Changes

==Preamble of Kalpa Sthana ==

==Preamble of Kalpa Sthana ==

<div style="text-align:justify;">A healthy individual is an asset to any society (and contributes to making a healthy society), while a sick individual will be a liability to his family in particular and the society at large. To keep oneself healthy, [[Ayurveda]] lays down the principles of various lifestyles in terms of daily regimen (''dinacharya''), seasonal regimen (''ritucharya'') and modified lifestyles to cure the diseases. Physical exercise for the preservation of health begins with adapting techniques for purification of the body and the mind along with an intake of ''rasayana'' drugs (rejuvenatives). Accumulated ''malas'' (metabolic waste) at the level of cell, tissue or organ should be expunged out to facilitate the restoration of normal functioning of the body by five purificatory procedures (''shodhana karma'') often referred as [[Panchakarma]], namely ''vamana'' (emesis), ''virechana'' (purgation), ''asthapana basti'' (evacuative enema), ''anuvasana basti'' (restorative enema), and ''shirovirechana'' (errhines) are indicated for healthy as well as diseased persons. If ''malas'' are not taken out of the body, they cause diseases and decay (ageing) of the body. After purification procedures, ''jatharagni'' (gastro-intestinal digestive juices) becomes weak and may not digest the food normally.  For restoration of this function, the food that is easily digestible is introduced and increased gradually over a period of time and this procedure is called ''samsarjana karma''. Details of pharmaceutical process of drugs employed in ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' procedures are given in this section and detailed therapeutic implications of all the ''shodhana'' karma in [[Siddhi Sthana]].  

<div style="text-align:justify;">A healthy individual is an asset to any society, while a sick individual will be a liability to his family in particular and the society at large. To keep oneself healthy, [[Ayurveda]] lays down the principles of various lifestyles in terms of daily regimen (''dinacharya''), seasonal regimen (''ritucharya'') and modified lifestyles to cure the diseases. Physical exercise for the preservation of health begins with adapting techniques for purification of the body and the mind along with an intake of ''rasayana'' drugs (rejuvenatives). Accumulated ''malas'' (metabolic waste) at the level of cell, tissue or organ should be expunged out to facilitate the restoration of normal functioning of the body by five purificatory procedures (''shodhana karma'') often referred as [[Panchakarma]], namely ''vamana'' (emesis), ''virechana'' (purgation), ''asthapana basti'' (evacuative enema), ''anuvasana basti'' (restorative enema), and ''shirovirechana'' (errhines) are indicated for healthy as well as diseased persons. If ''malas'' are not taken out of the body, they cause diseases and decay (ageing) of the body. After purification procedures, ''jatharagni'' (gastro-intestinal digestive juices) becomes weak and may not digest the food normally.  For restoration of this function, the food that is easily digestible is introduced and increased gradually over a period of time and this procedure is called ''samsarjana karma''. Details of pharmaceutical process of drugs employed in ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' procedures are given in this section and detailed therapeutic implications of all the ''shodhana'' karma in [[Siddhi Sthana]].  

''Vamana'' and ''virechana'' therapies should be administered before administering ''basti'' (medicated enema therapy). Therefore, ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' drugs are first described in [[Kalpa Sthana]] before the description of ''basti'' therapy, which is described in detail under [[Siddhi Sthana]]. Generally, purgation therapy is administered only after the administration of emetic therapy and keeping this view the first six chapters are allocated for description of emetic drugs.  

''Vamana'' and ''virechana'' therapies should be administered before administering ''basti'' (medicated enema therapy). Therefore, ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' drugs are first described in [[Kalpa Sthana]] before the description of ''basti'' therapy, which is described in detail under [[Siddhi Sthana]]. Generally, purgation therapy is administered only after the administration of emetic therapy and keeping this view the first six chapters are allocated for description of emetic drugs.  

=== Relevance of the concepts of [[Kalpa Sthana]] in the current clinical practices ===

=== Relevance of the concepts of [[Kalpa Sthana]] in the current clinical practices ===

''Vamana karma'' (emesis) and ''virechana karma'' (purgation) are mandatory before performing ''basti karma'' (enema), in order to promote health (i.e., for the patient to gain mass). Keeping this in view, the details about drugs employed in ''vamana'' and ''virechana karma'' are described in this section and the details about ''basti karma'' in the subsequent section, [[Siddhi Sthana]].

''Vamana karma'' (emesis) and ''virechana karma'' (purgation) are mandatory before performing ''basti karma'' (enema), in order to promote health (i.e., for the patient to gain weight). Keeping this in view, the details about drugs employed in ''vamana'' and ''virechana karma'' are described in this section and the details about ''basti karma'' in the subsequent section, [[Siddhi Sthana]].

For ''vamana karma'', ''Madanaphala'' is the main drug employed in the current clinical practice. But the rest of five drugs (i.e., ''Jimutaka'', ''Ikshvaku'', ''Dhamargava'', ''Vatsaka'', and ''Kritavedhana'') are not being prescribed. Charak suggested the period of collection and procedure for extracting seed from the ''Madanaphala''. These procedures are not being followed currently.

For ''vamana karma'', ''Madanaphala'' is the main drug employed in the current clinical practice. But the rest of five drugs (i.e., ''Jimutaka'', ''Ikshvaku'', ''Dhamargava'', ''Vatsaka'', and ''Kritavedhana'') are not being prescribed. Charak suggested the period of collection and procedure for extracting seed from the ''Madanaphala''. These procedures are not being followed currently.

The procedures described by Charak with regard to ''vamana'' and ''virechana karma'' are being followed religiously by Ayurvedic physicians of current times.

The procedures described by Charak with regard to ''vamana'' and ''virechana karma'' are being followed religiously by Ayurvedic physicians of current times.

Ayurvedic classics have advocated to collect the medicinal plants according to part used and seasons in order to get desired pharmacological action and therapeutic benefits. Sushruta, Charak and other acharyas advocate the collection of various parts of medicinal plants in different seasons. The logic behind such recommendations has been validated by recent modern scientific research.

Ayurvedic classics have advocated to collect the medicinal plants according to part used and seasons in order to get desired pharmacological action and therapeutic benefits. Sushruta, Charak and other acharyas advocate the collection of various parts of medicinal plants based on the seasons. The logic behind such recommendations has been validated by recent modern scientific research.

In a study the variations in the phytoconstituents of ''Ashwagandha'' root  was evaluated according to lunar cycles with regard to ''grishma'' and ''shishira ritu'' (summer and late winter season). In this study, total phenolic, flavonide and carbohydrate content of ''Ashwagandha'' root were found more in ''poornima'' (full moon day) samples. GAP (''Grishma Ashadha Poornima'', or the full moon night occurring in the ''Grishma-Ashadha'' season) samples showed maximum differentiation from rest of the samples with regards to TCA, TCW, TFW, MEx, WEX, pH etc. parameters. The ''Grishma-Jyeshtha Poornima'' (GJP) and GAP samples were found to be superior than ''Amavasya'' (new moon day) samples with regard to  functional groups and with anoloid content respectively. <ref>Tavhare SD, Nishteswar K, Shukla VJ. Effect of seasonal variations on the phytoconstituents of Aśvagandhā w.r. to lunar cycles. Ancient Sci Life. 2016;35((3)):150–8 available online https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4850775/</ref> <ref>Tavhare SD, Nishteswar K, Shukla VJ. Influence of lunar cycles on growth of Ashwagandha(Withania somnifera [L.] Dunal). AYU [serial online] 2015 [cited 2019 Jan 22];36:258-64. Available from: http://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2015/36/3/258/182763 </ref> Such type of studies validate the concept of seasonal collection of drug delineated in [[Ayurveda]] classics like [[Charak Samhita]] and ''Sushruta Samhita''.

In a study the variations in the phytoconstituents of ''Ashwagandha'' root  was evaluated according to lunar cycles with regard to ''grishma'' and ''shishira ritu'' (summer and late winter season). In this study, total phenolic, flavonide and carbohydrate content of ''Ashwagandha'' root were found more in ''poornima'' (full moon day) samples. GAP (''Grishma Ashadha Poornima'', or the full moon night occurring in the ''Grishma-Ashadha'' season) samples showed maximum differentiation from rest of the samples with regards to TCA, TCW, TFW, MEx, WEX, pH etc. parameters. The ''Grishma-Jyeshtha Poornima'' (GJP) and GAP samples were found to be superior than ''Amavasya'' (new moon day) samples with regard to  functional groups and with anoloid content respectively. <ref>Tavhare SD, Nishteswar K, Shukla VJ. Effect of seasonal variations on the phytoconstituents of Aśvagandhā w.r. to lunar cycles. Ancient Sci Life. 2016;35((3)):150–8 available online https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4850775/</ref> <ref>Tavhare SD, Nishteswar K, Shukla VJ. Influence of lunar cycles on growth of Ashwagandha(Withania somnifera [L.] Dunal). AYU [serial online] 2015 [cited 2019 Jan 22];36:258-64. Available from: http://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2015/36/3/258/182763 </ref> Such type of studies validate the concept of seasonal collection of drug delineated in [[Ayurveda]] classics like [[Charak Samhita]] and ''Sushruta Samhita''.

''Vamanopaga'' drugs (synergistic drugs to ''vamana karma'') like kovidara, karbudara, shanapushpi, pratyakpushpi possess ''agni'' and ''vayu mahabhuta'' dominance can support main ''vamana dravya'' for emetic action, while drugs like draksha, kashmariphala, parushaka, badara, kuvala, peelu, karkandhu are ''prithvi'' and ''ap mahabhuta'' dominant drugs, which can support the main ''virechaka'' drugs for inducing purgative action.

''Vamanopaga'' drugs (synergistic drugs to ''vamana karma'') like kovidara, karbudara, shanapushpi, pratyakpushpi possess ''agni'' and ''vayu mahabhuta'' dominance can support main ''vamana dravya'' for emetic action, while drugs like draksha, kashmariphala, parushaka, badara, kuvala, peelu, karkandhu are ''prithvi'' and ''ap mahabhuta'' dominant drugs, which can support the main ''virechaka'' drugs for inducing purgative action.

To summarize the content of ''Kalpa sthana'' of Charak samhita it appears that the information about most popular emetic and purgative drugs with various dosage forms is furnished. And more research is required to explain modus operandii of emetic and purgative drugs and their therapeutic applicability can be documented by evidence based clinical trials.

To summarize the content of ''Kalpa sthana'' of Charak samhita it appears that the information about most popular emetic and purgative drugs with various dosage forms is furnished. And more research is required to explain modus operandii of emetic and purgative drugs and their therapeutic applicability through evidence based clinical trials which were in vogue during those times.

 

 

 

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