in stiffening of thighs (''urustambha''), and in similar conditions. Unctuousness, persons suitable for oleation therapy, and suitable for sudation therapy have been described in detail in earlier chapters concerned. [29-31]

 

==== ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic) therapy ====

==== ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic) therapy ====

pittakShArAgnidagdhA ye vamyatIsArapIDitAH|  

pittakShArAgnidagdhA ye vamyatIsArapIDitAH|  

viShasvedAtiyogArtAH stambhanIyA nidarshitAH||33||  

viShasvedAtiyogArtAH stambhanIyA nidarshitAH||33||  

 

All the drugs that are characterized by liquid, thin, stable, cold properties and possessing sweet, bitter and astringent tastes are used for ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic) therapy. ''Stambhana'' is indicated in patients afflicted with ''pitta'', burned with ''kshara'' (alkali) and fire, those who are afflicted with vomiting, diarrhea, and those who are suffering from complications of excess sudation and poisoning. [32-33]

All the drugs that are characterized by liquid, thin, stable, cold properties and possessing sweet, bitter and astringent tastes are used for ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic) therapy. ''Stambhana'' is indicated in patients afflicted with ''pitta'', burned with ''kshara'' (alkali) and fire, those who are afflicted with vomiting, diarrhea, and those who are suffering from complications of excess sudation and poisoning. [32-33]

 

==== Signs of adequate and excess ''Langhana'' ====

==== Signs of adequate and excess ''Langhana'' ====

manasaH sambhramo~abhIkShNamUrdhvavAtastamo hRudi|  

manasaH sambhramo~abhIkShNamUrdhvavAtastamo hRudi|  

dehAgnibalanAshashca la~gghane~atikRute bhavet||37||  

dehAgnibalanAshashca la~gghane~atikRute bhavet||37||  

 

The signs of proper administration of ''Langhana'' include thorough elimination of flatus, urine, and feces, feeling of lightness in body, cleansing in heart, eructation, throat and mouth, the disappearance of drowsiness and exhaustion, the appearance of perspiration and reappearance of taste, hunger and thirst along with a feeling of well-being.

The signs of proper administration of ''Langhana'' include thorough elimination of flatus, urine, and feces, feeling of lightness in body, cleansing in heart, eructation, throat and mouth, the disappearance of drowsiness and exhaustion, the appearance of perspiration and reappearance of taste, hunger and thirst along with a feeling of well-being.

The signs of excessive administration of ''Langhana'' include pain in the joints, body aches, cough, dryness of the mouth, complete loss of hunger, anorexia, thirst, weakness of hearing and vision, confusion of mind, frequent eructation, fainting, frequent upward movement of vata, feeling of darkness in the heart (''tamo hridi''), loss of body weight, loss of digestive power and strength. [34-37]

The signs of excessive administration of ''Langhana'' include pain in the joints, body aches, cough, dryness of the mouth, complete loss of hunger, anorexia, thirst, weakness of hearing and vision, confusion of mind, frequent eructation, fainting, frequent upward movement of vata, feeling of darkness in the heart (''tamo hridi''), loss of body weight, loss of digestive power and strength. [34-37]

 

==== Signs of adequate and excess ''Brimhana'' (nourishing) therapy ====

==== Signs of adequate and excess ''Brimhana'' (nourishing) therapy ====

kRutAtikRutali~ggaM yalla~gghite taddhi rUkShite  |39|  

kRutAtikRutali~ggaM yalla~gghite taddhi rUkShite  |39|  

 

Through the proper administration of ''Brimhana'', one gets strength, robustness, and freedom from the diseases of emaciation. On excessive application of ''Brimhana'', one suffers from corpulence (obesity). The symptoms of proper and excessive administration of ''Rukshana'' are the same as those of ''Langhana''. [38-38½]

Through the proper administration of ''Brimhana'', one gets strength, robustness, and freedom from the diseases of emaciation. On excessive application of ''Brimhana'', one suffers from corpulence (obesity). The symptoms of proper and excessive administration of ''Rukshana'' are the same as those of ''Langhana''. [38-38½]

 

Signs of adequate and excess ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic) therapy:

Signs of adequate and excess ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic) therapy:

shyAvatA stabdhagAtratvamudvego hanusa~ggrahaH|  

shyAvatA stabdhagAtratvamudvego hanusa~ggrahaH|  

hRudvarconigrahashca syAdatistambhitalakShaNam||40||  

hRudvarconigrahashca syAdatistambhitalakShaNam||40||  

 

Properly administered ''stambhana'' helps the patient to regain his strength and get rid of afflicted diseases as told earlier.  

Properly administered ''stambhana'' helps the patient to regain his strength and get rid of afflicted diseases as told earlier.  

Excessive administration of ''stambhana'' causes blackish discoloration, stiffness in body parts, uneasiness, the stiffness of jaw, feeling of constriction in cardiac region, and constipation. [39-40]

Excessive administration of ''stambhana'' causes blackish discoloration, stiffness in body parts, uneasiness, the stiffness of jaw, feeling of constriction in cardiac region, and constipation. [39-40]

 

लक्षणं चाकृतानां स्यात् षण्णामेषां समासतः|  

लक्षणं चाकृतानां स्यात् षण्णामेषां समासतः|  

तदौषधानां धातूनामशमो  वृद्धिरेव च||४१||  

तदौषधानां धातूनामशमो  वृद्धिरेव च||४१||  

=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===

=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===

 

*''Langhana'' (reducing) therapy is indicated in obese persons and those diseases with obstructive pathology due to excessively vitiated ''doshas''.

*''Langhana'' (reducing) therapy is indicated in obese persons and those diseases with obstructive pathology due to excessively vitiated ''doshas''.

*''Brimhana'' (nourishing) therapy is indicated in emaciated persons and those diseases with degenerative pathology.  

*''Brimhana'' (nourishing) therapy is indicated in emaciated persons and those diseases with degenerative pathology.  

The ''Rukshana'' (dryness) therapy produces dryness, roughness, and coarseness. In unctuous therapy, fluidity is due to liquefaction or melting or dissolution of ''dosha, dhatu,'' and ''mala''. The mode of action of sudation therapy is due to warmth or internal heat produced by therapy. The mode of action of astringent therapy is due to inhibition of mobility and flow of ''dosha, dhatu,'' and ''mala''. Here the meaning to be understood is that the materials - ''dosha, dhatu,''and ''mala,'' which are flowing by slow or fast in rate by nature, to be checked or stopped. This condition refers only to the effects of ''atisara'' (diarrhea), ''raktasrava'' (bleeding), ''visha'' (poisoning), ''daha'' (burning), and ''vedana'' (pain). The drugs described here for each therapy are understood to possess such qualities as associated with them. There are, however, exceptional cases. For example, ''pippali'' and ''bhallataka'' have ''ushna guna'' (heat), but their action is ''Brimhana''. ''Priyangu'' is ''sheeta guna'' (cool) but has ''Langhana'' effect.

The ''Rukshana'' (dryness) therapy produces dryness, roughness, and coarseness. In unctuous therapy, fluidity is due to liquefaction or melting or dissolution of ''dosha, dhatu,'' and ''mala''. The mode of action of sudation therapy is due to warmth or internal heat produced by therapy. The mode of action of astringent therapy is due to inhibition of mobility and flow of ''dosha, dhatu,'' and ''mala''. Here the meaning to be understood is that the materials - ''dosha, dhatu,''and ''mala,'' which are flowing by slow or fast in rate by nature, to be checked or stopped. This condition refers only to the effects of ''atisara'' (diarrhea), ''raktasrava'' (bleeding), ''visha'' (poisoning), ''daha'' (burning), and ''vedana'' (pain). The drugs described here for each therapy are understood to possess such qualities as associated with them. There are, however, exceptional cases. For example, ''pippali'' and ''bhallataka'' have ''ushna guna'' (heat), but their action is ''Brimhana''. ''Priyangu'' is ''sheeta guna'' (cool) but has ''Langhana'' effect.

 

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

! ''S. No.'' !! ''Langhana'' !! ''Brimhana'' !! ''Rukshana '' !! '' Snehana'' !! ''Swedana'' !! ''Stambhana''

! ''S. No.'' !! ''Langhana'' !! ''Brimhana'' !! ''Rukshana '' !! '' Snehana'' !! ''Swedana'' !! ''Stambhana''

|}

|}

There are seven overlapping qualities in the drugs employed in ''Brimhana'' and ''Snehana'' and five overlapping qualities in the drugs employed in ''Brimhana'' and ''Stambhana''.

There are seven overlapping qualities in the drugs employed in ''Brimhana'' and ''Snehana'' and five overlapping qualities in the drugs employed in ''Brimhana'' and ''Stambhana''.

The three categories of ''Langhana'' according to the intensity of disease and ''dosha'' aggravation are described in detail in the third chapter of [[Vimana Sthana]].

The three categories of ''Langhana'' according to the intensity of disease and ''dosha'' aggravation are described in detail in the third chapter of [[Vimana Sthana]].

 

=== Glossary ===

=== Glossary ===