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== Causes of janapadodhvansa ==
== Causes of janapadodhvansa ==
<p style='text-align:justify;'>Two types of causes of origin of diseases (vyadhi-utpatti hetu) are described. Common aetiological factors (sadharana hetu) can produce diseases in almost all the beings (bahujana sadharana).Specific etiological factors (asadharana hetu) are personalized and differ from individual to individual. (Chakrapani on Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 3/3)Janapadodhvansa chapter deals with the common causes of disease occurrence in large community. <br/>The four main environmental factors like vata (vitiated air or atmospheric factors), jala (vitiated water), desha (geographical factors or those related to vitiated land and soil resources), kaala (seasonal and climatic conditions)are focused to cause epidemic situations. (Cha. Sa Vimana Sthana 3/6). These can be summarized as given in the table below: (Table No. 1 – Entity causative of janapadodhvansa and its interpretation in present context)</p>
<p style='text-align:justify;'>Two types of causes of origin of diseases (vyadhi-utpatti hetu) are described. Common aetiological factors (sadharana hetu) can produce diseases in almost all the beings (bahujana sadharana).Specific etiological factors (asadharana hetu) are personalized and differ from individual to individual. (Chakrapani on Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 3/3)Janapadodhvansa chapter deals with the common causes of disease occurrence in large community. <br/>The four main environmental factors like vata (vitiated air or atmospheric factors), jala (vitiated water), desha (geographical factors or those related to vitiated land and soil resources), kaala (seasonal and climatic conditions)are focused to cause epidemic situations. (Cha. Sa Vimana Sthana 3/6). These can be summarized as given in the table below: (Table No. 1 – Entity causative of janapadodhvansa and its interpretation in present context)</p>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify;"
! Entity
! Signs of vitiation
! Present context
|-
|rowspan="10"| Vayu
| Vishama vayu - showing characteristics contradictory to normalair conditions
| This represents the climate change that causes impact on the social and environmental determinants of health.<ref name="ref1">Climate change [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jan 23]. Available from: https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/climate-change</ref>
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| Atichala – fast blowing winds / squall
| These are natural phenomena that can cause a loss of human and environmental resources over a large area.<ref name="ref2">Eichelberger S, Mccaa J, Nijssen B, Wood A. Climate change effects on wind speed. NAm Wind. 2008 Jan 1;7:68–72.</ref>
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| Ati- stimita –stagnation of air
| Poor air circulation and damp atmosphere promotes the spread of bacteria and viruses.<ref name="ref3">Bacteria and Viruses | American Lung Association [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 5]. Available from: https://www.lung.org/clean-air/at-home/indoor-air-pollutants/bacteria-and-viruses</ref>
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| Atiparusha – excessive dryness
| This can be correlated with low air humidity resulting in excessive dryness in air especially indoor air.<ref name="ref4">Choi SH, Lee SW, Hong YS, Kim SJ, Kim NH. Effects of atmospheric temperature and humidity on outbreak of diseases. Emerg Med Australas. 2007 Dec;19(6):501–8.</ref>
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| Ati sheeta- excessive cold air
| Exposure to cold weather which can occur in the high altitude regions and extremes of climate especially during winter season.<ref name="ref5">Cold Related Illnesses | NIOSH |CDC [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jan 23]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/coldstress/coldrelatedillnesses.html</ref>
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| Ati abhishyandi – overt humidity in air
| An increase in air humidity that triggers rise in the occurrence of diseases.<ref name="ref6">Wolkoff P. Indoor air humidity, air quality, and health – An overview. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2018 Apr 1;221(3):376–90.</ref>
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| Ati ushna- excessive heat in surrounding air
| Excessive hot atmosphere can lead to conditions like heat exhaustion.<ref name="ref7">WHO | Information and public health advice: heat and health [Internet]. WHO. World Health Organization; [cited 2020 Apr 5]. Available from: http://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/heat-and-health/en/</ref>
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| Ati kundalinaam- hurricanes or cyclones.
| Cycloneis a system of storms or winds that rotate at centre of atmosphere with at a very high speed usually associated with heavy rains.<ref name="ref8">Definition of CYCLONE [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jan 21]. Available from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cyclone</ref> It possesses potential to destruct habitations over a large area.
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| Asatmya gandha – foul smelling
| Odor pollution is emerging risk factor for the populations exposed to industrial pollution, generalized climate change and environmental pollution.<ref name="ref9">Ranveer A, Pawar P, Latake P. Odour Pollution and Its Measurement. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET). 2015 Dec 1;3:221–9.</ref>
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| Containing bashpa (fog), sikta (air pollutant like industrial effluents, solid pollutant particulate matter), panshu (micro pollutants), dhuma (smoke or smog)
| The particulate matter is mixture of microscopic solids and liquid droplets suspended in air. These include pollutants like acids, organic chemicals, soil, dust particles and allergens.<ref name="ref10"> Particulate Matter Effects on Health - Air (U.S. National Park Service) [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jan 19]. Available from: https://www.nps.gov/subjects/air/humanhealth-pm.html</ref>
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