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{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|title = [[Charak Samhita]] Kalpa Sthana

|title = [[Charak Samhita]] Kalpa Sthana

==Preamble of Kalpa Sthana ==

==Preamble of Kalpa Sthana ==

<div style="text-align:justify;">A healthy individual is an asset to any society (and contributes to making a healthy society), while a sick individual will be a liability to his family in particular and the society at large. To keep oneself healthy, Ayurveda lays down the principles of various lifestyles in terms of daily regimen (''dinacharya''), seasonal regimen (''ritucharya'') and modified lifestyles to cure the diseases. Physical exercise for the preservation of health begins with adapting techniques for purification of the body and the mind along with an intake of ''rasayana'' drugs (rejuvenatives). Accumulated ''malas'' (metabolic waste) at the level of cell, tissue or organ should be expunged out to facilitate the restoration of normal functioning of the body by five purificatory procedures (''shodhana karma'') often referred as [[Panchakarma]], namely ''vamana'' (emesis), ''virechana'' (purgation), ''asthapana basti'' (evacuative enema), ''anuvasana basti'' (restorative enema), and ''shirovirechana'' (errhines) are indicated for healthy as well as diseased. If ''malas'' are not taken out of the body, they cause diseases and decay (ageing) of the body. After purification procedures, ''jatharagni'' (gastro-intestinal digestive juices) becomes weak and may not digest the food normally.  For restoration of this function, the food that is easily digestible is introduced and increased gradually over a period of time and this procedure is called ''samsarjana karma''. Details of pharmaceutical process of drugs employed in ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' procedures are given in this section and detailed therapeutic implications of all the ''shodhana'' karma in [[Siddhi Sthana]].  

<div style="text-align:justify;">A healthy individual is an asset to any society, while a sick individual will be a liability to his family in particular and the society at large. To keep oneself healthy, [[Ayurveda]] lays down the principles of various lifestyles in terms of daily regimen (''dinacharya''), seasonal regimen (''ritucharya'') and modified lifestyles to cure the diseases. Physical exercise for the preservation of health begins with adapting techniques for purification of the body and the mind along with an intake of ''rasayana'' drugs (rejuvenatives). Accumulated ''malas'' (metabolic waste) at the level of cell, tissue or organ should be expunged out to facilitate the restoration of normal functioning of the body by five purificatory procedures (''shodhana karma'') often referred as [[Panchakarma]], namely ''vamana'' (emesis), ''virechana'' (purgation), ''asthapana basti'' (evacuative enema), ''anuvasana basti'' (restorative enema), and ''shirovirechana'' (errhines) are indicated for healthy as well as diseased persons. If ''malas'' are not taken out of the body, they cause diseases and decay (ageing) of the body. After purification procedures, ''jatharagni'' (gastro-intestinal digestive juices) becomes weak and may not digest the food normally.  For restoration of this function, the food that is easily digestible is introduced and increased gradually over a period of time and this procedure is called ''samsarjana karma''. Details of pharmaceutical process of drugs employed in ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' procedures are given in this section and detailed therapeutic implications of all the ''shodhana'' karma in [[Siddhi Sthana]].  

''Vamana'' and ''virechana'' therapies should be administered before administering ''basti'' (medicated enema therapy). Therefore, ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' drugs are first described in [[Kalpa Sthana]] before the description of therapy, which is described in detail under [[Siddhi Sthana]]. Generally, purgation therapy is administered only after the administration of emetic therapy and keeping this view the first six chapters are allocated for description of emetic drugs.  

''Vamana'' and ''virechana'' therapies should be administered before administering ''basti'' (medicated enema therapy). Therefore, ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' drugs are first described in [[Kalpa Sthana]] before the description of ''basti'' therapy, which is described in detail under [[Siddhi Sthana]]. Generally, purgation therapy is administered only after the administration of emetic therapy and keeping this view the first six chapters are allocated for description of emetic drugs.  

Six drugs have been described for emesis and nine others are described for purgation. Six hundred recipes prepared from these drugs (Total 15 drugs) are for the use of physician of low caliber and intelligent physician can formulate many other recipes to suit the exact requirement of his patient. The formulations are prescribed according to disease in different dosage forms like ''kashaya'' (decoction), ''svarasa'' (juice), ''kalka'' (paste), ''churna'' (powder), ''peya'' (drinks), ''lehya'' (lickable), and ''bhojya'' (foods).  

Six drugs have been described for emesis and nine others are described for purgation. Six hundred recipes prepared from these drugs (Total 15 drugs) are for the use of physician of low caliber and intelligent physician can formulate many other recipes to suit the exact requirement of his patient. The formulations are prescribed according to disease in different dosage forms like ''kashaya'' (decoction), ''svarasa'' (juice), ''kalka'' (paste), ''churna'' (powder), ''peya'' (drinks), ''lehya'' (lickable), and ''bhojya'' (foods).  

| 5

| 5

| [[Vatsaka Kalpa Adhyaya]]

| [[Vatsaka Kalpa Adhyaya]]

| 12

| 13

| ''Vatsaka''

| ''Vatsaka''

| 18

| 18

| 110

| 110

| Root

| Root

| ''Ipomoea petaloidea'' Chois.

| ''Ipomoea petaloidea'' Chois.(Shyama trivrita),Operculina turpethum (Arun trivrita)

|-

|-

| 8

| 8

! scope="row"|Total

! scope="row"|Total

|  

|  

| 378

| 379

|  

|  

| 600

| 600

|}

|}

[[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]] (pharmaceutical preparations)is the very first chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]] of [[Charak Samhita]]. In all, there are twelve chapters in this section, of which the first six including ''Madanakalpa'' describe the various pharmaceutical formulations for emesis while the remaining six describe various purgative pharmaceutical preparations. Each chapter is named after a plant drug and in every chapter many compound formulations with suitable plant drugs are also given. Grossly, all twelve chapters can be divided into ''Vamana'' and ''Virechana'' ''Kalpa''. The literal meaning of ''Vamana'' is to eliminate the ''doshas''(impurities) from gastro-oral route whereas  from lower tract- through anus it is known as purgative. Since impurities are eliminated in both the cases, hence, it is known as [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya#Vamana (therapeutic emesis) and Virechana (therapeutic purgation)|''Virechana sanjna'' (evacuative)(Cha.Ka.1/4)]]

[[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]] (pharmaceutical preparations)is the very first chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]] of [[Charak Samhita]]. In all, there are twelve chapters in this section, of which the first six including ''Madanakalpa'' describe the various pharmaceutical formulations for emesis while the remaining six describe various purgative pharmaceutical preparations. Each chapter is named after a plant drug and in every chapter many compound formulations with suitable plant drugs are also given. Grossly, all twelve chapters can be divided into ''Vamana'' and ''Virechana'' ''Kalpa''. The literal meaning of ''Vamana'' is to eliminate the ''doshas''(impurities) from gastro-oral route whereas  from lower tract- through anus it is known as purgative. Since impurities are eliminated in both the cases, it is known as [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya#Vamana (therapeutic emesis) and Virechana (therapeutic purgation)|''Virechana sanjna'' (evacuative)(Cha.Ka.1/4)]]

=== Salient features of [[Kalpa Sthana]] ===

=== Salient features of [[Kalpa Sthana]] ===

==== Pharmacokinetics of Drugs ====

==== Pharmacokinetics of Drugs ====

Drugs (used for emesis and purgation) which are ''ushna'' (hot), ''tikshna'' (sharp), ''sukshma'' (subtle), ''vyavayi'' (those pervading the entire body before getting digested) and ''vikasi'' (those causing looseness of joints), by virtue of their own potency, reach the heart and circulate through the vessels. Because of their ''agneya'' nature (predominance of ''agni mahabhuta'', or fire element), they liquefy the compact form of (adhered) ''doshas'' (morbid material), and because of their sharpness (''tikshna'' attribute) they separate the adhered ''doshas'' located in the gross and subtle channels of the entire body.  Like honey kept in the pot smeared with fat, the morbid material, after separation, moves floating without adhesion in the body which has been oleated (by the administration of oleation therapy). Because of its nature to move through subtle channels and to flow (towards the gastrointestinal tract), this morbid material reaches the stomach, and gets propelled by ''udana vayu''. Because of the predominance of ''agni'' and ''vayu mahabhutas'' in these (emetic) drugs, and because of their specific action (''prabhavajanya'') to move upwards, the morbid material gets expelled through the upward tract (mouth). On the other hand, purgative drugs, because of the predominance of ''prithvi'' and ''jala mahabhutas'', and because of their specific action, (''prabhavajanya'') move downwards to expel the morbid material through the downward tract (anus). Combination of both these attributes result in the expulsion of the morbid material through both the upward and downward tracts.

Drugs (used for emesis and purgation) which are ''ushna'' (hot), ''tikshna'' (sharp), ''sukshma'' (subtle), ''vyavayi'' (those pervading the entire body before getting digested) and ''vikasi'' (those causing looseness of joints), by virtue of their own potency, reach the heart and circulate through the vessels. Because of their ''agneya'' nature (predominance of ''agni mahabhuta'', or fire element), they liquefy the compact form of (adhered) ''doshas'' (morbid material), and because of their sharpness (''tikshna'' attribute) they separate the adhered ''doshas'' located in the gross and subtle channels of the entire body.  Like honey kept in the pot smeared with fat, the morbid material, after separation, moves floating without adhesion in the body which has been oleated (by the administration of oleation therapy). Because of its nature to move through subtle channels and to flow (towards the gastrointestinal tract), this morbid material reaches the stomach, and gets propelled by ''udana vayu''. Because of the predominance of ''agni'' and ''vayu mahabhutas'' in these (emetic) drugs, and because of their specific action to move upwards, the morbid material gets expelled through the upward tract (mouth). On the other hand, purgative drugs, because of the predominance of ''prithvi'' and ''jala mahabhutas'', and because of their specific action, (''prabhavajanya'') move downwards to expel the morbid material through the downward tract (anus). Combination of both these attributes result in the expulsion of the morbid material through both the upward and downward tracts.

==== Similarities/ Dissimilarities of ''virya'' ====

==== Similarities/ Dissimilarities of ''virya'' ====

Sometimes, the drugs of secondary nature (mixed with main drug) have antagonistic property. Even then they do not contradict the effects of the principal drug. If these drugs of secondary nature are similar in potency as that of the principal drugs, then the recipe becomes all the more effective therapeutically. Trituration, boiling etc. are considered ''samskaras'' which bring in chemical changes in the chemical structure of the drug which results in the neutralization of the drug activity.

Sometimes, the drugs of secondary nature (mixed with main drug) have antagonistic property. Even then they do not contradict the effects of the principal drug. If these drugs of secondary nature are similar in potency as that of the principal drugs, then the recipe becomes all the more effective therapeutically. Trituration, boiling etc. are considered ''samskaras'' which bring in chemical changes in the chemical structure of the drug resulting in the modification of the drug activity.

==== Modification of drug activity ====

==== Modification of drug activity ====

==== Sushruta's perspective of Kalpa sthana ====

==== Sushruta's perspective of Kalpa sthana ====

The subject matter of Kalpasthana in Sushruta samhita  is entirely different and deals with one of the Ashtangas of Ayurveda known as Damshtrachikitsa (Toxicology). Sushruta furnished the details of ''vamana'' and virechana drugs in Sutra sthana (43 and 44th chapter). Among vamana dravyas madanaphala, jimutaka pushpa, kutaja phala, ikshvaku pushpa, kritavedhana beeja and dhamargava phala are enumerated. Sushruta identified best virechaneeya drugs based on part used like, trivrit among root purgatives and amongst bark, fruits, oil, juice and latex, the drugs namely tilvaka, haritaki, erandataila (Castor oil), karavellaka and snuhi are considered as best respectively. Trivrit, danti, dravanti, tilvaka, haritaki, chaturangula, erandataila, snuhiksheera, saptala, and shankhini are enumerated under virechaneeya drugs. There is not much difference among the drugs enumerated in Charak and Sushruta, but Sushruta included triphala, erandataila under virechana drugs.

The subject matter of Kalpasthana in Sushruta samhita  is entirely different and deals with one of the Ashtangas of [[Ayurveda]] known as Damshtrachikitsa (Toxicology). Sushruta furnished the details of ''vamana'' and virechana drugs in Sutra sthana (43 and 44th chapter). Among vamana dravyas madanaphala, jimutaka pushpa, kutaja phala, ikshvaku pushpa, kritavedhana beeja and dhamargava phala are enumerated. Sushruta identified best virechaneeya drugs based on part used like, trivrit among root purgatives and amongst bark, fruits, oil, juice and latex, the drugs namely tilvaka, haritaki, erandataila (Castor oil), karavellaka and snuhi are considered as best respectively. Trivrit, danti, dravanti, tilvaka, haritaki, chaturangula, erandataila, snuhiksheera, saptala, and shankhini are enumerated under virechaneeya drugs. There is not much difference among the drugs enumerated in Charak and Sushruta, but Sushruta included triphala, erandataila under virechana drugs.

Charak suggested root bark of tilvaka while Sushruta instructed to use bark of tilvaka. A purgative recipe is suggested for children, old people, delicate and patients suffering from dhatukshaya (weight loss/wasting condition) by Sushruta which includes erandataila (Castor oil) mixed with triphala kwatha and milk or meat soup. He also suggested chaturangula for children up to age 12. It appears that Sushruta suggested easily available purgatives.<ref>Sushruta samhita, Ed. By G. D. Shingal et al., Sutra Sthana 44/72-77.</ref>

Charak suggested root bark of tilvaka while Sushruta instructed to use bark of tilvaka. A purgative recipe is suggested for children, old people, delicate and patients suffering from dhatukshaya (weight loss/wasting condition) by Sushruta which includes erandataila (Castor oil) mixed with triphala kwatha and milk or meat soup. He also suggested chaturangula for children up to age 12. It appears that Sushruta suggested easily available purgatives.<ref>Sushruta samhita, Ed. By G. D. Shingal et al., Sutra Sthana 44/72-77.</ref>

=== Relevance of the concepts of [[Kalpa Sthana]] in the current clinical practices ===

=== Relevance of the concepts of [[Kalpa Sthana]] in the current clinical practices ===

''Vamana karma'' (emesis) and ''virechana karma'' (purgation) are mandatory before performing ''basti karma'' (enema), in order to promote health (i.e., for the patient to gain mass). Keeping this in view, the details about drugs employed in ''vamana'' and ''virechana karma'' are described in this section and the details about ''basti karma'' in the subsequent section, [[Siddhi Sthana]].

''Vamana karma'' (emesis) and ''virechana karma'' (purgation) are mandatory before performing ''basti karma'' (enema), in order to promote health (i.e., for the patient to gain weight). Keeping this in view, the details about drugs employed in ''vamana'' and ''virechana karma'' are described in this section and the details about ''basti karma'' in the subsequent section, [[Siddhi Sthana]].

For ''vamana karma'', ''Madanaphala'' is the main drug employed in the current clinical practice. But the rest of five drugs (i.e., ''Jimutaka'', ''Ikshvaku'', ''Dhamargava'', ''Vatsaka'', and ''Kritavedhana'') are not being prescribed. Charak suggested the period of collection and procedure for extracting seed from the ''Madanaphala''. These procedures are not being followed currently.

For ''vamana karma'', ''Madanaphala'' is the main drug employed in the current clinical practice. But the rest of five drugs (i.e., ''Jimutaka'', ''Ikshvaku'', ''Dhamargava'', ''Vatsaka'', and ''Kritavedhana'') are not being prescribed. Charak suggested the period of collection and procedure for extracting seed from the ''Madanaphala''. These procedures are not being followed currently.

The procedures described by Charak with regard to ''vamana'' and ''virechana karma'' are being followed religiously by Ayurvedic physicians of current times.

The procedures described by Charak with regard to ''vamana'' and ''virechana karma'' are being followed religiously by Ayurvedic physicians of current times.

Ayurvedic classics have advocated to collect the medicinal plants according to part used and seasons in order to get desired pharmacological action and therapeutic benefits. Sushruta, Charak and other acharyas advocate the collection of various parts of medicinal plants in different seasons. The logic behind such recommendations has been validated by recent modern scientific research.

Ayurvedic classics have advocated to collect the medicinal plants according to part used and seasons in order to get desired pharmacological action and therapeutic benefits. Sushruta, Charak and other acharyas advocate the collection of various parts of medicinal plants based on the seasons. The logic behind such recommendations has been validated by recent modern scientific research.

In a study the variations in the phytoconstituents of ''Ashwagandha'' root  was evaluated according to lunar cycles with regard to ''grishma'' and ''shishira ritu'' (summer and late winter season). In this study, total phenolic, flavonide and carbohydrate content of ''Ashwagandha'' root were found more in ''poornima'' (full moon day) samples. GAP (''Grishma Ashadha Poornima'', or the full moon night occurring in the ''Grishma-Ashadha'' season) samples showed maximum differentiation from rest of the samples with regards to TCA, TCW, TFW, MEx, WEX, pH etc. parameters. The ''Grishma-Jyeshtha Poornima'' (GJP) and GAP samples were found to be superior than ''Amavasya'' (new moon day) samples with regard to  functional groups and with anoloid content respectively. <ref>Tavhare SD, Nishteswar K, Shukla VJ. Effect of seasonal variations on the phytoconstituents of Aśvagandhā w.r. to lunar cycles. Ancient Sci Life. 2016;35((3)):150–8 available online https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4850775/</ref> <ref>Tavhare SD, Nishteswar K, Shukla VJ. Influence of lunar cycles on growth of Ashwagandha(Withania somnifera [L.] Dunal). AYU [serial online] 2015 [cited 2019 Jan 22];36:258-64. Available from: http://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2015/36/3/258/182763 </ref> Such type of studies validate the concept of seasonal collection of drug delineated in Ayurveda classics like [[Charak Samhita]] and ''Sushruta Samhita''.

In a study the variations in the phytoconstituents of ''Ashwagandha'' root  was evaluated according to lunar cycles with regard to ''grishma'' and ''shishira ritu'' (summer and late winter season). In this study, total phenolic, flavonide and carbohydrate content of ''Ashwagandha'' root were found more in ''poornima'' (full moon day) samples. GAP (''Grishma Ashadha Poornima'', or the full moon night occurring in the ''Grishma-Ashadha'' season) samples showed maximum differentiation from rest of the samples with regards to TCA, TCW, TFW, MEx, WEX, pH etc. parameters. The ''Grishma-Jyeshtha Poornima'' (GJP) and GAP samples were found to be superior than ''Amavasya'' (new moon day) samples with regard to  functional groups and with anoloid content respectively. <ref>Tavhare SD, Nishteswar K, Shukla VJ. Effect of seasonal variations on the phytoconstituents of Aśvagandhā w.r. to lunar cycles. Ancient Sci Life. 2016;35((3)):150–8 available online https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4850775/</ref> <ref>Tavhare SD, Nishteswar K, Shukla VJ. Influence of lunar cycles on growth of Ashwagandha(Withania somnifera [L.] Dunal). AYU [serial online] 2015 [cited 2019 Jan 22];36:258-64. Available from: http://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2015/36/3/258/182763 </ref> Such type of studies validate the concept of seasonal collection of drug delineated in [[Ayurveda]] classics like [[Charak Samhita]] and ''Sushruta Samhita''.

=== Contemporary perspective ===

=== Contemporary perspective ===

''Vamanopaga'' drugs (synergistic drugs to ''vamana karma'') like kovidara, karbudara, shanapushpi, pratyakpushpi possess ''agni'' and ''vayu mahabhuta'' dominance can support main ''vamana dravya'' for emetic action, while drugs like draksha, kashmariphala, parushaka, badara, kuvala, peelu, karkandhu are ''prithvi'' and ''ap mahabhuta'' dominant drugs, which can support the main ''virechaka'' drugs for inducing purgative action.

''Vamanopaga'' drugs (synergistic drugs to ''vamana karma'') like kovidara, karbudara, shanapushpi, pratyakpushpi possess ''agni'' and ''vayu mahabhuta'' dominance can support main ''vamana dravya'' for emetic action, while drugs like draksha, kashmariphala, parushaka, badara, kuvala, peelu, karkandhu are ''prithvi'' and ''ap mahabhuta'' dominant drugs, which can support the main ''virechaka'' drugs for inducing purgative action.

To summarize the content of ''Kalpa sthana'' of Charak samhita it appears that the information about most popular emetic and purgative drugs with various dosage forms is furnished. And more research is required to explain modus operandii of emetic and purgative drugs and their therapeutic applicability can be documented by evidence based clinical trials.

To summarize the content of ''Kalpa sthana'' of Charak samhita it appears that the information about most popular emetic and purgative drugs with various dosage forms is furnished. And more research is required to explain modus operandii of emetic and purgative drugs and their therapeutic applicability through evidence based clinical trials which were in vogue during those times.

 

 

 

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